Skip to main content

Full text of "Historical encyclopedia of Illinois [microform]"

See other formats 


. 

i     0P  THE. 
U  N  I  VE.R.S  ITY 
OF    ILLINOIS 


.  \ 


;  vl    •    i  •:. 


Return  this  book  on  or  before  the 
Latest  Date  stamped  below.  A 
charge  is  made  on  all  overdue 
books. 

University  of  Illinois  Library 


Mar  31;,,,. 


• 


« 

riH  i     "" 


1  U  i  ; 


MAY    2 


.  • 


241992 


tEC 
FEBo 


• 


GCT1 


f  5 

6  132V 


Llbl— 1141 


LlbHAHY 

OF  THE 

WNIVtRblTY  OF  ILLINOIS 


HISTORICAL 


ENCYCLOPEDIA 


OF 


ILLINOIS 


EDITED    hY 

NEWTON   BATEMAN.   LL.  D.  PAUL  SKLHY,  A.  M. 


AND     HISTORY     OF 


EVANSTON 

EDITED  BY 

HARVEY   B.  HUKD,  LL.D.  ROBERT  D.  SIIEPPAKD,  D.D. 


VOLUME    I 


ILLUSTRATED 


CH  ICAGO: 

MUNSE1.1.     PUBLISHING    COMPANY 
PUBLISHERS. 
1906. 


Entered  wrninllui!  to  A.-t  ul  Coiiuran. 
in  the  year*  1HW.  !»«•.  1'JOO  ulnl  I'JUB  hy 


W  I  L  L  I  A  M 


ill  thi-  .iffire.if  the  LilH.u  1.1 
at 

WASHINCiTHN 


M  U  X  s  t  L  L  . 
.f  U<ili»m» 


! 


THe 

ILLINOIS  RIV6R 
BASIN. 


TERRITORY  DRAINED  BY  THE  ILLINOIS  RIVER. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLfNOK 


- 


( 


- 

PREFACE. 


Why  publish  this  book?  There  should  be  many  and  strong  reasons  to  warrant  ench  an 
undertaking.  Are  there  such  reasons?  What  considerations  are  weighty  enough  to  huv« 
indnced  the  publishers  to  make  this  venture?  and  what  special  claims  has  Illinois  to  such  a 
distinction?  These  are  reasonable  and  inevitable  inquiries,  and  it  is  fitting  they  should 
receive  attention. 

In  the  first  place,  good  State  Histories  are  of  great  importance  and  value,  and  there  ia 
abundant  and  cheering  evidence  of  an  increasing  popular  interest  in  them.  This  is  true  of 
all  such  works,  whatever  States  may  be  their  subjects;  and  it  is  conspicuously  true  of  Illi- 
nois, for  the  following,  among  many  other  reasons :  Because  of  its  great  prominence  in  the 
early  history  of  the  West  as  the  seat  of  the  first  settlements  of  Europeans  northwest  of  the 
Ohio  River — the  unique  character  of  its  early  civilization,  due  to  or  resulting  from  its  early 
French  population  brought  in  contact  with  the  aborigines — its  political,  military,  and  educa- 
tional prominence — its  steadfast  loyalty  and  patriotism — the  marvelous  development  of  its 
vast  resources — the  number  of  distinguished  statesmen,  generals,  and  jurists  whom  it  has 
furnished  to  the  Government,  and  its  grand  record  in  the  exciting  and  perilous  conflicts  on 
the  Slavery  question. 

This  is  the  magnificent  Commonwealth,  the  setting  forth  of  whose  history,  in  all  of  its 
essential  departments  and  features,  seemed  to  warrant  the  bringing  out  of  another  volume 
devoted  to  that  end.     Its  material  has  been  gathered  from  every  available  source,  and  most 
carefully  examined  and  sifted  before  acceptance.     Especial  care  has  been  taken  in  collecting 
material  of  a  biographical  character ;  facts  and  incidents  in  the  personal  history  of  men  identi- 
fied with  the  life  of  the  State  in  its  Territorial  and  later  periods.     This  material  has  been 
gathered  from  a  great  variety  of  sources  widely  scattered,  and  much  of  it  quite  inaccessible 
s  to  the  ordinary  inquirer.     The  encyclopedic  form  of  the  work  favors  conciseness  and  com- 
•  •  pactness.  and  was  adopted  with  a  view  to  condensing  the  largest  amount  of  information 
within  the  smallest  practicable  space. 

And  so  the  Historical  Encyclopedia  of  Illinois  was  conceived  and  planned  in  the  belief 

that  it  was  needed;  that  no  other  book  filled  the  place  it  was  designed  to  occupy,  or  f ur- 

'•  -  n  is  bed  the  amount,  variety  and  scope  of  information  touching  the  infancy  and  later  life  of 

'  Illinois,  that  would  be  found  in  its  pages.     In  that  belief,  and  in  furtherance  of  those  end*, 

;     the  book  has  been  constructed  and  its  topics  selected  and  written.     Simplicity,  perspicuity, 

conciseness  and  accuracy  have  been  the  dominant  aims  and  rules  of  its  editors  and  writers. 

^~  The  supreme  mission  of  the  book  is  to  record,  fairly  and  truthfully,  historical  facts ;  facts  of 

the  earlier  and  later  history  of  the  State,  and  drawn  from  the  almost  innumerable  sources 

1  connected  with  that  history ;  facts  of  interest  to  the  great  body  of  our  people,  as  well  as  to 

|  scholars,  officials,  and  other  special  classes;   a  book  convenient  for  reference  in  the  school, 

tb«  flffice,  and  the  home.     Hence,  no  attempt  at  fine  writing,  no  labored,  irrelevant  and 

3 

• 

I  075228 


PREFACE. 


Why  publish  this  book?  There  should  ho  many  and  strong  reasons  to  warrant  such  an 
undertaking.  Are  there  such  reasons?  What  considerations  ;ire  weighty  enough  to  have 
induced  the  publishers  to  make  this  venture?  and  what  special  claims  has  Illinois  to  such  a 
distinction?  These  are  reasonable  and  inevitable  inquiries,  and  it.  is  fitting  they  should 
receive  attention. 

In  the  first  place,  -rood  State  Histories  arc  of  great  imjwrtance  and  value,  and  there  i* 
abundant  and  cheering  evidence  o[  an  increasing  popular  interest  in  them.  This  is  true  of 
all  such  works,  whatever  States  may  be  their  subjects;  and  it  is  conspicuously  true  of  Illi- 
nois, for  the  following,  among  many  other  reasons:  Because  of  its  great  prominence  in  the 
early  history  of  the  West  as  the  seat  of  the  first  settlements  of  Europeans  northwest  of  thi 
Ohio  Kivcr — the  unique  character  of  its  early  civilization,  due  to  or  resulting  from  its  early 
French  jx>pulation  brought  in  contact  with  the  aborigines — its  political,  military,  and  educa- 
tional prominence- — its  steadfast  loyalty  and  patriotism — the  marvelous  development  of  it* 
vast  resources — the  number  of  distinguished  statesmen,  generals,  and  jurists  whom  it  ha* 
furnished  to  the  Government,  and  its  grand  record  in  the  exciting  and  perilous  conflicts  on 
the  Slavery  question. 

This  is  tin1  magnificent  Commonwealth,  the  setting  forth  of  whose  history,  in  all  of  its 
essential  departments  and  features,  seemed  to  warrant  the  bringing  out  of  another  volume, 
devoted  to  that  end.  Its  material  lias  been  gathered  from  every  available  source,  and  most 
carefully  examined  and  sifted  before  acceptance.  Especial  care  has  been  taken  in  collecting 
material  of  a  biographical  character ;  facts  and  incidents  in  the  personal  history  of  men  identi- 
fied with  the  life  of  the  State  in  its  Territorial  and  later  periods.  This  material  has  been 
gathered  from  a  great  variety  of  sources  widely  scattered,  and  much  of  it  quite,  inaccessible 
to  the  ordinary  inquirer.  The  encyclopedic  form  of  the  work  favors  conciseness  and  com- 
pactness, and  was  adopted  with  a  view  to  condensing  the  largest  amount  of  informatiou 
within  the  smallest  practicable  space. 

And  so  the  Historical  Encyclopedia  of  Illinois  was  conceived  and  planned  in  the  belief 
that  it  was  iiretlvil;  that  no  other  book  filled  the  place  it  was  designed  to  occupy,  or  fur- 
nished the  amount,  variety  and  scope  of  information  touching  the  infancy  and  later  life  of 
Illinois,  that  would  be  found  in  its  pages.  In  that  belief,  and  in  furtherance  of  those  ends, 
the  book  has  been  constructed  and  its  topics  selected  and  written.  Simplicity,  perspicuity, 
conciseness  and  accuracy  have  been  the  dominant  aims  and  rules  of  its  editors  and  writers. 
The  supreme  mission  of  the  book  is  to  record,  fairly  and  truthfully,  historical  facts;  facts  of 
the  earlier  and  later  history  of  the  State,  and  drawn  from  the  almost  innumerable  sources 
connected  with  that  history;  facts  of  interest  to  the  great  body  of  our  people,  as  well  as  to 
scholars,  officials,  and  other  special  classes;  a  book  convenient  for  reference  in  the  school, 
the  'iffice,  and  the  home.  Hence,  no  attempt  at.  line  writing,  no  labored,  irrelevant  and 


4  PREFACE. 

long-drawn  accounts  of  matters,  persons  or  things,  which  really  need  but  a  few  plain  words 
for  their  adequate  elucidation,  will  be  found  in  its  pages.  On  the  other  hand,  perspicuity 
and  fitting  development  are  never  intentionally  sacrificed  to  mere  conciseness  and  brevity. 
Whenever  a  subject,  from  its  nature,  demands  a  more  elaborate  treatment — and  there  are 
many  of  this  character — it  is  handled  accordingly. 

As  a  rule,  the.  method  pursued  is  the  separate  and  topical,  rather  than  the  chronological, 
as  being  more  satisfactory  and  convenient  for  reference.  That  is,  each  topic  is  considered 
separately  and  exhaustively,  instead  of  being  blended,  chronologically,  with  others.  To  pass 
from  subject  to  subject,  in  the  mere  arbitrary  order  of  time,  is  to  sacrifice  simplicity  and 
order  to  complexity  and  confusion. 

Absolute  freedom  from  error  or  defect  in  all  cases,  in  handling  so  many  thousands  of 
items,  is  not  claimed,  and  could  not  reasonably  be  expected  of  any  finite  intelligence;  since, 
in  complicated  cases,  some  element  may  possibly  elude  its  sharpest  scrutiny.  But  every 
statement  of  fact,  made  herein  without  qualification,  is  believed  to  be  strictly  correct,  and 
the  statistics  of  the  volume,  as  a  whole,  are  submitted  to  its  readers  with  entire  confidence. 

Considerable  space  is  also  devoted  to  biographical  sketches  of  persons  deemed  worthy  of 
mention,  for  their  close  relations  to  the  State  in  some  of  its  varied  interests,  political,  gov- 
ernmental, financial,  social,  religions,  educational,  industrial,  commercial,  economical,  mili- 
tary, judicial  or  otherwise ;  or  for  their  supposed  personal  deservings  in  other  respects.  It 
is  believed  that  the  extensive  recognition  of  such  individuals,  by  the  publishers,  will  not  be 
disapproved  or  regretted  by  the  public ;  that  personal  biography  has  an  honored,  useful  and 
legitimate  place  in  such  a  history  of  Illinois  as  this  volume  aims  to  be,  and  that  the  omission 
of  such  a  department  would  seriously  detract  from  the  completeness  and  value  of  the  book. 
Perhaps  no  more  delicate  and  difficult  task  has  confronted  the  editors  and  publishers  than 
the  selection  of  names  for  this  part  of  the  work. 

While  it  is  believed  that  no  unworthy  name  has  a  place  in  the  list,  it  is  freely  admitted 
that  there  may  be  many  others,  equally  or  possibly  even  more  worthy,  whose  names  do  not 
appear,  partly  for  lack  of  definite  and  adequate  information,  and  partly  because  it  was  not 
loomed  beat  to  materially  increase  the  space  devoted  to  this  class  of  topics. 

And  so,  with  cordial  thanks  to  the  publishers  for  the  risks  they  have  so  cheerfully 
iissumed  in  this  enterprise,  for  their  business  energy,  integrity,  and  determination,  and  their 
uniform  kindness  and  courtesy ;  to  the  many  who  have  to  generously  and  helpfully  promoted 
the  success  of  the  work,  by  their  contributions  of  valuable  information,  interesting  reminis- 
cences, and  rare  incidents;  to  Mr.  Paul  Selby,  the  very  able  associate  editor,  to  whom 
especial  honor  and  credit  are  due  for  his  most  efficient,  intelligent  and  scholarly  services ;  to 
Hon.  Harvey  B.  Hurd,  Walter  B.  Wines,  and  to  all  others  who  have,  by  word  or  act, 
encouraged  us  in  this  enterprise — with  grateful  recognition  of  all  these  friends  and  helpers, 
the  Historical  Encyclopedia  of  Illinois,  with  its  thousands  of  topics  and  many  thousands  of 
details,  items  and  incidents,  is  now  respectfully  submitted  to  the  good  people  of  the  State, 
for  whom  it  has  been  prepared,  in  the  earnest  hope  and  confident  belief  that  it  will  be  found 
instructive,  convenient  and  useful  for  the  purposes  for  which  it  was  designed. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


PREFATORY    STATEMENT. 


Since  the  bulk  of  the  matter  contained  in  this  volume  was  practically  completed  and 
ready  for  the  press,  Dr.  Newton  Bateman,  who  occupied  the  relation  to  it  of  editor-in-chief, 
has  passed  beyond  the  sphere  of  mortal  existence.  In  placing  the  work  before  the  public,  it 
therefore  devolves  upon  the  undersigned  to  make  this  last  prefatory  statement. 

As  explained  by  Dr.  Bateman  in  his  preface,  the  object  had  in  view  in  the  preparation 
of  a  "Historical  Encyclopedia  of  Illinois"  has  been  to  present,  in  compact  and  concise  form, 
the  leading  facts  of  Territorial  and  State  history,  from  the  arrival  of  the  earliest  French 
explorers  in  Illinois  to  the  present  time.  This  has  included  an  outline  history  of  the  State, 
under  the  title,  "Illinois, "supplemented  by  special  articles  relating  to  various  crises  and  eras 
in  State  history;  changes  in  form  of  government  and  administration;  the  history  of  Consti- 
tutional Conventions  and  Legislative  Assemblies ;  the  various  wars  in  which  Illinoisans  have 
taken  part,  with  a  summary  of  the  principal  events  in  the  history  of  individual  military 
organizations  engaged  in  the  Civil  War  of  1861-65,  and  the  War  of  1898  with  Spain;  lists  of 
State  officers,  United  States  Senators  and  Members  of  Congress,  with  the  terms  of  each ;  the 
organization  and  development  of  political  divisions;  the  establishment  of  charitable  and 
educational  institutions ;  the  growth  of  public  improvements  and  other  enterprises  which 
have  marked  the  progress  of  the  State ;  natural  features  and  resources ;  the  history  of  early 
newspapers,  and  the  growth  of  religious  denominations,  together  with  general  statistical 
information  and  unusual  or  extraordinary  occurrences  of  a  local  or  general  State  character — 
all  arranged  under  topical  heads,  and  convenient  for  ready  reference  by  all  seeking  informa- 
tion on  these  subjects,  whether  in  the  family,  in  the  office  of  the  professional  or  business 
man,  in  the  teacher's  study  and  the  school-room,  or  in  the  public  library. 

While  individual  or  collected  biographies  of  the  public  men  of  Illinois  have  not  been 
wholly  lacking  or  few  in  number — and  those  already  in  existence  have  a  present  and  con- 
stantly increasing  valne — they  have  been  limited,  for  the  most  part,  to  special  localities  and 
particular  periods  or  classes.  Rich  as  the  annals  of  Illinois  are  in  the  records  and  character 
of  its  distinguished  citizens  who,  by  their  services  in  the  public  councils,  upon  the  judicial 
bench  and  in  the  executive  chair,  in  the  forum  and  in  the  field,  have  reflected  honor  upon 
the  State  and  the  Nation,  there  has  been  hitherto  no  comprehensive  attempt  to  gather 
together,  in  one  volume,  sketches  of  those  who  have  been  conspicuous  in  the  creation  and 
upbuilding  of  the  State.  The  collection  of  material  of  this  sort  has  been  a  task  requiring 
patient  and  laborious  research ;  and,  while  all  may  not  have  been  achieved  in  this  direction 
that  was  desirable,  owing  to  the  insufficiency  or  total  absence  of  data  relating  to  the  lives  of 
many  men  most  prominent  in  public  affairs  during  the  period  to  which  they  belonged,  it  is 
still  believed  that  what  has  been  accomplished  will  be  found  of  permanent  value  and  be 
appreciated  by  those  most  deeply  interested  in  this  phase  of  State  history. 

The  large  number  of  topics  treated  has  made  brevity  and  conciseness  an  indispensable 
feature  of  the  work ;  consequently  there  has  been  no  attempt  to  indulge  in  graces  of  style  or 

5 


•• 


PRE  F ATO  R  Y    S  T A  T  K M K N T . 


Since  the  bulk  of  the  matter  contained  in  this  volume  was  practically  completed  and 
ready  for  the  press,  Dr.  Newton  Bateman.  who  occupied  the  relation  to  it  of  editor-in-chief, 
has.  passed  beyond  the  sphere  of  mortal  existence.  In  placing  the  work  before  the  public,  it 
therefore  devolves  upon  the  undersigned  to  make  this  last  prefatory  statement. 

As  explained  by  Dr.  liateman  in  his  preface,  the  object  had  in  view  in  the  preparation 
of  a  "Historical  Encyclopedia  of  Illinois"  has  been  to  present,  in  compact  and  concise  form, 
the  leading  facts  of  Territorial  and  State  history,  from  the  arrival  nf  the  earliest  Frencl. 
explorers  in  Illinois  to  the  present  time.  This  lias  included  an  outline  history  of  tlie  State, 
under  the  title,  •'Illinois,''  supplemented  by  special  articles  relating  to  various  crises  and  eras 
in  State  history:  changes  in  form  of  government  and  administration;  the  history  of  Consti 
tutional  Conventions  and  Legislative  Assemblies;  the  various  wars  in  which  Illinoisans  liav«- 
taken  part,  with  a  summary  of  the  principal  events  in  the  history  of  individual  military 
organizations  engaged  in  the  Civil  War  of  1St51-G5,  and  the  War  of  is'.iswith  Spain:  lists  of 
State  officers,  I'nited  States  Senators  and  -Members  of  Congress,  with  the  terms  of  each :  tin- 
organization  and  development  of  political  divisions;  the  establishment  of  charitable  anil 
educational  institutions;  the  growth  of  public  improvements  and  other  enterprises  whirl; 
have  marked  the  progress  of  the  State;  natural  features  and  resources;  the  history  of  early 
newspapers,  and  the  growth  of  religious  denominations,  together  with  general  statistical 
information  and  unusual  or  extraordinary  occurrences  of  a  local  or  ircneral  State  character — 
all  arranged  under  topical  heads,  anil  convenient  for  ready  reference  by  all  seekin:;  informa- 
tion on  these  subjects,  whether  in  the  family,  in  the  office  of  the  professional  or  business 
man,  in  the  teacher's  study  and  the  school-room,  or  in  the  public  library. 

While  individual  or  collected  biographies  of  the  public  men  of  Illinois  have  n:>t  been 
wholly  lacking  or  few  in  number — and  those  already  in  existence  have  a  present,  and  con- 
stantly increasing  value — they  have  been  limited,  for  the  most  part,  to  s]wial  localities  and 
particular  periods  or  classes.  Itich  as  the  annals  of  Illinois  are  in  the  records  and  character 
of  its  distinguished  citizens  who,  by  their  services  in  the  public  councils,  upon  the  judicial 
bench  and  in  the  executive  chair,  in  the  forum  and  in  the  field,  have  reflected  honor  U|K)n 
the  State  and  the  Nation,  there  has  l>een  hitherto  no  comprehensive  attempt  to  gather 
together,  in  one  volume,  sketches  of  those  who  have  been  conspicuous  in  the  creation  and 
upbuilding  of  the  State.  The  collection  of  material  of  this  sort  has  been  a  task  requiring 
patient  and  laborious  research;  and,  while  all  may  not  have  been  achieved  in  this  direction 
that  was  desirable,  owing  to  the  insufficiency  or  total  absence  of  data  relating  to  the  lives  of 
many  men  most  prominent  in  public  affairs  during  the  period  to  which  they  In-longed,  it  it 
still  believed  that  what  has  been  accomplished  will  lie  found  of  permanent  value  and  be 
appreciated  by  those  most  deeply  interested  in  this  phase  of  State  history. 

The  large  number  of  topics  treated  has  made  brevity  and  conciseness  an  indispensable 
feature  of  the  work:  consequently  there  ha-s  been  no  attempt  to  indulge  in  graces  of  style  or 


6 


PREFATORYSTATEMENT. 


e.aboration  of  narrative.  The  object  has  been  to  present,  in  simple  language  and  concise 
form,  facts  of  history  of  interest  or  value  to  those  who  may  choose  to  consult  its  pages. 
Absolute  inerrancy  is  not  claimed  for  every  detail  of  the  work,  but  no  pains  has  been 
spared,  and  every  available  authority  consulted,  to  arrive  at  complete  accuracy  of  statement. 

In  view  of  the  important  bearing  which  railroad  enterprises  have  had  upon  the  extraor- 
dinary development  of  tho  State  within  the  past  fifty  years,  considerable  space  has  been  given 
to  this  department,  especially  with  reference  to  the  older  lines  of  railroad  whose  history  has 
been  intimately  interwoven  with  that  of  the  State,  and  its  progress  in  wealth  and  population. 

In  addition  to  the  acknowledgments  made  by  Dr.  Bateman,  it  is  but  proper  that  I 
should  express  my  personal  obligations  to  the  late  Prof.  Samuel  M.  Inglis,  State  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Instruction,  and  his  assistant,  Prof.  J.  H.  Freeman;  to  ex-Senator  John 
M.  Palmer,  of  Springfield  ;  to  the  late  Hon.  Joseph  Medill,  editor  of  "The  Chicago  Tribune"  ; 
to  the  Hon.  James  B.  Bradwell,  of  "The  Chicago  Legal  News";  to  Gen.  Green  B.  Raum, 
Dr.  Samuel  Willard,  and  Dr.  Garrett  Newkirk,  of  Chicago  (the  latter  as  author  of  the  prin- 
cipal portions  of  the  article  on  the  "Underground  Railroad")  ;  to  the  Librarians  of  the  State 
Historical  Library,  the  Chicago  Historical  Library,  and  the  Chicago  Public  Library,  for 
special  and  valuable  aid  rendered,  as  well  as  to  a  large  circle  of  correspondents  in  different 
parts  of  the  State  who  have  courteously  responded  to  requests  for  information  on  special 
topics,  and  have  thereby  materially  aided  in  securing  whatever  success  may  have  been 
attained  in  the  work. 

In  conclusion,  I  cannot  omit  to  pay  tliis  final  tribute  to  the  memory  of  my  friend  and 
associate,  Dr.  Bateman,  whose  death,  at  his  home  in  Galesburg,  on  October  21,  1897,  was 
deplored,  not  only  by  his  associates  in  the  Faculty  of  Enox  College,  his  former  pupils  and 
immediate  neighbors,  but  by  a  large  circle  of  friends  in  all  parts  of  the  State. 

Although  his  labors  as  editor  of  this  volume  had  been  substantially  finished  at  the  time 
of  his  death  (and  they  included  the  reading  and  revision  of  every  line  of  copy  at  that  time 
prepared,  comprising  the  larger  proportion  of  the  volume  as  it  now  goes  into  the  hands  of 
the  public),  the  enthusiasm,  zeal  and  kindly  appreciation  of  the  labor  of  others  which  he 
brought  to  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  have  been  sadly  missed  in  the  last  stages  of  prepara- 
tion of  the  work  for  the  press.  In  the  estimation  of  many  who  have  held  his  scholarship 
and  his  splendid  endowments  of  mind  and  character  in  the  highest  admiration,  his  con- 
nection with  the  work  will  be  its  strongest  commendation  and  the  surest  evidence  of  its 
merit. 

With  myself,  the  most  substantial  satisfaction  I  have  in  dismissing  the  volume  from  my 
hands  and  submitting  it  to  the  judgment  of  the  public,  exists  in  the  fact  that,  in  its  prepara- 
tion, I  have  been  associated  with  such  a  co-laborer  —  one  whose  abilities  commanded  uni- 
versal respect,  and  whose  genial,  scholarly  character  and  noble  qualities  of  mind  and  heart 
won  the  love  and  confidence  of  all  with  whom  he  came  in  contact,  and  whom  it  had  been  my 
privilege  to  count  aa  a  friend  from  an  early  period  in  his  long  and  useful  career. 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PACK 

Abraham  Lincoln  (Frontispiece) 1 

Annex  Central  Hospital  for  Insane,  Jacksonville 84 

Asylum  for  Feeble-Minded  Children,  Lincoln 237 

Asylum  for  Incurable  Insane,  Bartonville 85 

Bateman,  Newton  (Portrait) 3 

Board  of  Trade  Building,  Chicago 277 

"Chenn  Mansion,"  Easkaskia  (1898),  where  La  Fayette  was  entertained  in  1825  ....  315 

Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences 394 

Chicago  Drainage  Canal 94 

Chicago  Historical  Society  Building 394 

Chicago  Post  Office  (U.  S.  Gov.  Building)    88 

Chicago  Public  Buildings     395 

Chicago  Thoroughfares     89 

Chicago  Thoroughfares 93 

Chief  Chicagou  (Portrait) 246 

Comparative  Size  of  Great  Canals 95 

Day  after  Chicago  Fire 92 

Early  Historic  Scenes,  Chicago 170 

Early  Historic  Scenes,  Chicago  (No.  2) 171 

Engineering  Hall,  University  of  Illinois 280 

Experiment  Farm,  University  of  Illinois 12 

Experiment  Farm,  University  of  Illinois — The  Vineyard 13 

Experiment  Farm,  University  of  Illinois— Orchard  Cultivation 13 

First  Illinois  State  House,  Kaskaskia  (1818) 314 

Fort  Dearborn  from  the  West  (1808) 246 

Fort  Dearborn  from  Southeast  (1808) 247 

Fort  Dearborn  (1853) 247 

General  John  Edgar's  House,  Easkasia 315 

Henry  de  Tonty  (Portrait) 246 

House  of  Governor  Bond,  Old  Kaskaskia  (1891) 315 

House  of  Chief  Ducoign,  the  last  of  the  Easkaskias  (1893) 314 

Home  for  Juvenile  Female  Offenders,  Geneva 236 

Illinois  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home,  Quincy 438 

Illinois  State  Normal  University,  Normal 504 

Illinois  State  Capitol  (First),  Easkaskia    240 

Illinois  State  Capitol  (Second),  Vandalia     240 

Illinois  State  Capitol  (Third) ,  Spring6eld    240 

Illinois  State  Capitol  (Present),  Springfield     241 

Illinois  State  Building,  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  1893 601 

Illinois  State  Penitentiary,  Joliet 306 

Illinois  State  Penitentiary — Cell  House  and  Women's  Prison 307 

Illinois  State  Reformatory,  Pontiac 493 

7 


8  LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PAOK 

Institution  for  Deaf  and  Dumb,  Jacksonville 300 

Interior  of  Room,  Kaakaskia  Hotel  (1893)  where  La  Fayette  Banqnet  was  held  in  1825  314 

Institution  for  the  Blind,  Jacksonville 301 

Kaskaskia  Hotel,  where  La  Fayetto  was  feted  in  1825  (as  it  appeared,  1893)  314 

La  Salle  (Portrait) 246 

Library  Building,  University  of  Illinois 334 

Library  Building — Main  Floor — University  of  Illinois 335 

Lincoln  Park  Vistas,  Chicago    120 

Map  of  Burned  District,  Chicago  Fire,  1871 276 

Map  of  Grounds,  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  1893 '. 600 

Map  of  Illinois Following  Title  Page 

Map  of  Illinois  River  Valley "           "  " 

McCormick  Seminary,  Chicago 362 

Monuments  in  Lincoln  Park,  Chicago 90 

Monuments  in  Lincoln  Park,  Chicago 206 

Monuments  in  Lincoln  Park,  Chicago 207 

Natural  History  Hall,  University  of  Illinois 151 

Newberry  Library,  Chicago 394 

Northern  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Elgin 402 

Old  Kaskaskia,  from  Garrison  Hill  (as  it  appeared  in  1893) 314 

Old  State  House,  Kaskaskia  (1900) 315 

Pierre  Menard  Mansion,  Kaskaskia  (1893) 314 

Remnant  of  Old  Kaskaskia  (as  it  appeared  in  1898) 315 

Scenes  in  South  Park,  ( 'himijo     604 

Selby,  Paul  (Protrait)    5 

Sheridan  Road  and  on  the  Boulevards,  Chicago     1'J  I 

Soldiers'  Widows'  Home,  Wilmington 43(» 

Southern  Illinois  Normal,  Carbondale 50"> 

Southern  Illinois  Penitentiary  and  Asylum  for  Incurable  Insane,  Chester 4'J'i 

University  Hall,  University  of  Illinois 150 

University  of  Chicago 363 

University  of  Illinois,  Urbana.     (Group  of  Buildings) 540 

University  of  Illinois,  Urbana.     (Group  of  Buildings) 541 

View  from  Engineering  Hall,  University  of  Illinois 281 

View  on  Principal  Street,  Old  Kaskaskia  (1891) 315 

Views  in  Lincoln  Park,  Chicago 91 

Views  of  Drainage  Canal 90 

Views  of  Drainage  Canal  97 

War  Eagle  (Portrait) 24« 

Western  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Watertown 403 

World's  Fair  Buildings    605 


Historical  Encyclopedia  of  Illinois. 


. 


ABBOTT,  ( l.inii..(,ov.)  Edward,  a  British 
officer,  who  was  commandant  at  Post  Vincennes 
(called  by  the  British,  Fort  Sackville)  at  the 
time  Col.  George  Rogers  Clark  captured  Kaskas- 
kia  in  1778.  Abbott's  jurisdiction  extended,  at 
least  nominally,  over  a  part  of  the  "Illinois 
Country. "  Ten  days  after  the  occupation  of  Kas- 
kaskia.  Colonel  Clark,  having  learned  that 
Abbott  had  gone  to  the  British  headquarters  at 
Detroit,  leaving  the  Post  without  any  guard 
except  that  furnished  by  the  inhabitants  of  the 
village,  took  advantage  of  his  absence  to  send 
Pierre  Gibault.  the  Catholic  Vicar-General  of  Illi- 
nois, to  win  over  the  people  to  the  American 
cause,  which  he  did  so  successfully  that  they  at 
once  took  the  oath  of  allegiance,  and  the  Ameri- 
can flag  was  run  up  over  the  fort.  Although 
Fort  Sackville  afterwards  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  British  for  a  time,  the  manner  of  its  occupa- 
tion was  as  much  of  a  surprise  to  the  British  as 
that  of  Kaskaskia  itself,  and  contributed  to  the 
completeness  of  Clark's  triumph.  (See  Clark, 
Col.  George  Rogers,  also,  Gibault,  Pierre.)  Gov- 
ernor Abbott  seems  to  have  been  of  a  more 
humane  character  than  the  mass  of  British 
officers  of  his  day,  as  he  wrote  a  letter  to  General 
Carleton  about  this  time,  protesting  strongly 
against  the  employment  of  Indians  in  carrying 
on  warfare  against  the  colonists  on  the  frontier, 
on  the  ground  of  humanity,  claiming  that  it  was 
a  detriment  to  the  British  cause,  although  he 
'was  overruled  by  his  superior  officer,  Colonel 
Hamilton,  in  the  steps  soon  after  taken  to  recap- 
ture Vincennes. 

A  BI NGDON,  second  city  in  size  in  Knox  County , 
at  the  junction  of  the  Iowa  Central  and  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroads;  10 
miles  south  of  Galesburg,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  electric  car  line ;  has  city  waterworks, 
electric  light  plant,  wagon  works,  brick  and  tile 
works,  sash,  blind  and  swing  factories,  two  banks, 


three  weekly  papers,  public  library,  fine  high 
school  building  and  two  ward  schools.  Hedding 
College,  a  flourishing  institution,  under  auspices 
of  the  M.  E.  Church,  is  located  here.  Population 
(1900),  2,022;  (eat.  1904),  3,000. 

ACCAULT,  Michael  (Ak-ko),  French  explorer 
and  companion  of  La  Salle,  who  came  to  the 
"Illinois  Country"  in  1780,  and  accompanied 
Hennepin  when  the  latter  descended  the  Illinois 
River  to  its  mouth  and  then  ascended  the  Mis 
sissippi  to  the  vicinity  of  the  present  city  of  St. 
Paul,  where  they  were  captured  by  Sioux.  They 
were  rescued  by  Greysolon  Dulhut  (for  whom 
the  city  of  Duluth  was  named),  and  having  dis- 
covered the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  returned  to 
Green  Bay.  (See  Hennepin.) 

ACKERMAN,  William  K.,  Railway  President 
and  financier,  was  born  in  New  York  City,  Jan. 
29,  1832,  of  Knickerbocker  and  Revolutionary 
ancestry,  his  grandfather,  Abraham  D.  Acker- 
man,  having  served  as  Captain  of  a  company  of 
the  famous  "Jersey  Blues,"  participating  with 
"Mad"  Anthony  Wayne  in  the  storming  of  Stony 
Point  during  the  Revolutionary  War,  while  his 
father  served  as  Lieutenant  of  Artillery  in  the 
War  of  1812.  After  receiving  a  high  school  edu- 
cation in  New  York,  Mr.  Ackerman  engaged  in 
mercantile  business,  but  in  1852  became  a  clerk 
in  the  financial  department  of  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad.  Coming  to  Chicago  in  the  service  of 
the  Company  in  1860,  he  successively  filled  the 
positions  of  Secretary,  Auditor  and  Treasurer, 
until  July,  1876,  when  he  was  elected  Vice-Presi- 
dent and  a  year  later  promoted  to  the  Presidency, 
voluntarily  retiring  from  this  position  in  August. 
1883,  though  serving  some  time  longer  in  the 
capacity  of  Vice-Presiilent.  During  the  progress 
of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago 
(1892-93)  Mr.  Ackerman  served  as  Auditor  of  the 
Exposition,  and  was  City  Comptroller  of  Chicago 
under  the  administration  of  Mayor  Hopkins 


10 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


; 


(1893-95).  He  is  an  active  member  of  the  Chicago 
Historical  Society,  and  has  rendered  valuable 
service  to  railroad  history  by  the  issue  of  two  bro- 
chures on  the  "Early  History  of  Illinois  Rail- 
roads," and  a  "Historical  Sketch  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad." 

ADAMS,  John,  LL.D.,  educator  and  philan- 
thropist, was  born  at  Canterbury,  Conn.,  Sept.  18, 
1772;  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1795;  taught 
for  several  years  in  his  native  place,  in  Plain- 
field,  N.  J.,  and  at  Colchester,  Conn.  In  1810  he 
became  Principal  of  Phillips  Academy  at  An- 
<  lover.  Mass.,  remaining  there  twenty -three 
years.  In  addition  to  his  educational  duties  he 
participated  in  the  organization  of  several  great 
charitable  associations  which  attained  national 
importance.  On  retiring  from  Phillips  Academy 
in  1833,  he  removed  to  Jacksonville,  I1L,  where, 
four  years  afterward,  he  became  the  third  Prin- 
cipal of  Jacksonville  Female  Academy,  remaining 
six  years.  He  then  became  Agent  of  the  Ameri- 
can Sunday  School  Union,  in  the  course  of  the 
next  few  years  founding  several  hundred  Sunday 
Schools  in  different  parts  of  the  State.  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Yale  College  in 
1854.  Died  in  Jacksonville,  April  24,  1863.  The 
subject  of  this  sketch  was  father  of  Dr.  William 
Adams,  for  forty  years  a  prominent  Presbyterian 
clergyman  of  New  York  and  for  seven  years  ( 1873- 
80)  President  of  Union  Theological  Seminary. 

ADAMS,  John  McGregor,  manufacturer,  was 
born  at  Londonderry,  N.  II. ,  March  11,  is;; I,  the 
son  of  Rev.  John  R.  Adams,  who  served  as  Chap- 
lain of  the  Fifth  Maine  and  One  Hundred  and 
Twenty-first  New  York  Volunteers  during  the 
Civil  War.  Mr.  Adams  was  educated  at  Gorham, 
He.,  and  Andover,  Mass.,  after  which,  going  to 
New  York  City,  he  engaged  as  clerk  in  a  dry- 
goods  house  at  $150  a  year.  He  next  entered  the 
office  of  Clark  &  Jessup,  hardware  manufacturers, 
and  in  1858  came  to  Chicago  to  represent  the 
house  of  Morris  K .  Jessup  &  Co.  He  thus  became 
associated  with  the  late  John  Crerar,  the  firm  of 
Jessup  &  Co.  being  finally  merged  into  that  of 
Crerar,  Adams  &  Co.,  which,  with  the  Adams  & 
Westlake  Co.,  have  done  a  large  business  in  the 
manufacture  of  railway  supplies.  Since  the 
death  of  Mr.  Crerar,  Mr.  Adams  has  been  princi- 
pal manager  of  the  concern's  vast  manufacturing 
business. 

ADAMS,  (Dr.)  Samuel,  physician  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  at  Brunswick,  Me.,  Dec.  19,  1806, 
and  educated  at  Bowdoin  College,  where  he 
graduated  in  both  the  departments  of  literature 
and  of  medicine.  Then,  having  practiced  as  a 


physician  several  years,  in  1838  he  assumed  the 
chair  of  Natural  Philosophy,  Chemistry  and 
Natural  History  in  Illinois  College  at  Jackson- 
ville, 111.  From  1843  to  1845  he  was  also  Pro- 
fessor of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics  in  the 
Medical  Department  of  the  same  institution,  and, 
during  his  connection  with  the  College,  gave 
instruction  at  different  times  in  nearly  every 
branch  embraced  in  the  college  curriculum, 
including  the  French  and  German  languages. 
Of  uncompromising  firmness  and  invincible  cour- 
age in  his  adherence  to  principle,  he  was  a  man 
of  singular  modesty,  refinement  and  amiability 
in  private  life,  winning  the  confidence  and  esteem 
of  all  with  whom  he  came  in  contact,  especially 
the  students  who  came  under  his  instruction.  A 
profound  and  thorough  scholar,  he  possessed  a 
refined  and  exalted  literary  taste,  which  was 
illustrated  in  occasional  contributions  to  scien- 
tific and  literary  periodicals.  Among  productions 
of  his  pen  on  philosophic  topics  may  be  enumer- 
ated articles  on  "The  Natural  History  of  Man  in 
his  Scriptural  Relations;"  contributions  to  the 
"Biblical  Repository"  (1844);  "Auguste  Comte 
and  Positivism"  ("New  Englander,"  1873),  and 
"Herbert  Spencer's  Proposed  Reconciliation  be- 
tween Religion  and  Science"  ("New  Englander," 
1875).  His  connection  with  Illinois  College  con- 
tinued until  his  death,  April,  1877 — a  period  of 
more  than  thirty-eight  years.  A  monument  to 
his  memory  lias  been  erected  through  the  grate- 
ful donations  of  his  former  pupils. 

ADAMS,  George  Everett,  lawyer  and  ex-Con- 
gressman, born  at  Keene,  N.  H  ,  June  18,  1840; 
was  educated  at  Harvard  College,  and  at  Dane 
Law  School,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  graduating  at  the 
former  in  1860.  Early  in  life  he  settled  in  Chi- 
cago, where,  after  some  time  spent  as  a  teacher 
in  the  Chicago  High  School,  he  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  his  profession.  His  first  post  of  pub- 
lic responsibility  was  that  of  State  Senator,  to 
which  he  was  elected  in  1880.  In  1882  he  was 
chosen,  as  a  Republican,  to  represent  the  Fourth 
Illinois  District  in  Congress,  and  re-elected  in 
1884,  '86  and  '88.  In  1890  he  was  again  a  candi- 
date, but  was  defeated  by  Walter  C.  Newberry. 
He  is  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Newberry 
Library. 

ADAMS,  James,  pioneer  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Hartford,  Conn.,  Jan.  26,  1803;  taken  to  Oswego 
County,  N.  Y.,  in  1809,  and,  in  1821,  removed  to 
Springfield,  111.,  being  the  first  lawyer  to  locate 
in  the  future  State  capital.  He  enjoyed  an  ex- 
tensive practice  for  the  time ;  in  1823  was  elected 
a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  took  part  in  the  Winne- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


11 


bago  and  Black  Hawk  wars,  was  elected  Probate 
Judge  in  1841,  and  died  in  office,  August  11,  1843. 

ADAMS  COUNTY,  an  extreme  westerly  county 
of  the  State,  situated  about  midway  between  its 
northern  and  southern  extremities,  and  bounded 
on  the  west  by  the  Mississippi  River.  It  was 
organized  in  1825  and  named  in  honor  of  John 
yuincy  Adams,  the  name  of  Quincy  being  given 
to  the  county  seat.  The  United  States  Census  of 
1890  places  its  area  at  830  sq.  m.  and  its  popula- 
tion at  61,888.  The  soil  of  the  county  is  fertile 
and  well  watered,  the  surface  diversified  and 
hilly,  especially  along  the  Mississippi  bluffs,  and 
its  climate  equable.  The  wealth  of  the  county  is 
largely  derived  from  agriculture,  although  a 
large  amount  of  manufacturing  is  carried  on  in 
Quincy.  Population  (1900),  67,058. 

ADDAMS,  John  Huy,  legislator,  was  born  at 
Sinking  Springs,  Berks  County,  Pa.,  July  12. 
1822;  educated  at  Trappeand  Upper  Dublin,  Pa., 
and  learned  the  trade  of  a  miller  in  his  youth, 
which  he  followed  in  later  life.  In  1844,  Mr. 
Addams  came  to  Illinois,  settling  at  Cedarville, 
Stephenson  County,  purchased  a  tract  of  land 
and  built  a  saw  and  grist  mill  on  Cedar  Creek. 
In  1854  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  from 
Stephenson  County,  serving  continuously  in  that 
body  by  successive  re-elections  until  1870 — first  as 
a  Whig  and  afterwards  as  a  Republican.  In  1865 
lie  established  the  Second  National  Bank  of  Free- 
|K>rt,  of  which  he  continued  to  be  the  president 
until  his  death,  August  17,  1881. — Miss  Jane 
I  \<Uams). philanthropist. the  founder  of  the  "Hull 
House,"  Chicago,  is  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Addams. 

ADDISON,  village,  Du  Page  County;  seat  of 
Evangelical  Lutheran  College,  Normal  School 
and  Orphan  Asylum ;  has  State  Bank,  stores  and 
public  school  Pop.  (1900),  591;  (1904),  614. 

ADJUTANTS-GENERAL.  The  office  of  Adju- 
tant-General for  the  State  of  Illinois  was  first 
created  by  Act  of  the  Legislature,  Feb.  2,  1865. 
Previous  to  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  the  position 
was  rather  honorary  than  otherwise,  its  duties 
(except  during  the  Black  Hawk  War)  and  its 
emoluments  being  alike  unimportant.  The  in- 
cumbent was  simply  the  Chief  of  the  Governor's 
Staff.  In  1861,  the  post  became  one  of  no  small 
importance.  Those  who  held  the  office  during 
the  Territorial  period  were:  Elias  Rector,  Robert 
Morrison,  Benjamin  Stephenson  and  Wm.  Alex- 
ander. Aftej  the  admission  of  Illinois  as  a  State 
up  to  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  the  duties 
(which  were  almost  wholly  nominal)  were  dis- 
charged by  Wm.  Alexander,  1819  21 ;  Elijah  C. 
Berry,  1821  28;  James  W.  Berry,  1828-39;  Moses 


K.  Anderson,  1839-57;  Thomas  S.  Mather,  1858-61. 
In  November,  1861,  CoL  T.  S.  Mather,  who  had  held 
the  position  for  three  years  previous,  resigned  to 
enter  active  service,  and  Judge  Allen  C.  Fuller 
was  appointed,  remaining  in  office  until  January 
1,  1865.  The  first  appointee,  under  the  act  of 
1865,  was  Isham  N.  Haynie,  who  held  office 
until  his  death  in  1869.  The  Legislature  of  1869. 
taking  into  consideration  that  all  the  Illinois 
volunteers  had  been  mustered  out,  and  that  the 
duties  of  the  Adjutant-General  had  been  materi- 
ally lessened,  reduced  the  proportions  of  the 
department  and  curtailed  the  appropriation  for 
its  support.  Since  the  adoption  of  the  military 
code  of  1877,  the  Adjutant-General's  office  has 
occupied  a  more  important  and  conspicuous  posi- 
tion among  the  departments  of  the  State  govern- 
ment. The  following  is  a  list  of  those  who  have 
held  office  since  General  Haynie,  with  the  date 
and  duration  of  their  respective  terms  of  office: 
Hubert  Dilger,  1869-73;  Edwin  L.  Higgins. 
1873-75;  Hiram  Billiard,  1875-81;  Isaac  H.  Elliot, 
1881-84;  Joseph  W.  Vance,  1884-93;  Albert  Oren- 
dorff,  1893-96;  C.  C.  Hilton,  1896-97;  Jasper  N. 
Reece,  1897  — . 

AGRICULTURE.  Illinois  ranks  high  as  an 
agricultural  State.  A  large  area  in  the  eastern 
portion  of  the  State,  because  of  the  absence  of 
timber,  was  called  by  the  early  settlers  "the 
Grand  Prairie."  Upon  and  along  a  low  ridge 
beginning  in  Jackson  County  and  running  across 
the  State  is  the  prolific  fruit-growing  district  of 
Southern  Illinois.  The  bottom  lands  extending 
from  Cairo  to  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  River  are 
of  a  fertility  seemingly  inexhaustible.  The  cen- 
tral portion  of  the  State  is  best  adapted  to  corn, 
and  the  southern  and  southwestern  to  the  culti- 
vation of  winter  wheat.  Nearly  three-fourths  of 
the  entire  State — some  42,000  square  miles — is  up- 
land prairie,  well  suited  to  the  raising  of  cereals. 
In  the  value  of  its  oat  crop  Illinois  leads  all  the 
States,  that  for  1891  being  831,106, 674,  with  3,068,- 
930  acres  under  cultivation.  In  the  production 
of  corn  it  ranks  next  to  Iowa,  the  last  census 
(1890)  showing  7,014,336  acres  under  cultivation, 
and  the  value  of  the  crop  being  estimated  at 
$86.905,510.  In  wheat-raising  it  ranked  seventh, 
although  the  annual  average  value  of  the  crop 
from  1880  to  1890  was  a  little  less  than  $29.000.- 
000.  As  a  live-stock  State  it  leads  in  the  value  ot 
horses  ($83,000,000),  ranks  second  in  the  produc- 
tion of  swine  ($30,000, 000),  third  in  cattle-growing 
($32,000,000),  and  fourth  in  dairy  products,  the 
value  of  milch  cows  being  estimated  at  $24,000,- 
000.  (See  also  Farmers  Institute.) 


12 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


IMlId  I.Tl  III..    DEPARTMENT     OF.       A 

department  of  the  State  administration  which 
grew  out  of  the  organization  of  the  Illinois  Agri- 
cultural Society,  incorporated  by  Act  of  the 
Legislature  in  1853.  The  first  appropriation  from 
the  State  treasury  for  its  maintenance  was  $1,000 
per  annum,  "to  be  expended  in  the  promotion  of 
mechanical  and  agricultural  arts."  The  first 
President  was  James  N.  Brown,  of  Sangamon 
County.  Simeon  Francis,  also  of  Sangamon,  was 
the  first  Recording  Secretary ;  John  A.  Kennicott 
of  Cook,  first  Corresponding  Secretary ;  and  John 
Williams  of  Sangamon,  first  Treasurer.  Some 
thirty  volumes  of  reports  have  been  issued,  cover- 
ing a  variety  of  topics  of  vital  interest  to  agri- 
culturists. The  department  has  well  equipped 
offices  in  the  State  House,  and  is  charged  with 
the  conduct  of  State  Fairs  and  the  management 
of  annual  exhibitions  of  fat  stock,  besides  the 
collection  and  dissemination  of  statistical  and 
other  information  relative  to  the  State's  agri- 
cultural interests.  It  receives  annual  reports 
from  all  County  Agricultural  Societies.  Tin- 
State  Board  consists  of  three  general  officers 
(President,  Secretary  and  Treasurer)  and  one 
representative  from  each  Congressional  district. 
The  State  appropriates  some  $20,000  annually  for 
the  prosecution  of  its  work,  besides  which  there 
is  a  considerable  income  from  receipts  at  State 
Fairs  and  fat  stock  shows.  Between  $20,000  and 
$25,000  per  annum  is  disbursed  in  premiums  to 
competing  exhibitors  at  the  State  Fairs,  and  some 
$10,000  divided  among  County  Agricultural 
Societies  holding  fairs. 

AKERS,  Peter,  D.  It. ,  Methodist  Episcopal 
clergyman,  born  of  Presbyterian  parentage,  in 
Campbell  County,  Va.,  Sept.  1,  1790;  was  edu- 
cated in  the  common  schools,  and,  at  the  age 
of  16,  began  teaching,  later  pursuing  a  classical 
course  in  institutions  of  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina.  Having  removed  to  Kentucky,  after  a 
brief  season  spent  in  teaching  at  Mount  Sterling 
in  that  State,  he  began  the  study  of  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1817.  Two  years  later  he 
began  the  publication  of  a  paper  called  "The 
Star,"  which  was  continued  for  a  short  time.  In 
1821  he  was  converted  and  joined  the  Methodist 
church,  and  a  few  months  later  began  preaching. 
In  1832  he  removed  to  Illinois,  and,  after  a  year 
spent  in  work  as  an  evangelist,  he  assumed  the 
Presidency  of  McKendree  College  at  Lebanon, 
remaining  during  1833-34;  then  established  a 
"manual  labor  school"  near  Jacksonville,  which 
he  maintained  for  a  few  years.  From  1837  to 
1852  was  spent  as  stationed  minister  or  Presiding 


Elder  at  Springfield,  Quincy  and  Jacksonville.  In 
the  latter  year  he  was  again  appointed  to  the 
Presidency  of  McKendree  College,  where  he 
remained  five  years.  He  was  then  (1857)  trans- 
ferred to  the  Minnesota  Conference,  but  a  year 
later  was  compelled  by  declining  health  to  assume 
a  superannuated  relation.  Returning  to  Illinois 
about  1865,  he  served  as  Presiding  Elder  of  the 
Jacksonville  and  Pleasant  Plains  Districts,  but 
was  again  compelled  to  accept  a  superannuate!) 
relation,  making  Jacksonville  his  home,  where 
he  died,  Feb.  21,  1886.  While  President  of  Mc- 
Kendree College,  he  published  his  work  on  "Bib- 
lical Chronology,"  to  which  he  had  devoted  many 
previous  years  of  his  life,  and  which  gave  evi- 
dence of  gr«at  learning  and  vast  research.  Dr. 
Akers  was  a  man  of  profound  convictions,  exten- 
sive learning  and  great  eloquence.  As  a  pulpit 
orator  and  logician  he  probably  had  no  superior 
in  the  State  during  the  time  of  his  most  active 
service  in  the  denomination  to  which  he  belonged. 

AKIN,  Edward  ('.,  lawyer  and  Attorney-Gen- 
eral, was  born  in  Will  County,  111.,  in  1852,  ami 
educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Joliet  and  at  Ann 
Arbor,  Mich.  For,  four  years  he  was  paying  and 
receiving  teller  in  the  First  National  Bank  of 
Joliet,  but  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1878  ami 
has  continued  in  act!  ve  practice  since.  In  1887  )»• 
entered  upon  his  political  career  as  the  Republi- 
can candidate  for  City  Attorney  of  Joliet,  and  was 
elected  by  a  majority  of  over  700  votes,  although 
the  city  was  usually  Democratic.  The  follow- 
ing year  he  was  the  candidate  of  his  party  for 
State's  Attorney  of  Will  County,  and  was  again 
elected,  leading  the  State  and  county  ticket  by 
800  votes — being  re-elected  to  the  same  office  in 
1892.  In  1895  he  was  the  Republican  nomine* 
for  Mayor  of  Joliet,  and,  although  opposed  by  a 
citizen's-  ticket  headed  by  a  Republican,  was 
elected  over  his  Democratic  competitor  by  a  deci- 
sive majority.  His  greatest  popular  triumph  was 
in  1896,  when  he  was  elected  Attorney-General 
on  the  Republican  State  ticket  by  a  plurality 
over  his  Democratic  opponent  of  132,248  and  a 
majority  over  all  com]>etitors  of  111,255.  His 
legal  abilities  are  recognized  as  of  a  very  high 
order,  while  his  personal  popularity  is  indicated 
by  his  uniform  success  as  a  candidate,  in  the 
face,  at  times,  of  strong  political  majorities. 

ALBANY,  a  village  of  Whiteside  County,  lo- 
cated on  the  Mississippi  River  and  the  Chicago. 
Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railway  (Rock  Island 
branch).  Population  (1890),  611 ;  (1900),  621. 

ALBION,  county-seat  of  Edwards  County, 
on  Southern  Railway,  midway  between  St.  Louis 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OK  ILLINOIS. 


U;RKt  LTIRK.     IIMMKTMKM     OF.       A 

deiiartrnent  of  tin-  State  administration  which 
grew  out  of  the  organiy..ition  of  the  Illinois  Agri- 
cultural Society  mc«r|iorated  by  Act  of  the 
Legislature  in  IKilJ.  The  iirst  appropriation  from 
the  State  treasury  for  its  maintenance  was  SI.IHKI 
per  annum,  "to  he  expended  in  the  promotion  of 
mechanical  and  agricultural  arts."  The  first 
President  was  James  X.  Brown,  of  Sangamon 
County.  Simeon  Francis,  also  of  Sangamon,  was 
the  first  Recording  Secretary;  John  A.  Kennicott 
of  Cook.  Iirst  < 'orresjKinding  Secretary  ;  ami  John 
Williams  of  Sangamon,  Iirst  Treasurer.  Some 
thirty  volumes  of  reports  have  In-en  issued,  cover- 
ing a  variety  of  topics  of  vital  interest  to  agri- 
culturists. The  department  has  well  eipiipped 
offices  in  the  State  House,  ami  is  charged  with 
the  conduct  of  State  Fairs  and  the  management 
of  annual  exhibitions  of  fat  stock,  besides  the 
collection  and  dissemination  of  statistical  and 
other  information  relative  to  the  State's  agri- 
cultural interests.  It  receives  annual  rejiorts 
from  all  County  Agricultural  Societies.  Tin- 
State  Hoard  consists  of  three  general  ollicers 
(President,  Secretary  and  Treasurer)  and  one 
representative  from  each  Congressional  district. 
The  State  appropriates  some  $20,000  annually  for 
the  prosecution  of  its  work,  besides  wliich  there 
is  a  considerable  income  from  receipts  at  State 
Fairs  and  fat  stock  shows.  Between  S-'ll.lHMl  and 
$3-~i,(HK)  per  annum  is  disbursed  in  premiums  to 
coni]>eting  exhibitors  at  the  State  Fairs,  and  some 
$1(1, (100  divided  among  County  Agricultural 
Societies  holding  fairs. 

AKF.RS,  Peter,  1>.  I).,  Methodist  Episcopal 
clergyman,  born  of  Presbyterian  parentage,  in 
Campbell  County,  Va.,  Sept.  1,  1790;  was  edu- 
cated in  the  common  schools,  and,  at  the  ag«» 
of  Hi,  began  teaching,  later  pursuing  a  classical 
course  in  institutions  of  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina.  Having  removed  to  Kentucky,  after  a 
brief  season  spent  in  teaching  at  Mount  Sterling 
in  that  State,  he  began  the  study  of  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  liar  in  1817.  Two  years  later  hi' 
liegan  the  publication  of  a  pajier  called  "Tin- 
Star,"  which  was  continued  for  a  short  time.  In 
1821  he  was  converted  and  joined  the  Methodist 
church,  and  a  few  months  later  liegan  preaching. 
In  18:i2  he  removed  to  Illinois,  and.  after  a  year 
spent  in  work  as  an  evangelist,  he  assumed  tlie 
Presidency  of  McKendree  College  at  Lebanon, 
remaining  during  tKKl!t-l;  then  established  a 
"manual  laljor  school"  near  Jacksonville,  which 
he  maintained  for  a  few  years.  From  1H:)7  to 
1852  was  spent  as  stationed  minister  or  Presiding 


Kliler  at  Springlield.  Qiiincy  and  Jacksonville.  In 
the  latter  year  he  was  again  appointed  to  tin- 
Presidency  of  McKendree  College,  where  In 
remained  live  years.  He  was  then  (1857)  trans- 
ferred to  the  Minnesota  Conference,  but  a  year 
later  was  compelled  by  declining  health  to  assume 
a  superannuated  relation.  Returning  to  Illinois 
alioiit  181'hi,  lie  served  as  Presiding  Elder  of  tin 
Jacksonville  and  Pleasant  Plains  Districts,  but 
was  again  compiled  to  accept  a  sii]>eraiinuatcii 
relation,  making  Jacksonville  his  home,  where 
he  died,  Feb.  21,  IHSIi.  While  President  of  Mc- 
Kendree College,  he  published  his  work  on  "Hil- 
lical  Chronology,"  to  which  he  had  devoted  nmn\ 
previous  years  of  his  life,  and  which  gave  evi- 
dence of  gn-at  learning  and  vast  research.  I'v 
Akers  was  a  man  of  profound  convictions,  exten- 
sive learning  and  gmit  eloquence.  As  a  pulpit 
orator  and  logician  he  probably  had  no  superior 
in  the  State  during  the  time  of  his  most  acti\<- 
service  in  the  denomination  to  which  he  belonged. 

\k!N,  Edward  f.,  lawyer  and  Attorney  -Gen- 
eral, was  l>orn  in  Will  County.  111.,  in  If. 13,  und 
educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Joliet  and  at  Aim 
Arbor,  Mich.  For  four  years  he  was  paying  ami 
receiving  teller  in  the  First  National  Bank  »f 
Joliet,  but  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1878  un<l 
has  continued  in  active  practice  since.  In  18H7  In- 
entered  upon  his  (Hilitical  career  as  the  Itepubli 
can  candidate  for  City  Attorney  of  Joliet,  and  was 
elected  by  a  majority  of  over  700  votes,  although 
the  city  was  usually  Democratic.  The  follow- 
ing year  he  was  the  candidate  of  his  party  f< it- 
State's  Attorney  of  Will  County,  and  was  agaii 
elected,  leading  the  State  and  county  ticket  b\ 
MOO  votes — l>eing  re-elected  to  the  same  ollice  ii 
1H92.  In  189.~>  he  was  the  Republican  noiniiiii- 
for  Mayor  of  Joliet.  and,  although  opjioscil  by  a 
citizen's  ticket  headed  by  a  l{e|»ib!ican,  wa- 
elected  over  his  Democratic  competitor  by  adeci 
sive  majority.  His  greatest  popular  triumph  was 
in  18!Hi,  when  he  was  elected  Attornev-CIeneral 
on  the  Republican  State  ticket  by  a  plurality 
over  his  Democratic-  opjtonent  of  lo'J.^IH  and  a 
majority  over  all  competitors  of  1 1 1 ,  L'.Vi.  His 
legal  abilities  are  recognized  as  of  a  very  high 
order,  while  his  personal  jntpularity  is  indicated 
by  his  uniform  success  as  a  candidate,  in  tin- 
face,  at  times,  of  strong  political  majorities. 

ALBANY,  a  village  of  Whiteside  County,  lo- 
cated on  the  .Mississippi  River  and  the  ( 'hicago 
Milwaukee  &  St  Paul  Railway  (Rock  Island 
branch)  Population  (189(1),  (ill  ;  (1900),  031. 

ALBION,  county-seat  of  Edwards  County, 
on  Southern  Hallway,  midway  between  St.  Louis 


• 


KXPEKIMENT  KAKM     (THE    VIKEVARU)    UNIVERSITY    OK    ILLINOIS. 


EXPERIMENT   FARM    (ORCHARD   CULTIVATIONl    UNIVERSITY    OF    ILLINOIS. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


and  Louisville;  seat  of  Southern  Collegiate  In- 
stitute; has  plant  for  manufacture  of  vitrified 
shale  paving  brick,  two  newspapers,  creamery, 
flouring  mills,  and  is  important  shipping  point 
for  live  stock ;  is  in  a  rich  fruit-growing  district ; 
has  five  churches  and  splendid  public  schools. 
Population  (1900),  1,162;  (est.  1904),  1,600. 

ALCORN,  James  Lusk,  was  born  near  Gol- 
conda,  111.,  Nov.  4,  1816;  early  went  South  and 
held  various  offices  in  Kentucky  and  Mississippi, 
including  member  of  the  Legislature  in  each; 
was  a  member  of  the  Mississippi  State  Conven- 
tions of  1851  and  1861,  and  by  the  latter  appointed 
a  Brigadier-General  in  the  Confederate  service, 
but  refused  a  commission  by  Jefferson  Davis 
because  his  fidelity  to  the  rebel  cause  was 
doubted.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  one  of 
the  first  to  accept  the  reconstruction  policy ;  was 
elected  United  States  Senator  from  Mississippi  in 
1865,  but  not  admitted  to  his  seat.  In  1869  he 
was  chosen  Governor  as  a  Republican,  and  two 
years  later  elected  United  States  Senator,  serving 
until  1877.  Died,  Dec.  20,  1894. 

ALDRICH,  J.  Frank,  Congressman,  was  born 
at  Two  Rivers,  Wis.,  April  6,  1853,  the  son  of 
William  Aldrich,  who  afterwards  became  Con- 
gressman from  Chicago ;  was  brought  to  Chicago 
in  1861,  attended  the  public  schools  and  the  Chi- 
cago University,  and  graduated  from  the  Rensse- 
laer  Polytechnic  Institute,  Troy,  N.  Y.,  in  1877, 
receiving  the  degree  of  Civil  Engineer.  Later  he 
engaged  in  the  linseed  oil  business  in  Chicago. 
Becoming  interested  in  politics,  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  County  Commissioners 
of  Cook  County,  serving  as  President  of  that  body 
during  the  reform  period  of  1887;  was  also  a 
member  of  the  County  Board  of  Education  and 
Chairman  of  the  Chicago  Citizens'  Committee, 
appointed  from  the  various  clubs  and  commer- 
cial organizations  of  the  city,  to  promote  the  for- 
mation of  the  Chicago  Sanitary  District.  From 
May  1,  1891,  to  Jan.  1,  1893,  he  was  Commissioner 
of  Public  Works  for  Chicago,  when  he  resigned 
his  office,  having  been  elected  (Nov.,  1892)  a 
member  of  the  Fifty-third  Congress,  on  the 
Republican  ticket,  from  the  First  Congressional 
District;  was  re-elected  in  1894,  retiring  at  the 
close  of  the  Fifty-fourth  Congress.  In  1898  he 
was  appointed  to  a  position  in  connection  with 
the  office  of  Comptroller  of  the  Currency  at 
Washington. 

ALDRICH,  William,  merchant  and  Congress- 
man, was  born  at  Greenfield,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  20,  1820. 
His  early  common  school  training  was  supple- 
mented by  private  tuition  in  higher  branches  of 


mathematics  and  in  surveying,  and  by  a  term  in 
an  academy.  Until  he  had  reached  the  age  of  2>'> 
years  he  was  engaged  in  farming  and  teaching, 
but,  in  1846,  turned  his  attention  to  mercantile 
pursuits.  In  1851  he  removed  to  Wisconsin, 
where,  in  addition  to  merchandising,  he  engage'! 
in  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  wooden  war. 
and  where  he  also  held  several  important  office- 
being  Superintendent  of  Schools  for  three  years. 
Chairman  of  the  County  Board  of  Supervisors 
one  year,  besides  serving  one  term  in  the  Legisla- 
ture. In  1860  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he 
embarked  in  the  wholesale  grocery  business.  In 
1875  he  was  elected  to  the  City  Council,  and,  in 
1876,  chosen  to  represent  his  district  (the  First)  in 
Congress,  as  a  Republican,  being  re-elected  in  1878. 
and  again  in  1880.  Died  in  Fond  du  Lao,  Wis. , 
Dec.  3,  1885. 

ALEDO,  county-seat  of  Mercer  County;  is  in 
the  midst  of  a  rich  farming  and  bituminous  coal 
region ;  fruit-growing  and  stock-raising  are  also 
extensively  carried  on,  and  large  quantities  of 
these  commodities  are  shipped  here;  has  two 
newspapers  and  ample  school  facilities.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  1,601;  (1900),  2,081. 

ALEXANDER,  John  T.,  agriculturist  and 
stock-grower,  was  born  in  Western  Virginia. 
Sept.  15,  1820;  removed  with  his  father,  at  six 
years  of  age,  to  Ohio,  and  to  Illinois  in  1848 
Here  he  bought  a  tract  of  several  thousand  acres 
of  land  on  the  Wabash  Railroad,  10  miles  east  of 
Jacksonville,  which  finally  developed  into  one  of 
the  richest  stock-farms  in  the  State.  After  the 
war  he  became  the  owner  of  the  celebrate<l 
"Sullivant  farm,"  comprising  some  20,000  acres 
on  the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western  Railroad  in 
Champaign  County,  to  which  he  transferred  his 
stock  interests,  and  although  overtaken  by  re- 
verses, left  a  large  estate.  Died,  August  22,  187(i. 

ALEXANDER,  Hilton  K.,  pioneer,  was  born  in 
Elbert  County,  Ga.,  Jan.  23,  1796;  emigrated 
with  his  father,  in  1804,  to  Tennessee,  and,  while 
still  a  boy,  enlisted  as  a  soldier  in  the  War  of  1812. 
serving  under  the  command  of  General  Jackson 
until  the  capture  of  Pensaoola,  when  he  entered 
upon  the  campaign  against  the  Seminoles  in 
Florida.  In  1823  he  removed  to  Edgar  County 
111. ,  and  engaged  in  mercantile  and  agricultural 
pursuits  at  Paris;  serving  also  as  Postmaster 
there  some  twenty-five  years,  and  as  Clerk  of  the 
County  Commissioners'  Court  from  1826  to  "37 
In  1826  he  was  commissioned  by  Governor  Coles. 
Colonel  of  the  Nineteenth  Regiment,  Illinois 
State  Militia;  in  1830  was  Aide-de-Camp  to  Gov- 
ernor Reynolds,  and,  in!832,  took  part  in  the  Black 


I:\I-KKI.MKVI  i  AI:M    nil-:  vtxi-:v.\i;iii   IM\I-:I:SITV 


i:xri:i:i  \ii-vr  i  AI;.M    II>I;CIIAI:H  ri'i/nx  \TION.    i  MVI-:I:SITV  »!•'   II.I.IMHS. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    «>K    ILLINOIS. 


and  Ixiuisville;  seat  of  Southern  Collegiate  In- 
stitute; h:is  plant  for  manufacture  of  vitrified 
shale  paving  brick,  two  newspapers, -creamery, 
flouring  mills,  and  is  irn]>ortant  shipping  point 
for  live  stock;  is  in  a  rich  fruit-growing  district; 
has  five  churches  and  splendid  public  schools. 
Population  (1900),  1,162;  (est.  1904),  1,500. 

ALCORN,  James  Lusk,  was  born  near  Gol- 
conda,  111.,  Nov.  4.  1816;  early  went  South  and 
held  various  offices  in  Kentucky  and  Mississippi, 
including  niemlx-r  of  the  Legislature  in  each; 
was  a  member  of  the  Mississippi  State  Conven- 
tions of  1851  and  1801,  and  by  the  latter  appointed 
a  Brigadier-General  in  the  Confederate  service, 
hut  refused  a  commission  by  Jefferson  Davis 
because  his  fidelity  to  the  rebel  cause  was 
doubted.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  one  of 
the  first  to  accept  the  reconstruction  policy;  was 
elected  United  States  Senator  from  Mississippi  in 
1805.  hut  not  admitted  to  his  seat.  In  180!)  he 
was  chosen  Governor  as  a  Republican,  anil  two 
years  later  elected  United  States  Senator,  serving 
until  1877.  Died.  Dei-.  20.  1894. 

M.HKICII.  .1.  Frank,  Congressman,  was  lx>rn 
at  Two  Kivers.  Wis  .  April  G.  18.1:!.  the  son  of 
William  Aldrieh.  who  afterwards  became  Con- 
gressman from  Chicago;  was  brought  to  Chicago 
in  1801.  attended  the  public  schools  and  the  Chi- 
cago University,  and  graduated  from  the  Rensse- 
laer  Polytechnic  Institute,  Troy,  N.  Y.,  in  1877. 
receiving  the  degree  of  Civil  Engineer.  Later  he 
engaged  in  the  linseed  oil  business  in  Chicago. 
Becoming  interested  in  politics,  he  \v;is  elected  a 
memlier  of  the  Board  of  County  Commissioners 
of  Cook  County,  serving  as  President  of  that  body 
during  the  reform  |n-riod  of  1887;  was  also  a 
memlier  of  the  County  Board  of  Education  and 
Chairman  of  the  Chicago  Citizens'  Committee, 
ap|x>inted  from  the  various  clubs  and  commer- 
cial organizations  of  the  city,  to  promote  the  for- 
mation of  the  Chicago  Sanitary  District.  From 
May  1.  1891.  to  Jan.  1.  1893,  he  was  Commissioner 
of  Public  Works  for  Chicago,  when  he  resigned 
his  oilice,  having  l>een  elected  (Nov.,  1892)  a 
member  of  the  Fifty-third  Congress,  on  the 
Republican  ticket,  from  the  First  Congressional 
District;  was  re-elected  in  1894.  retiring  at  the 
close  of  the  Fifty-fourth  Congress.  In  1898  he 
was  appointed  to  a  position  in  connection  with 
the  office  of  Comptroller  of  the  Currency  at 
Washington. 

ALHRICH,  William,  merchant  and  Congress- 
man, was  l>orn  at  Greenfield,  N  Y..  Jan.  21),  1820. 
His  early  common  school  training  was  supple- 
mented by  private  tuition  in  higher  branches  of 


mathematics  and  in  surveying,  and  by  ;»  term  in 
an  academy.  Until  he  had  renched  the  age  of  2'i 
years  he  was  engaged  in  farming  and  teaching 
but.  in  1H4(>,  turned  his  attention  to  mercantile 
pursuits.  In  18.">1  he  removed  to  Wisconsin, 
where,  in  addition  to  merchandising,  he  engage. I 
in  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  wowlenwarc. 
and  where  he  also  held  several  ini[iortanl  oflico 
being  Su|>erintendent  of  Schools  for  three  yoan- 
Chairman  of  the  County  Board  of  Supervisor^ 
one  year,  liesides  serving  one  tenn  in  the  1/egisla- 
ture.  In  1H(!0  he  removed  In  Chie.-igo,  \\liern  lie 
embarked  in  the  wholesale  grocery  business  In 
1875  he  was  elected  to  the  City  Council,  and.  in 
1870,  chosen  to  represent  his  district  (the  First)  in 
Congress,  as  a  Republican,  being  re  elected  in  187s 
and  again  in  1880.  Died  in  Fond  ilu  I -v,  WL- 
Dec.  3.  1885. 

ALEIM),  county-seat  of  Mercer  County;  is  in 
the  midst  of  a  rich  farming  and  bituminous  <-oal 
region;  fruit-growing  and  stock  raising  are  alsc 
extensively  carried  on.  and  large  quantities  ot 
these  commodities  are  ship|ted  here:  has  tw«- 
newspapers  and  ample  school  facilities.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  1.C01;  (1900),  2.081. 

ALEXAMIEK,    John    T.,   agriculturist    and 
stock  grower,   was    born    in   Western    Virginia 
Sept.  15.    1820;    removed  with   his  father,  at  si\ 
years  of  age.   to  Ohio,   and  to    Illinois  in   1K}- 
Here  he  liought  a  tract  of  several  thousand  ac-re- 
of  land  on  the  Wabash  Railroad.  10  miles  east  ol 
Jacksonville,  which  finally  develo|ied  into  one  ol' 
the  richest   stock  farms  in  the  State.      After  tin 

war    he   became    the  owner    of    tht lehratol 

"Sullivant  farm."  comprising  some  2(MHH)  acrev 
on  the  Toledo.  Peoria  &  Western  Railroad  in 
Champaign  County,  to  which  hi-  transferred  hi-- 
stock  interests,  and  although  overtaken  by  n- 
verses.  left  a  large  estate.  Died.  August  22.  1871'. 

AI.KX  \  MM'.K.  Milton  K.,  pioneer,  was  liorn  in 
Elliert  County.  Ga.,  Jan.  2:!.  17(M1;  emigrate.) 
with  his  father,  in  1801.  to  Tenne-see.  and,  while 
still  ahoy,  enlisted  as  a  soldier  in  tin- War  of  IS12 
serving  under  the  command  of  General  Jackson 
until  the  capture  of  Pensaeola.  when  he  entered 
upon  the  campaign  against  the  Scminoli---  it 
Florida.  In  |82:t  he  removed  to  Edgar  Countv 
111.,  and  engaged  in  mercantile  and  agricultural 
pursuits  at  Paris;  serving  also  as  Post  mast' -i 
there  some  twenty-five  years,  and  as  Clerk  of  th. 
County  Commissioners'  Court  from  ls'Jf>  to  '•'•" 
In  1821!  he  \vascomn\issioned  l.y  Governor  <>>le* 
Colonel  of  the  Nineteenth  Regiment,  Illinois 
State  Militia,  in  18:iO  was  Aide-de-Camp  to  Gov 
ernor  Reynolds,  and,  in  1832,  took  part  in  the  Black 


'• 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Hawk  War  as  Brigadier-General  of  the  Second 
Brigade,  Illinois  Volunteers.  On  the  inception  of 
the  internal  improvement  scheme  in  1837  he  was 
elected  by  the  Legislature  a  member  of  the  first 
Board  of  Commissioners  of  Public  Works,  serving 
until  the  Board  was  abolished.  Died,  July  7,  1856. 

ALEXANDER,  (Dr.)  William  M.,  pioneer, 
(tame  to  Southern  Illinois  previous  to  the  organi- 
zation of  Union  County  (1818),  and  for  some  time, 
while  practicing  his  profession  as  a  physician, 
acted  as  agent  of  the  proprietors  of  the  town  of 
America,  which  was  located  on  the  Ohio  River, 
on  the  first  high  ground  above  its  junction  with 
the  Mississippi.  It  became  the  first  county-seat 
of  Alexander  County,  which  was  organized  in 
1819,  and  named  in  his  honor.  In  1820  we  find 
him  a  Representative  in  the  Second  General 
Assembly  from  Pope  County,  and  two  years  later 
Representative  from  Alexander  County,  when  he 
became  Speaker  of  the  House  during  the  session 
of  the  .Third  General  Assembly.  Later,  he 
removed  to  Kaskaskia,  but  finally  went  South, 
where  he  died,  though  the  date  and  place  of  his 
i  leath  are  unknown. 

ALEXANDER  COUNTY, the  extreme  southern 
i  -i  puuty  of  the  State,  being  bounded  on  the  west 
by  the  Mississipppi,  and  south  and  east  by  the 
Ohio  and  Cache  rivers.  Its  area  is  about  230 
square  miles  and  its  population,  in  1890,  was  16,- 
563.  The  first  American  settlers  were  Tennessee- 
;i  MS  named  Bird,  who  occupied  the  delta  and  gave 
it  the  name  of  Bird's  Point,  which,  at  the  date  of 
the  Civil  War  <  1861-65),  had  been  transferred  to 
the  Missouri  shore  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio. 
Other  early  settlers  were  Clark,  Kennedy  and 
Philips  (at  Mounds),  Conyer  and  Terrel  (at  Amer- 
ica), and  Humphreys  (near  Caledonia).  In  1818 
•Shadrach  Bond  (afterwards  Governor),  John  G. 
( 'omyges  and  others  entered  a  claim  for  1800  acres 
in  the  central  and  northern  part  of  the  county, 
and  incorporated  the  "City  and  Bank  of  Cairo." 
The  history  of  this  enterprise  is  interesting.  In 
1818  (on  Comyges'  death)  the  land  reverted  to  the 
Government;  but  in  1835  Sidney  Breese,  David  J. 
IJaker  and  Miles  A.  Gilbert  re-entered  the  for- 
feited bank  tract  and  the  title  thereto  became 
vested  in  the  "Cairo  City  and  Canal  Company," 
which  was  chartered  in  1837,  and,  by  purchase, 
extended  its  holdings  to  10,000  acres.  The 
county  was  organized  in  1819;  the  first  county- 
seat  being  America,  which  was  incorporated  in 
1830.  Population  (1900),  19,384. 

ALEXIAN  BROTHERS'  HOSPITAL,  located 
at  Chicago;  established  in  1860,  and  under  the 
management  of  the  Alexian  Brothers,  a  monastic 


order  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  It  was 
originally  opened  in  a  small  frame  building,  but  a 
better  edifice  was  erected  in  1868,  only  to  be  de- 
stroyed in  the  great  fire  of  1871.  The  following 
year,  through  the  aid  of  private  benefactions  and 
an  appropriation  of  $18,000  from  the  Chicago  Re- 
lief and  Aid  Society,  a  larger  and  better  hospital 
was  built.  In  1888  an  addition  was  made,  increas- 
ing the  accommodation  to  150  beds.  Only  poor 
male  patients  are  admitted,  and  these  are  received 
without  reference  to  nationality  or  religion,  and 
absolutely  without  charge.  The  present  medical 
staff  (1896)  comprises  fourteen  physicians  and  sur- 
geons. In  1895  the  close  approach  of  an  intra- 
mural transit  line  having  rendered  the  building 
unfit  for  hospital  purposes,  a  street  railway  com- 
pany purchased  the  site  and  buildings  f or  $250,- 
000  and  a  new  location  has  been  selected. 

ALEXIS,  a  village  of  Warren  County,  on  the 
Rock  Island  &  St.  Louis  Division  of  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  Railway,  12  miles  east  of 
north  from  Monmouth.  It  has  manufactures  of 
brick,  drain-tile,  pottery  and  agricultural  imple- 
ments; is  also  noted  for  its  Clydesdale  horses. 
Population  (1880),  398;  (1890),  562;  (1900),  915. 

ALGONQUINS,  a  group  of  Indian  tribes. 
Originally  their  territory  extended  from  about 
latitude  37°  to  53°  north,  and  from  longitude  25° 
east  to  15°  west  of  the  meridian  of  Washington. 
Branches  of  the  stock  were  found  by  Cartier  in 
Canada,  by  Smith  in  Virginia,  by  the  Puritans  in 
New  England  and  by  Catholic  missionaries  in  the 
great  basin  of  the  Mississippi.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal of  their  five  confederacies  embraced  the 
Illinois  Indians,  who  were  found  within  the 
State  by  the  French  when  the  latter  discovered 
the  country  in  1673.  They  were  hereditary  foes 
of  the  warlike  Iroquois,  by  whom  their  territory 
was  repeatedly  invaded.  Besides  the  Illinois, 
other  tribes  of  the  Algonquin  family  who  origi- 
nally dwelt  within  the  -present  limits  of  Illinois, 
were  the.  Foxes,  Kickapoos,  Miamis,  Menominees, 
and  Sacs.  Although  nomadic  in  their  mode  of 
life,  and  subsisting  largely  on  the  spoils  of  the 
chase,  the  Algonquins  were  to  some  extent  tillers 
of  the  soil  and  cultivated  large  tracts  of  maize. 
Various  dialects  of  their  language  have  been 
reduced  to  grammatical  rules,  and  Eliot's  Indian 
Bible  is  published  in  their  tongue.  The  entire 
Algonquin  stock  extant  is  estimated  at  about 
95,000,  of  whom  some  35,000  are  within  the  United 
States. 

ALLEN,  William  Joshua,  jurist,  was  born 
June  9,  1829,  in  Wilson  County,  Tenn. ;  of  Vir- 
ginia ancestry  of  Scotch-Irish  descent.  In  early 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF    ILLINOIS. 


15 


infancy  he  was  brougnt  by  his  parents  to  South- 
ern Illinois,  where  his  father,  Willis  Allen,  be- 
came a  Judge  and  member  of  Congress.  After 
reading  law  with  his  father  and  at  the  Louisville 
Law  School,  young  Allen  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  settling  at  Metropolis  and  afterward  (1853) 
at  his  old  home,  Marion,  in  Williamson  County. 
In  1855  he  was  appointed  United  States  District 
Attorney  for  Illinois,  but  resigned  in  1859  and  re- 
sumed private  practice  as  partner  of  John  A. 
Logan.  The  same  year  he  was  elected  Circuit 
Judge  to  succeed  his  father,  who  had  died,  but  he 
declined  a  re-election.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Constitutional  Conventions  of  1862  and  1869,  serv- 
ing in  both  bodies  on  the  Judicial  Committee  and 
as  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  the  Bill  of 
Rights.  From  1864  to  1888  he  was  a  delegate  to 
every  National  Democratic  Convention,  being 
chairman  of  the  Illinois  delegation  in  1876.  He 
has  been  four  times  a  candidate  for  Congress,  and 
twice  elected,  serving  from  1862  to  1865.  During 
this  period  he  was  an  ardent  opponent  of  the  wai 
policy  of  the  Government.  In  1874-75,  at  the 
solicitation  of  Governor  Beveridge,  he  undertook 
the  prosecution  of  the  leaders  of  a  bloody  "ven- 
detta" which  had  broken  out  among  his  former 
neighbors  in  Williamson  County,  and,  by  his  fear- 
less and  impartial  efforts,  brought  the  offenders  to 
justice  and  assisted  in  restoring  order.  In  1886, 
Judge  Allen  removed  to  Springfield,  and  in  1887 
was  appointed  by  President  Cleveland  to  succeed 
Judge  Samuel  H.  Treat  (deceased)  as  Judge  of  the 
United  States  District  Court  for  the  Southern 
District  of  Illinois.  Died  Jan.  26,  1901. 

ALLEN,  Willis,  a  native  of  Tennessee,  who 
removed  to  Williamson  County,  111.,  in  1829  and 
engaged  in  farming.  In  1834  he  was  chosen 
Sheriff  of  Franklin  County,  in  1838  elected  Rep- 
resentative in  the  Eleventh  General  Assembly, 
and,  in  1844,  became  State  Senator.  In  1841, 
although  not  yet  a  licensed  lawyer,  he  was  chosen 
Prosecuting  Attorney  for  the  old  Third  District, 
and  was  shortly  afterward  admitted  to  the  bar. 
He  was  chosen  Presidential  Elector  in  1844,  a 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1847, 
and  served  two  terms  in  Congress  (1851-55).  On 
March  2,  1859,  he  was  commissioned  Judge  of  the 
Twenty-sixth  Judicial  Circuit,  but  died  three 
months  later.  His  son,  William  Joshua,  suc- 
ceeded him  in  the  latter  office. 

A LLERTON",  Samuel  Waters, stock-dealer  and 
capitalist,  was  born  of  Pilgrim  ancestry  in 
Dutchess  County,  N.  V  ,  May  26,  1829.  His 
youth  was  spent  with  his  father  on  a  farm  in 
Yates  County.  X  Y  .  but  about  1*52  he  engaged 


in  the  live-stock  business  in  Central  and  Western 
New  York.  In  1856  he  transferred  his  operations 
to  Illinois,  shipping  stock  from  various  points  to 
New  York  City,  finally  locating  in  Chicago.  He 
was  one  of  the  earliest  projectors  of  the  Chicago 
Stock-Yards,  later  securing  control  of  the  Pitts 
burg  Stock-Yards,  also  becoming  interested  in 
yards  at  Baltimore,  Philadelphia,  Jersey  City  and 
Omaha.  Mr.  Allerton  is  one  of  the  founders  and 
a  Director  of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Chicago, 
a  Director  and  stockholder  of  the  Chicago  City 
Railway  (the  first  cable  line  in  that  city),  the 
owner  of  an  extensive  area  of  highly  improved 
farming  lands  in  Central, Illinois,  as  also  of  large 
tracts  in  Nebraska  and  Wyoming,  and  of  valuable 
and  productive  mining  properties  in  the  Black 
Hills.  A  zealous  Republican  in  politics,  he  is  a 
liberal  supporter  of  the  measures  of  that  party, 
and,  in  1893,  was  the  unsuccessful  Republican  can- 
didate for  Mayor  of  Chicago  in  opposition  to 
Carter  H.  Harrison. 

ALLOCEZ,  Claude  Jean,  sometimes  called 
"The  Apostle  of  the  West,"  a  Jesuit  priest,  was 
born  in  France  in  1620.  He  reached  Quebec  in 
1658,  and  later  explored  the  country  around 
Lakes  Superior  and  Michigan,  establishing  the 
mission  of  La  Pointe,  near  where  Ashland,  Wis. , 
now  stands,  in  1665,  and  St.  Xavier,  near  Green 
Bay,  in  1669.  He  learned  from  the  Indians  the 
existence  and  direction  of  the  upper  Mississippi, 
and  was  the  first  to  communicate  the  informa- 
tion to  the  authorities  at  Montreal,  which  report 
was  the  primary  cause  of  Joliet's  expedition.  He 
succeeded  Marquette  in  charge  of  the  mission  at 
Kaskaskia.  on  the  Illinois,  in  1677,  where  he 
preached  to  eight  tribes.  From  that  date  to  1690 
he  labored  among  the  aborigines  of  Illinois  and 
Wisconsin.  Died  at  Fort  St.  Joseph,  in  1690. 

ALLTN,  (Rev.)  Robert,  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  at  Ledyard,  New  London  County, 
Conn.,  Jan.  25,  1817,  being  a  direct  descend- 
ant in  the  eighth  generation  of  Captain  Robert 
Allyn,  who  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  New 
London.  He  grew  up  on  a  farm,  receiving  his 
early  education  in  a  country  school,  supple- 
mented by  access  to  a  small  public  library,  from 
which  he  acquired  a  good  degree  of  familiarity 
with  standard  English  writers.  In  1837  he 
entered  the  Wesleyan  University  at  Middletown, 
Conn.,  where  he  distinguished  himself  as  a 
mathematician  and  took  a  high  rank  as  a  linguist 
and  rhetorician,  graduating  in  1841.  He  im- 
mediately engaged  as  a  teacher  of  mathematics 
in  the  Wesleyan  Academy  at  Wilbraham,  Mass., 
and,  in  1846,  was  elected  principal  of  the  school, 


16 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


meanwhile  (1843)  becoming  a  licentiate  of  the 
Providence  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  From  1848  to  1854  he  served  as  Princi- 
pal of  the  Providence  Conference  Seminary  at 
East  Greenwich,  R.  I.,  when  he  was  appointed 
Commissioner  of  Public  Schools  of  Rhode  Island 
— also  serving  the  same  year  as  a  Visitor  to  West 
Point  Military  Academy.  Between  1857  and  1859 
lie  filled  the  chair  of  Ancient  Languages  in  the 
State  University  at  Athens,  Ohio,  when  he  ac- 
<*;ptod  the  Presidency  of  the  Wesleyan  Female 
College  at  Cincinnati,  four  years  later  (1863) 
becoming  President  of  McKendree  College  at 
Lebanon,  111.,  where  he  remained  until  1874. 
That  position  he  resigned  to  accept  the  Presi- 
dency of  the  Southern  Illinois  Normal  University 
at  Carbondale,  whence  he  retired  in  1892.  Died 
at  Carbondale,  Jan.  7,  1894. 

ALTAHONT,  Effingham  County,  is  intersecting 
point  of  the  Vandalia,  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois, 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  S.  W.,  and  Wabash  Railroads, 
being  midway  and  highest  point  between  St. 
Louis  and  Terre  Haute,  Ind. ;  was  laid  out  in 
1870.  The  town  is  in  the  center  of  a  grain,  fruit- 
growing and  stock-raising  district ;  has  a  bank, 
two  grain  elevators,  flouring  mill,  tile  works,  a 
large  creamery,  wagon,  furniture  and  other  fac- 
tories, besides  churches  and  good  schools.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  1,044,  11900),  1,335. 

ALT6ELD,  John  Peter,  ex-Judge  and  ex-Oov- 
ernor,  was  born  in  Prussia  in  1848,  and  in  boy- 
hood accompanied  his  parents  to  America,  the 
family  settling  in  Ohio.  At  the  age  of  10  he 
enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred  and  Sixty-fourth 
Ohio  Infantry,  serving  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
Hia  legal  education  was  acquired  at  St.  Louis  and 
Savannah,  Mo.,  and  from  1874  to  '78  he  was 
Prosecuting  Attorney  for  Andrew  County  in  that 
State.  In  1878  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he 
devoted  himself  to  professional  work.  In  1884  he 
led  the  Democratic  forlorn  hope  as  candidate  for 
Congress  in  a  strong  Republican  Congressional 
district,  and  in  1886  was  elected  to  tha^  bench  of 
the  Superior  Court  of  Cook  County,  but  resigned 
in  August,  1891.  The  Democratic  State  conven- 
tion of  1893  nominated  him  for  Governor,  and  he 
was  elected  the  following  November,  being  the 
first  foreign-born  citizen  to  hold  that  office  in  the 
history  of  the  State,  and  the  first  Democrat 
elected  since  1852.  In  1896  he  was  a  prominent 
factor  in  the  Democratic  National  Convention 
which  nominated  William  J.  Bryan  for  Presi- 
dent, and  was  also  a  candidate  for  re-election  to 
the  office  of  Governor,  but  was  defeated  by  John 
tt.  Tanner,  the  Republican  nominee. 


ALTON,  principal  city  in  Madison  County 
and  important  commercial  and  manufacturing 
point  on  Mississippi  River,  25  miles  north  of 
St.  Louis;  site  was  first  occupied  as  a  French 
trading-post  about  1807,  the  town  proper  being 
laid  out  by  Col.  Ruf  us  Easton  in  1817 ;  principal 
business  houses  are  located  in  the  valley  along 
the  river,  while  the  residence  portion  occupies 
the  bluffs  overlooking  the  river,  sometimes  rising 
to  the  height  of  nearly  250  feet.  The  city  has 
extensive  glass  works  employ'ng  (1903)  4,000 
hands,  flouring  mills,  iron  foundries,  manufac- 
tories of  agricultural  implements,  coal  cars,  min- 
ers' tools,  shoes,  tobacco,  lime,  etc.,  besides 
several  banks,  numerous  churches,  schools,  and 
four  newspapers,  three  of  them  daily.  A  monu- 
ment to  the  memory  of  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy,  who 
fell  while  defending  his  press  against  a  pro-slav- 
ery mob  in  1837,  was  erected  in  Alton  Cemetery, 
1896-7,  at  a  cost  of  $30,000,  contributed  by  the 
State  and  citizens  of  Alton.  Population  (1890), 
10,294;  (1900),  14,310. 

ALTON  PENITENTIARY.  The  earliest  pun- 
ishments imposed  upon  public  offenders  in  Illi- 
nois were  by  public  flogging  or  imprisonment  for 
a  short  time  in  jails  rudely  constructed  of  logs, 
from  which  escape  was  not  difficult  for  a  prisoner 
of  nerve,  strength  and  mental  resource.  The 
inadequacy  of  such  places  of  confinement  was 
soon  perceived,  but  popular  antipathy  to  any 
increase  of  taxation  prevented  the  adoption  of 
any  other  policy  until  1827.  A  grant  of  40,000 
acres  of  saline  lands  was  made  to  the  State  by 
Congress,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  the  money 
received  from  their  sale  was  appropriated  to  the 
establishment  of  a  State  penitentiary  at  Alton. 
The  sum  set  apart  proved  insufficient.and,  in  1831, 
an  additional  appropriation  of  $10,000  was  made 
from  the  State  treasury.  In  1833  the  prison  was 
ready  to  receive  its  first  inmates.  It  was  built  of 
stone  and  had  but  twenty-four  cells.  Additions 
were  made  from  time  to  time,  but  by  1857  the 
State  determined  upon  building  a  new  peniten- 
tiary, which  was  located  at  Joliet  (see  Northern 
Penitentiary),  and,  in  1860,  the  last  convicts  were 
transferred  thither  from  Alton.  The  Alton  prison 
was  conducted  on  what  is  known  as  "the  Auburn 
plan"  —  associated  labor  in  silence  by  day  and 
separate  confinement  by  night.  The  manage- 
ment was  in  the  hands  of  a  "lessee,"  who  fur- 
nished supplies,  employed  guards  and  exercised 
the  general  powers  of  a  warden  under  the  super- 
vision of  a  Commissioner  appointed  by  the  State, 
and  who  handled  all  the  products  of  convict 
labor. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


17 


ALTON  RIOTS.  (See  Lovejog,  Elijah  Pttr- 
rish.) 

ALTON  A.,  town  of  Knoz  County,  on  C.,  B  &  Q. 
K.  R.,  16  miles  northeast  of  Galesburg;  has  an 
endowed  public  library,  electric  light  system, 
cement  sidewalks,  four  churches  and  good  school 
system.  Population  (1900),  683. 

ALTON  &  SANGAMON  RAILROAD.  (See 
Chicago  A  Alton  Railroad.) 

AMBOY,  city  in  Lee  County  on  Green  River,  at 
junction  of  Illinois  Central  and  C. ,  B.  &  Q.  Rail- 
roads, 95  miles  south  by  west  from  Chicago ;  has 
artesian  water  with  waterworks  and  fire  protec- 
tion, city  park,  two  telephone  systems,  electric 
lights,  railroad  repair  shops,  two  banks,  two 
newspapers,  seven  churches,  graded  and  high 
schools;  is  on  line  of  Northern  Illinois  Electric 
Ry.  from  De  Kalb  to  Dixon;  extensive  bridge 
and  iron  works  located  here.  Pop.  (1900),  1,826. 

AMES,  Edward  Raymond,  Methodist  Episcopal 
Bishop,  born  at  Amesville,  Athens  County,  Ohio, 
May  30,  1806;  was  educated  at  the  Ohio  State 
University,  where  he  joined  the  M.  E.  Church. 
In  1838  he  left  college  and  became  Principal  of 
the  Seminary  at  Lebanon,  111.,  which  afterwards 
became  McKendree  College.  While  there  he 
received  a  license  to  preach,  and,  after  holding 
various  charges  and  positions  in  the  church,  in- 
cluding membership  in  the  General  Conference 
of  1840,  '44  and  '53,  in  the  latter  year  was  elected 
Bishop,  serving  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
in  Baltimore,  April  35,  1879. 

ANDERSON,  tialnsha,  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  at  Bergen,  N.  Y. ,  March  7,  1833 ; 
graduated  at  Rochester  University  in  1854  and  at 
the  Theological  Seminary  there  in  1856;  spent 
ten  years  in  Baptist  pastoral  work  at  Janesville, 
Wig.,  and  at  St.  Louis,  and  seven  as  Professor  in 
Newton  Theological  Institute,  Mass.  From  1873 
to  '80  he  preached  in  Brooklyn  and  Chicago;  was 
then  chosen  President  of  the  old  Chicago  Univer- 
sity, remaining  eight  years,  when  he  again  be- 
came a  pastor  at  Salem,  Mass.,  but  soon  after 
assumed  the  Presidency  of  Denison  University, 
Ohio.  On  the  organization  of  the  new  Chicago 
University,  he  accepted  the  chair  of  Homiletics 
and  Pastoral  Theology,  which  he  now  holds. 

ANDERSON,  George  A.,  lawyer  and  Congress- 
man, was  bom  in  Botetourt  County,  Va. ,  March 
11,  1853.  When  two  years  old  he  was  brought  by 
his  parents  to  Hancock  County,  111  He  re- 
ceived a  collegiate  education,  and,  after  studying 
law  at  Lincoln,  Neb.,  and  at  Sedalia,  Mo.,  settled 
at  Quincy,  111.,  where  he  began  practice  in  1880. 
In  1884  he  was  elected  City  Attorney  on  the 


Democratic  ticket,  and  re-elected  in  1885  without 
opposition.  The  following  year  he  was  the  suc- 
cessful candidate  of  his  party  for  Congress,  which 
was  his  last  public  service.  Died  at  Quincy, 
Jan.  31,  1896. 

ANDERSON,  James  C.,  legislator,  was  born  in 
Henderson  County,  111.,  August  1,  1845;  raised  on 
a  farm,  and  -after  receiving  a  common-school 
education,  entered  Monmouth  College,  but  left 
early  in  the  Civil  War  to  enlist  in  the  Twentieth 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  in  which  he  attained 
the  rank  of  Second  Lieutenant.  After  the  war  he 
served  ten  years  as  Sheriff  of  Henderson  County, 
was  elected  Representative  in  the  General 
Assembly  in  1888,  '90,  '92  and  '96,  and  served  on 
the  Republican  "steering  committee"  during  the 
session  of  1893.  He  also  served  as  Sergeant-at- 
Arms  of  the  Senate  for  the  session  of  1895,  and 
was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  National  Con- 
vention of  1896.  His  home  is  at  Decorra. 

ANDERSON,  Stinson  H.,  Lieutenant-Gover- 
nor, was  born  in  Sumner  County,  Tenn.,  in  1800; 
came  to  Jefferson  County,  111.,  in  his  youth,  and, 
at  an  early  age,  began  to  devote  his  attention  to 
breeding  fine  stock;  served  in  the  Black  Hawk 
War  as  a  Lieutenant  in  1833,  and  the  same  year 
was  elected  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  Eighth 
General  Assembly,  being  re-elected  in  1834.  In 
1838  he  was  chosen  Lieutenant-Govemor  on  the 
ticket  with  Gov.  Thomas  Carlin,  and  soon  after 
the  close  of  his  term  entered  the  United  States 
Army  as  Captain  of  Dragoons,  in  this  capacity 
taking  part  in  the  Seminole  War  in  Florida. 
Still  later  he  served  under  President  Polk  as 
United  States  Marshal  for  Illinois,  and  also  held 
the  position  of  Warden  of  the  State  Penitentiary 
at  Alton  for  several  years.  Died,  September,  1857. — 
William  B.  (Anderson),  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  bom  at  Mount  Vernon,  M.,  April  30,  1830; 
attended  the  common  schools  and  later  studied 
surveying,  being  elected  Surveyor  of  Jefferson 
County,  in  1851.  He  studied  law  and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1858,  but  never  practiced,  pre- 
ferring the  more  quiet  life  of  a  farmer.  In  1856 
he  was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  General 
Assembly  and  re-elected  in  1858.  In  1861  he 
entered  the  volunteer  service  as  a  private,  was 
promoted  through  the  grades  of  Captain  and 
Lieutenant-Colonel  to  a  Colonelcy,  and,  at  the 
close  of  the  war,  was  brevetted  Brigadier-Gen- 
eral. In  1868  he  was  a  candidate  for  Presidential 
Elector  on  the  Democratic  ticket,  was  a  member 
of  the  State  Constitutional  Convention  of  1869-70. 
and,  in  1871,  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  to 
fill  a  vacancy.  In  1874  he  was  elected  to  the  Forty  • 


18 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


fourth  Congress  on  the  Democratic  ticket.  In 
1883  General  Anderson  was  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  Pension  Agent  for  Illinois,  con- 
tinuing in  that  position  four  years,  when  he 
retired  to  private  life. 

AMMtt'S,  Rev.  Reuben,  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  at  Rutland,  Jefferson  County, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  29,  1824;  early  came  to  Fulton 
County,  111.,  and  spent  three  years  (1844-47)  as  a 
student  at  Illinois  College,  Jacksonville,  but 
graduated  at  McKendree  College,  Lebanon,  in 
1849 ;  taught  for  a  time  at  Greenfield,  entered  the 
Methodist  ministry,  and,  in  1850,  founded  the  Illi- 
nois Wesleyan  University  at  Bloomington,  of 
which  he  became  a  Professor;  later  re-entered 
the  ministry  and  held  charges  at  Beardstown, 
Decatur,  Quincy,  Springfield  and  Bloomington, 
meanwhile  for  a  time  being  President  of  Illinois 
Conference  Female  College  at  Jacksonville,  and 
temporary  President  of  Quincy  CollegX  In  1867 
he  was  transferred  to  the  Indiana  Conference  and 
stationed  at  Evansville  and  Indianapolis;  from 
1872  to  '75  was  President  of  Indiana  Asbury  Uni- 
versity at  Greencastle.  Died  at  Indianapolis, 
Jan.  17,  1887. 

ANNA,  a  city  in  Union  County,  on  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad,  36  miles  from  Cairo;  is  center 
of  extensive  fruit  and  vegetable-growing  district, 
and  largest  shipping-point  for  these  commodities 
on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad.  It  has  an  ice 
plant,  pottery  and  lime  manufactories,  two  banks 
and  two  newspapers.  The  Southern  (III)  Hos- 
pital for  the  Insane  is  located  here.  Population 
(1890),  2,295;  (1900),  2,618;  (est.  1904),  3,000. 

ANTHONY,  Elliott,  jurist,  was  born  of  New 
England  Quaker  ancestry  at  Spafford,  Onondaga 
County,  N.  Y.,  June  10,  1827;  was  related  on 
the  maternal  side  to  the  Chases  and  Phelps  (dis- 
tinguished lawyers)  of  Vermont.  His  early  years 
were  spent  in  labor  on  a  farm,  but  after  a  course 
of  preparatory  study  at  Cortland  Academy,  in 
1847  he  entered  the  sophomore  class  in  Hamilton 
College  at  Clinton,  graduating  with  honors  in 
1850.  The  next  year  he  began  the  study  of  law, 
at  the  same  time  giving  instruction  in  an  Acad- 
emy at  Clinton,  where  he  had  President  Cleve- 
land as  one  of  his  pupila.  After  admission  to  the 
bar  at  Oswego,  in  1851,  he  removed  West,  stop- 
ping for  a  time  at  Sterling,  111.,  but  the  following 
year  located  in  Chicago.  Here  he  compiled  "A 
Digest  of  Illinois  Reports" ;  in  1858  was  elected 
City  Attorney,  and,  in  1863,  became  solicitor  of 
the  Galena  &  Chicago  Union  Railroad  (now  the 
Chicago  &  Northwestern).  Judge  Anthony 
served  in  two  State  Constitutional  Conventions — 


those  of  1862  and  1869-70— being  chairman  of  the 
Committee  on  Executive  Department  and  mem- 
ber of  the  Committee  on  Judiciary  in  the  latter. 
He  was  delegate  to  the  National  Republican  Con- 
vention of  1880,  and  was  the  same  year  elected  a 
Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Chicago,  and  was 
re-elected  in  1886,  retiring  in  1892,  after  which  he 
resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession,  being 
chiefly  employed  as  consulting  counsel.  Judge 
Anthony  was  one  of  the  founders  and  incorpo- 
rators  of  the  Chicago  Law  Institute  and  a  member 
of  the  first  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Chicago 
Public  Library;  also  served  as  President  of  the 
State  Bar  Association  (1894-95),  and  delivered 
several  important  historical  addresses  before  that 
body.  His  other  most  important  productions 
are  volumes  on  "The  Constitutional  History  of 
Illinois,"  "The  Story  of  the  Empire  State"  and 
"Sanitation  and  Navigation."  Near  the  close  of 
his  last  term  upon  the  bench,  he  spent  several 
months  in  an  extended  tour  through  the  princi- 
pal countries  of  Europe.  His  death  occurred, 
atyer  a  protracted  illness,  at  his  home  at  Evans- 
ton,  Feb.  24,  1898. 

ANTI-NEBRASKA  EDITORIAL  CONVEN- 
TION, a  political  body,  which  convened  at 
Decatur,  Feb.  22,  1856,  pursuant  to  the  suggestion 
of  "The  Morgan  Journal,"  then  a  weekly  paper 
published  at  Jacksonville,  for  the  purpose  of  for- 
mulating a  policy  in  opposition  to  the  principles 
of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill.  Twelve  editors 
were  in  attendance,  as  follows :  Charles  H.  Ray 
of  "The  Chicago  Tribune";  V.  Y.  Ralston  of 
"The  Quincy  Whig";  O.  P.  Wharton  of  "The 
Rock  Island  Advertiser" ;  T.  J.  Pickett  of  "The 
Peoria  Republican";  George  Schneider  of  "The 
Chicago  Staats  Zeitung" ;  Charles  Faxon  of  "The 
Princeton  Post";  A.  N.  Ford  of  "The  Lacon  Ga- 
zette"; B.  F.  Shaw  of  "The  Dixon  Telegraph" ;  E. 
C.  Daughertyof  "The  Rockford  Register";  E.  W. 
Blaisdell  of  "The  Rockford  Gazette";  W.  J. 
Usrey  of  "The  Decatur  Chronicle";  and  Paul 
Selby  of  "The  Jacksonville  Journal. "  PaulSelby 
was  chosen  Chairman  and  W.  J.  Usrey,  Secre- 
tary. The  convention  adopted  a  platform  and 
recommended  the  calling  of  a  State  convention 
at  Bloomington  on  May  29,  following,  appointing 
the  following  State  Central  Committee  to  take  the 
matter  in  charge:  W.  B.  Ogden,  Chicago;  S.  M. 
Church,  Rockford;  G.  D.  A.  Parks,  Joliet;  T.  J. 
Pickett,  Peoria;  E.  A.  Dudley,  Quincy;  William 
H.  Herndon,  Springfield;  K.  J.  Oglesby,  Deca- 
tur; Joseph  Gilleapie,  Ed wardsville ;  D.  L.  Phil- 
lips, Jonesboro;  and  Ira  O.  Wilkinson  and 
Gustavus  Koerner  for  the  State-at-large.  A  bra- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


ham  Lincoln  was  present  and  participated  in  the 
consultations  of  the  committees.  All  of  these 
served  except  Messrs.  Ogden,  Oglesby  and  Koer- 
ner,  the  two  former  declining  on  account  of  ab- 
sence from  the  State.  Ogden  was  succeeded  by 
the  late  Dr.  John  Evans,  afterwards  Territorial 
Governor  of  Colorado,  and  Oglesby  by  Col.  Isaac 
C.  Pugh  of  Decatur.  (See  Bloomington  Conven- 
tion of  1856.) 

APPLE  RIYER,  a  village  of  Jo  Daviess 
County,  on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  21  miles 
east-northeast  from  Galena.  Population  (1880), 
626;  (1890),  572;  (1900),  576. 

APPLINttTON,  (Maj.)  /enas,  soldier,  was  bom 
in  Broome  County.  N.  Y.,  Dec.  24,  1815;  in  1837 
emigrated  to  Ogle  County,  111.,  where  he  fol- 
lowed successively  the  occupations  of  farmer, 
blacksmith,  carpenter  and  merchant,  finally 
becoming  the  founder  of  the  town  of  Polo.  Here 
he  became  wealthy,  but  lost  much  of  his  property 
in  the  financial  revulsion  of  1857.  In  1858  he 
was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  and,  during  the 
session  of  1859,  was  one  of  the  members  of  that 
body  appointed  to  investigate  the  "canal  scrip 
fraud"  (which  see),  and  two  years  later  was  one  of 
the  earnest  supporters  of  the  Government  in  its 
preparation  for  the  War  of  the  Rebellion.  The 
latter  year  he  assisted  in  organizing  the  Seventh 
Illinois  Cavalry,  of  which  he  was  commissioned 
Major,  being  some  time  in  command  at  Bird's 
Point,  and  later  rendering  important  service  to 
General  Pope  at  New  Madrid  and  Island  No.  10. 
He  was  killed  at  Corinth,  Miss.,  May  8,  1862, 
while  obeying  an  order  to  charge  upon  a  band  of 
rebels  concealed  in  a  wood. 

APPORTIONMENT,  a  mode  of  distribution  of 
the  counties  of  the  State  into  Districts  for  the 
election  of  members  of  the  General  Assembly 
and  of  Congress,  which  will  be  treated  under 
separate  heads: 

LEGISLATIVE.— The  first  legislative  apportion- 
ment was  provided  for  by  the  Constitution  of 
1818.  That  instrument  vested  the  Legislature 
with  power  to  divide  the  State  as  follows:  To 
create  districts  for  the  election  of  Representatives 
not  less  than  twenty -seven  nor  more  than  thirty- 
six  in  number,  until  the  population  of  the  State 
should  amount  to  100,000;  and  to  create  sena- 
torial districts,  in  number  not  less  than  one-third 
nor  more  than  one-half  of  the  representative  dis- 
tricts at  the  time  of  organization. 

The  schedule  appended  to  the  first  Constitution 
contained  the  first  legal  apportionment  of  Sena- 
tors and  Representatives.  The  first  fifteen 
oounties  were  allowed  fourteen  Senators  and 


twenty-nine  Representatives.  Each  county 
formed  a  distinct  legislative  district  for  repre- 
sentation in  the  lower  house,  with  the  number  of 
members  for  each  varying  from  one  to  three; 
while  Johnson  and  Franklin  were  combined  in 
one  Senatorial  district,  the  other  counties  being 
entitled  to  one  Senator  each.  Later  apportion- 
ments were  made  in  1821,  '26,  '31,  '36,  '41  and  '47. 
Before  an  election  was  held  under  the  last,  how- 
ever, the  Constitution  of  1848  went  into  effect, 
and  considerable  changes  were  effected  in  this 
regard.  The  number  of  Senators  was  fixed  at 
twenty-five  and  of  Representatives  at  seventy  - 
five,  until  the  entire  population  should  equal 
1,000,000,  when  five  members  of  the  House  were 
added  and  five  additional  members  for  each  500,- 
000  increase  in  population  until  the  whole  num- 
ber of  Representatives  reached  100.  Thereafter 
the  number  was  neither  increased  nor  dimin- 
ished, but  apportioned  among  the  several  coun- 
ties according  to  the  number  of  white  inhabit- 
ants. Should  it  be  found  necessary,  a  single 
district  might  be  formed  out  of  two  or  more 
counties. 

The  Constitution  of  1848  established  fifty-four 
Representative  and  twenty-five  Senatorial  dis- 
tricts. By  the  apportionment  law  of  1854,  the 
number  of  the  former  was  increased  to  fifty-eight, 
and,  in  1861,  to  sixty-one.  The  number  of  Sen- 
atorial districts  remained  unchanged,  but  their 
geographical  limits  varied  under  each  act,  while 
the  number  of  members  from  Representative 
districts  varied  according  to  population. 

The  Constitution  of  1870  provided  for  an  im- 
mediate reapportionment  (subsequent  to  its 
adoption)  by  the  Governor  and  Secretary  of 
State  upon  the  basis  of  the  United  States  Census 
of  1870.  Under  the  apportionment  thus  made, 
as  prescribed  by  the  schedule,  the  State  was 
divided  into  twenty-five  Senatorial  districts  (each 
electing  two  Senators)  and  ninety-seven  Repre- 
sentative districts,  with  an  aggregate  of  177  mem- 
bers varying  from  one  to  ten  for  the  several 
districts,  according  to  population.  This  arrange- 
ment continued  in  force  for  only  one  Legislature 
— that  chosen  in  1870. 

In  1872  this  Legislature  proceeded  to  reappor- 
tion  the  State  in  accordance  with  the  principle  of 
"minority  representation,"  which  had  been  sub- 
mitted as  an  independent  section  of  the  Constitu- 
tion and  adopted  on  a  separate  vote.  This 
provided  for  apportioning  the  State  into  fifty-one 
districts,  each  being  entitled  to  one  Senator  and 
three  Representatives.  The  ratio  of  representa- 
tion in  the  lower  house  was  ascertained  by  divid- 


ao 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


ing  the  entire  population  by  153  and  each  county 
to  be  allowed  one  Representative,  provided  its 
population  reached  three-fifths  of  the  ratio ;  coun- 
ties having  a  population  equivalent  to  one  and 
three-fifths  times  the  ratio  were  entitled  to  two 
Representatives ;  while  each  county  with  a  larger 
population  was  entitled  to  one  additional  Repre- 
sentative for  each  time  the  full  ratio  was  repeated 
in  the  number  of  inhabitants.  Apportionments 
were  made  on  this  principle  in  1872,  '82  and  '93. 
Members  of  the  lower  house  are  elected  bienni- 
ally; Senators  for  four  years,  those  in  odd  and 
even  districts  being  chosen  at  each  alternate 
legislative  election.  The  election  of  Senators  for 
the  even  (numbered)  districts  takes  place  at  the 
same  time  with  that  of  Governor  and  other  State 
officers,  and  that  for  the  odd  districts  at  the  inter- 
mediate periods. 

CONGRESSIONAL. — For  the  first  fourteen  years 
of  the  State's  history,  Illinois  constituted  but  one 
Congressional  district.  The  census  of  1830  show- 
ing sufficient  population,  the  Legislature  of  1831 
(by  act,  approved  Feb.  13)  divided  the  State  into 
three  districts,  the  first  election  under  this  law 
being  held  on  the  first  Monday  in  August,  1832. 
At  that  time  Illinois  comprised  fifty-five  coun- 
ties, which  were  apportioned  among  the  districts 
as  follows:  First  —  Gallatin,  Pope,  Johnson, 
Alexander,  Union,  Jackson,  Franklin,  Perry, 
Randolph,  Monroe,  Washington,  St.  Clair,  Clin- 
ton, Bond,  Madison,  Macoupin;  Second — White, 
Hamilton,  Jefferson,  Wayne,  Edwards,  Wabash, 
Clay,  Marion,  Lawrence,  Fayette,  Montgomery, 
Shelby,  Vermilion,  Edgar,  Coles,  Clark,  Craw- 
ford; Third  —  Greene,  Morgan,  Sangamon, 
Macon,  Tazewell,  McLean,  Cook,  Henry,  La 
Salle,  Putnam,  Peoria,  Knox,  Jo  Daviess,  Mercer, 
McDonough,  Warren,  Fulton,  Hancock,  Pike, 
Schuyler,  Adams,  Calhoun. 

The  ^apportionment  following  the  census  of 
1840  was  made  by  Act  of  March  1,  1843,  and  the 
first  election  of  Representatives  thereunder 
occurred  on  the  first  Monday  of  the  following 
August.  Forty-one  new  counties  had  been  cre- 
ated (making  ninety-six  in  all)  and  the  number 
of  districts  was  increased  to  seven  as  follows: 
First  —  Alexander,  Union,  Jackson,  Monroe, 
Perry,  Randolph,  St.  Clair,  Bond,  Washington, 
Madison;  Second  —  Johnson,  Pope,  Hardin, 
Williamson,  Gallatin,  Franklin,  White,  Wayne, 
Hamilton,  Wabash,  Massac,  Jefferson,  Edwards, 
Marion;  Third  —  Lawrence,  Richland,  Jasper, 
Fayette,  Crawford,  Effingham,  Christian,  Mont- 
gomery, Shelby,  Moultrie.  Coles,  Clark,  Clay, 
Edgar.  Piatt,  Macon,  De  Witt;  Fourth— Lake, 


McHenry,  Boone,  Cook,  Kane,  De  Kalb,  Du  Page, 
Kendall,  Will,  Grundy,  La  Salle,  Iroquois, 
Livingston,  Champaign,  Vermilion,  McLean, 
Bureau;  Fifth  —  Greene,  Jersey,  Calhoun,  Pike, 
Adams,  Marquette  (a  part  of  Adams  never  fully 
organized),  Brown,  Schuyler,  Fulton  Peoria, 
Macoupin;  Sixth  —  Jo  Daviess,  Stephenson, 
Winnebago,  Carroll,  Ogle,  Whiteside,  Henry, 
Lee,  Rock  Island,  Stark,  Mercer,  Henderson, 
Warren,  Knox,  McDonough,  Hancock;  Seventh 
— Putnam,  Marshall,  Woodford,  Cass,  Tazewell, 
Mason,  Menard,  Scott,  Morgan,  Logan,  Sangamon. 
The  next  Congressional  apportionment  (August 
22,  1852)  divided  the  State  into  nine  districts,  as 
follows — the  first  election  under  it  being  held  the 
following  November:  First  —  Lake,  McHenry, 


Boone,  Winnebago,  Stephenson,  Jo  Daviess,  Car- 
roll, Ogle;  Second  — Cook,  Du  Page,  Kane,  De 
Kalb,  Lee,  Whiteside,  Rock  Island ;  Third  — 
Will,  Kendall,  Grundy,  Livingston,  La  Salle, 
Putnam,  Bureau,  Vermilion,  Iroquois,  Cham- 
paign, McLean,  De  Witt;  Fourth  —  Fulton, 
Peoria,  Knox,  Henry,  Stark,  Warren,  Mercer, 
Marshall,  Mason,  Woodford,  Tazewell;  Fifth 
— Adams,  Calhoun,  Brown,  Schuyler,  Pike,  Mc- 
Donough, Hancock,  Henderson ;  Sixth — Morgan, 
Scott,  Sangamon,  Greene,  Macoupin,  Montgom- 
ery, Shelby,  Christian,  Cass,  Menard,  Jersey; 
Seventh — Logan,  Macon,  Piatt,  Coles,  Edgar, 
Moultrie,  Cumberland,  Crawford,  Clark,  Effing- 
ham,  Jasper,  Clay,  Lawrence,  Richland,  Fayette; 
Eighth  —  Randolph,  Monroe,  St.  Clair,  Bond, 
Madison,  Clinton,  Washington,  Jefferson,  Mar- 
ion; Ninth — Alexander,  Pulaski,  Massac,  Union, 
Johnson,  Pope,  Hardin,  Gallatin,  Saline,  Jack- 
son, Perry,  Franklin,  Williamson,  Hamilton, 
Edwards,  White,  Wayne,  Wabash, 

The  census  of  1860  showed  that  Illinois  was 
entitled  to  fourteen  Representatives,  but  through 
an  error  the  apportionment  law  of  April  24,  1861, 
created  only  thirteen  districts.  This  was  com- 
pensated for  by  providing  for  the  election  of  one 
Congressman  for  the  State-at- large.  The  districts 
were  as  follows:  First — Cook,  Lake;  Second — 
McHenry,  Boone,  Winnebago,  De  Kalb,  and 
Kane;  Third — Jo  Daviess,  Stephenson,  White- 
side,  Carroll,  Ogle,  Lee;  Fourth — Adams,  Han- 
cock, Warren,  Mercer,  Henderson,  Rock  Island; 
Fifth— Peoria,  Knox,  Stark,  Marshall,  Putnam, 
Bureau.  Henry;  Sixth — La  Salle,  Grundy,  Ken- 
dall, Du  Page,  Will,  Kankakee;  Seventh  — 
Macon,  Piatt,  Champaign,  Douglas,  Moultrie, 
Cumberland,  Vermilion,  Coles,  Edgar,  Iroquois, 
Ford;  Eighth — Sangamon,  Logan,  De  Witt,  Mc- 
Lean, Tazewell,  Woodford,  Livingston;  Ninth — 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


21 


Fulton,  Mason,  Menard,  Cass,  Pike,  McDonough, 
Schuyler,  Brown;  Tenth  —  Bond,  Morgan,  Cal- 
l» >un.  Macoupin,  Scott,  Jersey,  Greene,  Christian, 
Montgomery,  Shelby;  Eleventh  —  Marion,  Fay- 
ette,  Richland,  Jasper,  Clay,  Clark,  Crawford, 
Franklin,  Lawrence,  Hamilton,  Eftingham, 
Wayne,  Jefferson;  Twelfth— St.  Clair,  Madison, 
Clinton,  Monroe,  Washington,  Randolph; 
Thirteenth — Alexander,  Pulaski,  Union,  Perry, 
Johnson,  Williamson,  Jackson,  Massac,  Pope, 
Hardin,  (iallatin.  Saline,  White,  Edwards, 
Wabash. 

The  next  reapportionment  was  made  July  1, 
1872.  The  Act  created  nineteen  districts,  as  fol- 
lows: First — The  first  seven  wards  in  Chicago 
and  thirteen  towns  in  Cook  County,  with  the 
county  of  Du  Page;  Second — Wards  Eighth  to 
Fifteenth  (inclusive)  in  Chicago;  Third — Wards 
Sixteenth  to  Twentieth  in  Chicago,  the  remainder 
of  Cook  County,  and  Lake  County;  Fourth — 
Kane,  De  Kalb,  McHenry,  Boone,  and  Winne- 
hago;  Fifth — Jo  Daviess,  Stephenson,  Carroll, 
Ogle,  Whiteside;  Sixth  — Henry,  Rock  Island, 
Putnam,  Bureau,  Lee;  Seventh — La  Salle,  Ken- 
dall, Grundy,  Will ;  Eighth— Kankakee,  Iroquois, 
Ford,  Marshall,  Livingston,  Woodford;  Ninth — 
Stark,  Peoria,  Knox,  Fulton;  Tenth  —  Mercer, 
Henderson,  Warren,  McDonough,  Hancock, 
Schuyler;  Eleventh  —  Adams,  Brown,  Calhoun, 
Greene,  Pike,  Jersey;  Twelfth — Scott,  Morgan, 
Menard,  Sangamon,  Cass,  Christian ;  Thirteenth — 
Mason,  Tazewell,  McLean,  Logan,  De  Witt;  Four- 
teenth— Macon,  Piatt,  Champaign,  Douglas,  Coles, 
Vermilion;  Fifteenth — Edgar,  Clark,  Cumber- 
land, Shelby,  Moultrie,  Effingham,  Lawrence, 
Jasper,  Crawford;  Sixteenth  —  Montgomery, 
Cuvette,  Washington,  Bond,  Clinton,  Marion, 
Clay;  Seventeenth  —  Macoupin,  Madison,  St. 
Clair,  Monroe;  Eighteenth  —  Randolph,  Perry, 
Jackson,  Union,  Johnson,  Williamson,  Alex- 
ander, Pope,  Massac,  Pulaski;  Nineteenth — 
Richland,  Wayne,  Edwards,  White,  Wabash, 
.Saline,  Gallatin.  Hardin,  Jefferson,  Franklin, 
Hamilton. 

In  1882  (by  Act  of  April  29)  the  number  of  dis- 
tricts was  increased  to  twenty,  and  the  bound- 
aries determined  as  follows:  First — Wards  First 
to  Fourth  (inclusive)  in  Chicago  and  thirteen 
towns  in  Cook  County;  Second — Wards  5th  to 
"th  and  part  of  8th  in  Chicago;  Third — Wards 
!>th  to  14th  and  part  of  8th  in  Chicago ;  Fourth 
— The  remainder  of  the  City  of  Chicago  and  of 
the  county  of  Cook;  Fifth  —  Lake,  McHenry, 
Boone,  Kane,  and  De  Kalb ;  Sixth — Winnebago, 
Stephenson,  Jo  Daviess,  Ogle,  and  Carroll; 


Seventh  —  Lee,  Whiteside,  Henry,  Bureau.  Put- 
nam; Eighth— La  Salle,  Kendall,  Grundy,  Du 
Page,  and  Will ;  Ninth  —  Kankakee,  Iroquois, 
Ford,  Livingston,  Woodford,  Marshall;  Tenth — 
Peoria,  Knox,  Stark,  Fulton;  Eleventh— Rock 
Island,  Mercer,  Henderson,  Warren,  Hancock. 
McDonough,  Schuyler;  Twelfth — Cass,  Brown. 
Adams,  Pike,  Scott.  Greene,  Calhoun,  Jersey : 
Thirteenth  —  Tazewell,  Mason,  Menard,  Sanga- 
mon, Morgan,  Christian;  Fourteenth  —  McLean. 
De  Witt,  Piatt.  Macon,  Logan;  Fifteenth  — 
Coles,  Edgar,  Douglas,  Vermilion,  Champaign; 
Sixteenth  —  Cumberland,  Clark,  Jasper,  Clay, 
Crawford,  Richland,  Lawrence,  Wayne,  Edwards, 
Wabash ;  Seventeenth  —  Macoupin,  Montgomery, 
Moultrie,  Shelby.  Effinghara,  Fayette;  Eight- 
eenth— Bond,  Madison,  St.  Clair,  Monroe,  Wash- 
ington; Nineteenth  —  Marion,  Clinton  Jefferson, 
Saline.  Franklin,  Hamilton,  White,  Gallatin,  Har- 
din ;  Twentieth  —  Perry,  Randolph,  Jackson, 
Union,  Williamson,  Johnson,  Alexander,  Pope, 
Pulaski,  Massac. 

The  census  of  1890  showed  the  State  to  be  entit- 
led to  twenty-two  Representatives.  No  reap- 
portionment, however,  was  made  until  June, 
1893,  two  members  from  the  State-at-large  being 
elected  in  1892.  The  existing  twenty-two  Con- 
gressional districts  are  as  follows:  The  first 
seven  districts  comprise  the  counties  of  Cook  and 
Lake,  the  latter  lying  wholly  in  the  Seventh  dis- 
trict; Eighth  —  McHenry,  De  Kalb,  Kane,  Du 
Page,  Kendall.  Grundy;  Ninth  —  Boone,  Winne- 
bago, Stephenson,  Jo  Daviess,  Carroll,  Ogle,  Lee; 
Tenth — Whiteside,  Rock  Island,  Mercer,  Henry, 
Stark,  Knox ;  Eleventh  —  Bureau,  La  Salle. 
Livingston,  Woodford;  Twelfth— Will,  Kanka- 
kee, Iroquois,  Vermilion;  Thirteenth — Ford.  Mc- 
Lean, DeWitt,  Piatt,  Champaign,  Douglas;  Four- 
teenth —  Putnam,  Marshall,  Peoria,  Fulton, 
Tazewell,  Mason;  Fifteenth— Henderson,  War- 
ren, Hancock,  McDonough,  Adams,  Brown, 
Schuyler;  Sixteenth  —  Cass,  Morgan,  Scott, 
Pike,  Greene,  Macoupin,  Calhoun,  Jersey; 
Seventeenth — Menard,  Logan,  Sangamon.  Macon, 
Christian;  Eighteenth — Madison,  Montgomery, 
Bond,  Fayette,  Shelby,  Moultrie;  Nineteenth — 
Coles,  Edgar,  Clark,  Cumberland,  Effingham 
Jasper,  Crawford,  Richland,  Lawrence;  Twenti- 
eth —  Clay,  Jefferson,  Wayne,  Hamilton,  Ed- 
wards, Wabash,  Franklin,  White,  Gallatin. 
Hardin;  Twenty-first — Marion,  Clinton,  Wash- 
ington, St.  Clair.  Monroe,  Randolph,  Perry; 
Twenty-second  —  Jackson,  Union,  Alexander. 
Pulaski,  Johnson,  Williamson,  Saline,  Pope, 
Massac.  (See  also  Representatives  in  Congress. } 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


ARCHER,  William  It.,  pioneer,  was  born  in 
Warren  County,  Ohio,  in  1792,  and  taken  to  Ken- 
tuck;  at  an  early  day,  where  he  remained  until 
1817,  when  his  family  removed  to  Illinois,  finally 
settling  in  what  is  now  Clark  County.  Although 
pursuing  the  avocation  of  a  farmer,  he  became 
one  of  the  most  prominent  and  influential  men  in 
that  part  of  the  State.  On  the  organization  of 
Clark  County  in  1819,  he  was  appointed  the  first 
County  and  Circuit  Clerk,  resigning  the  former 
office  in  1820  and  the  latter  in  1822.  In  1824  he 
was  elected  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  General 
Assembly,  and  two  years  later  to  the  State 
Senate,  serving  continuously  in  the  latter  eight 
years.  He  was  thus  a  Senator  on  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Black  Hawk  War  (1832),  in  which  he 
served  as  a  Captain  of  militia.  In  1834  he  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  Lieutenant-Governor; 
was  appointed  by  Governor  Duncan,  in  1835,  a 
member  of  the  first  Board  of  Commissioners  of 
the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal;  in  1838  was 
returned  a  second  time  to  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives and  re-elected  in  1840  and  '46  to  the 
same  body.  Two  years  later  (1848)  he  was  again 
elected  Circuit  Clerk,  remaining  until  1852,  and 
in  1854  was  an  Anti-Nebraska  Whig  candidate 
for  Congress  in  opposition  to  James  C.  Allen. 
Although  Allen  received  the  certificate  of  elec- 
tion, Archer  contested  his  right  to  the  seat,  with 
the  result  that  Congress  declared  the  seat  vacant 
and  referred  the  question  back  to  the  people.  In 
A  new  election  held  in  August,  1856,  Archer  was 
defeated  and  Allen  elected.  He  held  no  public 
office  of  importance  after  this  date,  but  in  1856 
was  a  delegate  to  the  first  Republican  National 
Convention  at  Philadelphia,  and  in  that  body  was 
on  enthusiastic  supporter  of  Abraham  Lincoln, 
whose  zealous  friend  and  admirer  he  was,  for  the 
office  of  Vice-President.  He  was  also  one  of  the 
tictive  promoters  of  various  railroad  enterprises 
in  that  section  of  the  State,  especially  the  old 
Chicago  &  Vincennes  Road,  the  first  projected 
southward  from  the  City  of  Chicago.  His  con- 
nection with  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal  was 
the  means  of  giving  his  name  to  Archer  Avenue, 
si  somewhat  famous  thoroughfare  in  Chicago 
He  was  of  tall  stature  and  great  energy  of  char- 
acter, with  a  tendency  to  enthusiasm  that  com- 
municated itself  to  others.  A  local  history  has 
rv-ti.i  of  him  that  "he  did  more  for  Clark  County 
than  any  man  in  his  day  or  since,"  although  "no 
consideration,  pecuniary  or  otherwise,  was  ever 
given  him  for  his  services. "  Colonel  Archer  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  Marshall,  the  county -seat 
of  Clark  County,  Governor  Duncan  being  associ- 


ated with  him  in  the  ownership  of  the  land  on 
which  the  town  was  laid  out.  His  death  oc- 
curred in  Clark  County,  August  9,  1870,  at  the 
age  of  78  years. 

AKCOL A , incorporated  city  in  Douglas  County, 
168  miles  south  of  Chicago,  at  junction  of  Illinois 
Central  and  Terre  Haute  branch  Vandalia  Rail- 
road ;  is  center  of  largest  broom-corn  producing 
region  in  the  world;  has  city  waterworks,  with 
efficient  volunteer  fire  department,  electric  light*, 
telephone  system,  grain  elevators  and  broom- 
corn  warehouses,  two  banks,  three  newspapers, 
nine  churches,  library  building  and  excellent  free 
school  system.  Pop.  (1890).  1,733;  (1900),  1,995. 

AREN'Z,  Francis  A.,  pioneer,  was  bom  ac 
Blankenberg,  in  the  Province  of  the  Rhein. 
Prussia,  Oct.  31,  1800;  obtained  a  good  education 
and,  while  a  young  man,  engaged  in  mercantile 
business  in  his  native  country.  In  1827  he  cauu> 
to  the  United  States  and,  after  spending  two 
years  in  Kentucky,  in  1829  went  to  Galena,  where 
he  was  engaged  for  a  short  time  in  the  lead 
trade.  He  took  an  early  opportunity  to  become 
naturalized,  and  coming  to  Beardstown  a  few 
months  later,  went  into  merchandising  and  real 
estate;  also  became  a  contractor  for  furnishing 
supplies  to  the  State  troops  during  the  Black  Hawk 
War,  Beardstown  being  at  the  time  a  rendezvous 
and  shipping  point.  In  1834  he  began  the  publi- 
cation of  "The  Beardstown  Chronicle  and  Illinois 
Bounty  Land  Register,"  and  was  the  projector  of 
the  Beardstown  &  Sangamon  Canal,  extending 
from  the  Illinois  River  at  Beardstown  to  Miller's 
Ferry  on  the  Sangamou,  for  which  he  secured  a 
special  charter  from  the  Legislature  in  1836.  He 
had  a  survey  of  the  line  made,  but  the  hard  times 
prevented  the  beginning  of  the  work  and  it  was 
finally  abandoned.  Retiring  from  the  mercantile 
business  in  1835,  he  located  on  a  farm  six  miles 
southeast  of  Beardstown,  but  in  1839  removed  to 
a  tract  of  land  near  the  Morgan  County  line 
which  he  had  bought  in  1833,  and  on  which  the 
present  village  of  Arenzville  now  stands.  This 
became  the  center  of  a  thrifty  agricultural  com- 
munity composed  largely  of  Germans,  among 
whom  he  exercised  a  large  influence.  Resuming 
the  mercantile  business  here,  he  continued  it 
until  about  1853,  when  he  sold  out  a  considerable 
part  of  his  possessions.  An  ardent  Whig,  he  was 
elected  as  such  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  Four- 
teenth General  Assembly  (1844)  from  Morgan 
County,  and  during  the  following  session  suc- 
ceeded in  securing  the  passage  of  an  act  by  which 
a  strip  of  territory  three  miles  wide  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Morgan  County,  including  the  village 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


i'  Arenrville,  and  which  had  been  in  dispute, 
•was  transferred  by  vote  of  the  citizens  to  Cans 
County.  In  1852  Mr.  Arenz  visited  his  native 
land,  by  appointment  of  President  Fillmore,  as 
bearer  of  dispatches  to  the  American  legations  at 
Berlin  and  Vienna.  "  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Illinois  State  Agricultural  Society  of  1853, 
and  served  as  the  Vice- President  for  his  district 
until  his  death,  and  was  also  the  founder  and 
President  of  the  Cass  County  Agricultural  Soci- 
ety. Died,  April  2,  1856. 

ARLINGTON,  a  village  of  Bureau  County,  on 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  92 
miles  west  of  Chicago.  Population  (1880),  447; 
(1890),  486;  (1900),  400. 

ARLINGTON  HEIGHTS  (formerly  Dunton),  a 
village  of  Cook  County,  on  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western Bail  way,  22  miles  northwest  of  Chicago; 
is  in  a  dairying  district  and  has  several  cheese 
factories,  besides  a  sewing  machine  factory, 
hotels  and  churches,  a  graded  school,  a  bank  and 
one  newspaper.  Population  (1880),  995;  (1890), 
1.434;  (1900),  1,380. 

ARMOUR,  Philip  Danforth,  packer,  Board  of 
Trade  operator  and  capitalist,  was  born  at  Stock- 
bridge,  Madison  County,  N.  Y.,  May  16,  1832. 
After  receiving  the  benefits  of  such  education  as 
the  village  academy  afforded,  in  1852  he  set  out 
across  the  Plains  to  California,  where  he  re- 
mained four  years,  achieving  only  moderate  suc- 
cess as  a  miner.  Returning  east  in  1856,  he  soon 
after  embarked  in  the  commission  business  in 
Milwaukee,  continuing  until  1863,  when  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  Mr.  John  Plankinton 
in  the  meat-packing  business.  Later,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  his  brothers — H.  O.  Armour  having 
already  built  up  an  extensive  grain  commission 
trade  in  Chicago — he  organized  the  extensive 
packing  and  commission  firm  of  Armour  & 
Co.,  with  branches  in  New  York,  Kansas  City 
and  Chicago,  their  headquarters  being  removed 
to  the  latter  place  from  Milwaukee  in  1875. 
Mr.  Armour  is  a  most  industrious  and  me- 
thodical business  man,  giving  as  many  hours 
to  the  superintendence  of  business  details  as  the 
most  industrious  day-laborer,  the  result  being 
seen  in  the  creation  of  one  of  the  most  extensive 
and  prosperous  firms  in  the  country.  Mr. 
Armour's  practical  benevolence  has  been  demon- 
strated in  a  munificent  manner  by  his  establish 
merit  and  endowment  of  the  Armour  Institute 
(a  manual  training  school)  in  Chicago,  at  a  cost 
of  over  $2,250,000,  as  an  offshoot  of  the  Armour 
Mission  founded  on  the  bequest  of  his  deceased 
brother,  Joseph  F.  Armour.  Died  Jan.  6,  1901. 


ARMSTRONG,  John  Strawn,  pioneer,  bom  in 
Somerset  County,  Pa.,  May  29,  1810,  the  oldest  of 
a  family  of  nine  sons ;  was  taken  by  his  parents 
in  1811  to  Licking  County,  Ohio,  where  he  spent 
his  childhood  and  early  youth.  His  father  was  a 
native  of  Ireland  and  his  mother  a  sister  of  Jacob 
Strawn,  afterwards  a  wealthy  stock-grower  and 
dealer  in  Morgan  County.  In  1829,  John  S.  came 
to  Tazewell  County,  111.,  but  two  years  later 
joined  the  rest  of  his  family  in  Putnam  (now 
Marshall)  County,  all  finally  removing  to  La 
Salle  County,  where  they  were  among  the  earli- 
est settlers.  Here  he  settled  on  a  farm  in  1834, 
where  he  continued  to  reside  over  fifty  years, 
when  he  located  in  the  village  of  Sheridan,  but 
early  in  1897  went  to  reside  with  a  daughter  in 
Ottawa.  He  was  a  soldier  in  the  Black  Hawk 
War,  has  been  a  prominent  and  influential  fann- 
er, and,  in  the  later  years  of  his  life,  has  been 
a  leader  in  "Granger"  politics,  being  Master  of  his 
local  "Grange,"  and  also  serving  as  Treasurer  of 
the  State  Grange.— 4}eorge  Washington  (Arm- 
strong), brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  upon 
the  farm  of  his  parents,  Joseph  and  Elsie  (Strawn) 
Armstrong,  in  Licking  County,  Ohio,  Dec.  9, 
1812;  learned  the  trade  of  a  weaver  with  his 
father  (who  was  a  woolen  manufacturer),  and  at 
the  age  of  18  was  in  charge  of  the  factory 
Early  in  1831  he  came  with  his  mother's  family 
to  Illinois,  locating  a  few  months  later  in  La 
Salle  County.  In  1832  he  served  with  his  older 
brother  as  a  soldier  in  the  Black  Hawk  War,  waa 
identified  with  the  early  steps  for  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal,  finally  be- 
coming a  contractor  upon  the  section  at  Utica, 
where  he  resided  several  years.  He  then  returned 
to  the  farm  near  the  present  village  of  Seneca, 
where  he  had  located  in  1833,  and  where  (with 
the  exception  of  his  residence  at  Utica)  he  has 
resided  continuously  over  sixty -five  years.  In 
1844  Mr.  Armstrong  was  elected  to  the  lower 
branch  of  the  Fourteenth  General  Assembly, 
also  served  in  the  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1847  and,  in  1858,  was  the  unsuccessful  Democratic 
candidate  for  Congress  in  opposition  to  Owen 
Lovejoy.  Re-entering  the  Legislature  in  1860  as 
Representative  from  La  Salle  County,  he  served 
in  that  body  by  successive  re-elections  until  1888, 
proving  one  of  its  ablest  and  most  influential 
members,  as  well  as  an  accomplished  parliamen- 
tarian. Mr.  Armstrong  was  one  of  the  original 
promoters  of  the  Kankakee  &  Seneca  Railroad. — 
William  E.  (Armstrong),  third  brother  of  this 
family,  was  born  in  Licking  County,  Ohio,  Oct. 
25,  1814;  came  to  Illinois  with  the  rest  of  the 


24 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


family  in  1831,  and  resided  in  La  Salle  County 
until  1841,  meanwhile  serving  two  or  three  terms 
as  Sheriff  of  the  county.  The  latter  year  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  Commissioners  to  locate  the 
county-seat  of  the  newly-organized  county  of 
Qrundy,  finally  becoming  one  of  the  founders  and 
the  first  permanent  settler  of  the  town  of  Grundy 
— later  called  Morris,  in  honor  of  Hon.  I.  N.  Mor- 
ris, of  Quincy.  Ill,  at  that  time  one  of  the  Com- 
missioners of  the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal. 
Here  Mr.  Armstrong  was  again  elected  to  the 
office  of  Sheriff,  serving  several  terms.  So  ex- 
tensive was  his  influence  in  Grundy  County,  that 
he  was  popularly  known  as  "The  Emperor  of 
Grundy."  Died.  Nov.  1,  1850.— Joel  W.  (Arm- 
strong), a  fourth  brother,  was  born  in  Licking 
County,  Ohio,  Jan.  6,  1817;  emigrated  in  boyhood 
to  La  Salle  County,  111. ;  served  one  term  as 
County  Recorder,  was  member  of  the  Board  of 
Supervisors  for  a  number  of  years  and  the  first 
Postmaster  of  his  town.  Died,  Dec.  3,  1871. — 
Perry  A.  (Armstrong),  the  seventh  brother  of 
this  historic  family,  was  born  near  Newark,  Lick- 
ing County,  Ohio,  April  15,  1823,  and  came  to  La 
Salle  County,  111.,  in  1831.  His  opportunities  for 
acquiring  an  education  in  a  new  country  were 
limited,  but  between  work  on  the  farm  and  serv- 
ice as  a  clerk  of  his  brother  George,  aided  by  a 
short  term  in  an  academy  and  as  a  teacher  in 
Kendall  County,  he  managed  to  prepare  himself 
for  college,  entering  Illinois  College  at  Jackson- 
ville in  1843.  Owing  to  failure  of  health,  he  was 
compelled  to  abandon  his  plan  of  obtaining  a  col- 
legiate education  and  returned  home  at  the  end 
of  his  Freshman  year,  but  continued  his  studies, 
meanwhile  teaching  district  schools  in  the  winter 
and  working  on  his  mother's  farm  during  the 
crop  season,  until  1845,  when  he  located  in  Mor- 
ris, Grundy  County,  opened  a  general  store  and 
was  appointed  Postmaster.  He  has  been  in  pub- 
lic position  of  some  sort  ever  since  he  reached  his 
majority,  including  the  offices  of  School  Trustee, 
Postmaster,  Justice  of  the  Peace,  Supervisor. 
County  Clerk  (two  terms).  Delegate  to  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  of  1863,  and  two  terms  as 
Representative  in  the  General  Assembly  (1863-64 
and  1873-74).  During  his  last  session  in  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  he  took  a  conspicuous  part  in  the 
revision  of  the  statutes  under  the  Constitution  of 
1870,  framing  some  of  the  most  important  laws 
on  the  statute  book,  while  participating  in  the 
preparation  of  others.  At  an  earlier  date  it  fell 
to  his  lot  to  draw  up  the  original  charters  of  the 
Chicago  &  Rock  Island,  the  Illinois  Central,  and 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroads.  He 


has  also  been  prominent  in  Odd  Fellow  and 
Masonic  circles,  having  been  Grand  Master  of  the 
first  named  order  in  the  State  and  being  the  old- 
est 33d  degree  Mason  in  Illinois;  was  admitted  to 
the  State  bar  in  1864  and  to  that  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States  in  1868,  and  has  been 
Master  in  Chancery  for  over  twenty  consecutive 
years.  Mr.  Armstrong  has  also  found  time  to  do 
some  literary  work,  as  shown  by  his  history  of 
"The  Sauks  and  Black  Hawk  War,"  and  a  num- 
ber of  poems.  He  takes  much  pleasure  in  relat- 
ing reminiscences  of  pioneer  life  in  Illinois,  one 
of  which  is  the  story  of  his  first  trip  from 
Ottawa  to  Chicago,  in  December,  1831,  when  he 
accompanied  his  oldest  brother  (William  E. 
Armstrong)  to  Chicago  with  a  sled  and  ox- 
team  for  salt  to  cure  their  mast-fed  pork,  the 
trip  requiring  ten  days.  His  recollection  is,  that 
there  were  but  three  white  families  in  Chicago 
at  that  time,  but  a  large  number  of  Indians 
mixed  with  half-breeds  of  French  and  Indian 
origin. 

ARNOLD,  Isaac  N.,  lawyer  and  Congressman, 
was  born  near  Cooperstown,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  30,  1813, 
being  descended  from  one  of  the  companions  of 
Roger  Williams.  Thrown  upon  his  own  resources 
at  an  early  age,  he  was  largely  "self-made." 
He  read  law  at  Cooperstown,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1835.  The  next  year  he  removed  to 
Chicago,  was  elected  the  first  City  Clerk  in  1837, 
but  resigned  before  the  close  of  the  year  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  of  Illinois  in  1841.  He  soon 
established  a  reputation  as  a  lawyer,  and  served 
for  three  terms  (the  Thirteenth,  Fourteenth  and 
Twentieth)  in  the  lower  house  of  the  Legisla- 
ture. In  1844  he  was  a  Presidential  Elector  on 
the  Polk  ticket,  but  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri 
Compromise,  with  the  legislation  regarding  Kan- 
sas and  Nebraska,  logically  forced  him,  as  a  free- 
soiler,  into  the  ranks  of  the  Republican  party,  by 
which  he  was  sent  to  Congress  from  1861  to  1865. 
While  in  Congress  he  prepared  and  delivered  an 
exhaustive  argument  in  support  of  the  right  of 
confiscation  by  the  General  Government.  After 
the  expiration  of  his  last  Congressional  term,  Mr. 
Arnold  returned  to  Chicago,  where  he  resided 
until  his  death,  April  24,  1884.  He  was  of  schol- 
arly instincts,  fond  of  literature  and  an  author  of 
repute.  Among  his  best  known  works  are  his 
"Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln"  and  his  "Life  of 
Benedict  Arnold." 

ARRINGTON,  Alfred  W.,  clergyman,  lawyer 
and  author,  was  born  in  Iredell  County,  N.  C., 
September,  1810,  being  the  son  of  a  Whig  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  that  State.  In  1839  he  was 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


received  on  trial  as  a  Methodist  preacher  and 
became  a  circuit-rider  in  Indiana ;  during  1833-33 
served  as  an  itinerant  in  Missouri,  gaining  much 
celebrity  by  his  eloquence.  In  1834  he  began  the 
study  of  law,  and  having  been  admitted  to  the 
bar,  practiced  for  several  years  in  Arkansas, 
where  he  was  sent  to  the  Legislature,  and,  in  1844, 
was  the  Whig  candidate  for  Presidential  Elec- 
tor. Later  he  removed  to  Texas,  where  he  served 
as  Judge  for  six  years.  In  1856  he  removed  to 
Madison,  Wis.,  but  a  year  later  came  to  Chicago, 
where  he  attained  distinction  as  a  lawyer,  dying 
in  that  city  Dec.  31,  1867.  He  was  an  accom- 
plished scholar  and  gifted  writer,  having  written 
much  for  "The  Democratic  Review"  and  "The 
Southern  Literary  Messenger,"  over  the  signature 
of  "Charles  Summerfield,"  and  was  author  of  an 
"Apostrophe  to  Water,"  which  he  put  in  the 
mouth  of  an  itinerant  Methodist  preacher,  and 
which  John  B.  Gough  was  accustomed  to  quote 
with  great  effect.  A  volume  of  his  poems  with  a 
memoir  was  published  in  Chicago  in  1869. 

ARROWSMITH,  a  village  of  McLean  County, 
on  the  Lake  Erie  &  Western  Railway,  20  miles 
east  of  Bloomington;  is  in  an  agricultural  and 
stock  region;  has  one  newspaper.  Population 
(1890).  420;  (1900),  317. 

ARTHUR,  village  in  Moultrie  and  Douglas 
Counties,  at  junction  of  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illi- 
nois and  Terre  Haute  &  Peoria  Division  Vandalia 
Line;  is  center  of  broom-corn  belt;  has  two 
banks,  a  weekly  newspaper.  Population  (1900), 
858;  (est.  1904),  1,000. 

ASA  Y,  Edward  6.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, Sept.  17,  1825;  was  educated  in  private 
schools  and  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church;  later  spent  sometime  in  the 
South,  but  in  1853  retired  from  the  ministry  and 
began  the  study  of  law,  meantime  devoting  a  part 
of  his  time  to  mercantile  business  in  New  York 
City.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1856,  remov- 
ing the  same  year  to  Chicago,  where  he  built  up 
a  lucrative  practice.  He  was  a  brilliant  speaker 
and  became  eminent,  especially  as  a  criminal 
lawyer.  Politically  he  was  a  zealous  Democrat 
and  was  the  chief  attorney  of  Buckner  S.  Morris 
and  others  during  their  trial  for  conspiracy  in 
connection  with  the  Camp  Douglas  affair  of  No- 
vember, 1864.  During  1871-72  he  made  an  ex- 
tended trip  to  Europe,  occupying  some  eighteen 
months,  making  a  second  visit  in  1882.  His  later 
years  were  spent  chiefly  on  a  farm  in  Ogle 
County.  Died  in  Chicago,  Nov.  24,  1898. 

ASlil'K  Y,  Henry,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Harri- 
son (now  Robertson)  County,  Ky.,  August  10, 


1810;  came  to  Illinois  iu  1834,  making  the  jour- 
ney on  horseback  and  finally  locating  in  Quincy. 
where  he  soon  after  began  the  study  of  law  with 
the  Hon.  O.  H.  Browning;  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1837,  being  for  a  time  the  partner  of  Col. 
Edward  D.  Baker,  afterwards  United  States 
Senator  from  Oregon  and  finally  killed  at  Ball's 
Bluff  in  1863.  In  1849  Mr.  Asbury  was  appointed 
by  President  Taylor  Register  of  the  Quincy  Land 
Office,  and,  in  1864-65,  served  by  appointment  of 
President  Lincoln  (who  was  his  close  personal 
friend)  as  Provost-Marshal  of  the  Quincy  dis- 
trict, thereby  obtaining  the  title  of  "Captain," 
by  which  he  was  widely  known  among  his 
friends.  Later  he  served  for  several  years  as 
Registrar  in  Bankruptcy  at  Quincy,  which  was 
his  last  official  position.  Originally  a  Kentucky 
Whig,  Captain  Asbury  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Republican  party  in  Illinois,  acting  in  co- 
operation with  Abram  Jonas,  Archibald  Williams, 
Nehemiah  Bushnell,  O.  H.  Browning  and  others 
of  his  immediate  neighbors,  and  with  Abraham 
Lincoln,  with  whom  he  was  a  frequent  corre- 
spondent at  that  period.  Messrs.  Nicolay  and 
Hay,  in  their  Life  of  Lincoln,  award  him  the 
credit  of  having  suggested  one  of  the  famous 
questions  propounded  by  Lincoln  to  Douglas 
which  gave  the  latter  so  much  trouble  during 
the  memorable  debates  of  1858.  In  1886  Captain 
Asbury  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  continued 
to  reside  until  his  death,  Nov.  19,  1896. 

ASHLAND,  a  town  in  Cass  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  and  the 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  South-Western  Railroad,  21 
miles  west-northwest  of  Springfield  and  200 
miles  southwest  of  Chicago.  It  is  in  the  midst  of 
a  rich  agricultural  region,  and  is  an  important 
shipping  point  for  grain  and  stock.  It  has  a 
bank,  three  churches  and  a  weekly  newspaper. 
Coal  is  mined  in  the  vicinity.  Population  (1880), 
609;  (1890),  1.045;  (1900),  1,201. 

ASHLEY,  a  city  of  Washington  County,  at 
intersection  of  Illinois  Central  and  Louisville  & 
Nashville  Railways,  62  miles  east  by  southeast  of 
St.  Louis;  is  in  an  agricultural  and  fruit-growing 
region;  has  some  manufactures,  electric  light 
plant  and  excellent  granitoid  sidewalks.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  1,035;  (1900),  953. 

ASHMORE,  a  village  of  Coles  County,  on  the 
Cleveland,  Cincinnati.  Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Rail- 
way, 9  miles  east  of  Charleston ;  has  a  newspaper 
and  considerable  local  trade.  Population  (1890), 
446,  (1900),  487;  (1903),  520. 

ASHTON,  a  village  of  Lee  County,  on  the  Chi- 
cago &  North-Western  Railroad,  84  miles  west  of 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Chicago;  has  one  newspaper.     Population  (1880), 
648;  (1890),  680;  (1900),  776. 

ASPINWA1L,  Homer  F.,  farmer  and  legisla- 
tor, was  born  in  Stephenson  County,  111. ,  NOT.  15, 
1846,  educated  in  the  Freeport  high  school,  and, 
in  early  life,  spent  two  years  in  a  wholesale 
notion  store,  later  resuming  the  occupation  of  a 
farmer.  After  holding  various  local  offices,  in- 
cluding that  of  member  of  the  Board  of  Supervis- 
ors of  Stephenson  County,  in  1893  Mr.  Aspinwall 
was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  and  re-elected  in 
1896.  Soon  after  the  beginning  of  the  Spanish- 
American  War  in  1898,  he  was  appointed  by 
President  McKinley  Captain  and  Assistant 
Quartermaster  in  the  Volunteer  Army,  but 
before  being  assigned  to  duty  accepted  the  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonelcy of  the  Twelfth  Illinois  Pro- 
visional Regiment.  When  it  became  evident  that 
the  regiment  would  not  be  called  into  the  service, 
he  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  "Mani- 
toba," a  large  transport  steamer,  which  carried 
some  13,000  soldiers  to  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  with- 
out a  single  accident.  In  view  of  the  approach- 
ing session  of  the  Forty-first  General  Assembly, 
it  being  apparent  that  the  war  was  over,  Mr. 
Aspinwall  applied  for  a  discharge,  which  was 
refused,  a  30-days'  leave  of  absence  being  granted 
instead.  A  discharge  was  finally  granted  about 
the  middle  of  February,  when  he  resumed  his 
seat  in  the  Senate.  Mr.  Aspinwall  owns  and 
operates  a  large  farm  near  Freeport. 

ASS  I'M  PI' I  ON,  a  town  in  Christian  County,  on 
the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  33  miles  south  by 
west  from  Decatur  and  9  miles  north  of  Pana. 
It  is  situated  in  a  rich  agricultural  and  coal  min- 
ing district,  and  has  two  banks,  five  churches,  a 
public  school,  two  weekly  papers  and  coal  mines. 
Population  (1880),  706;  (1890),  1,076;  (1900),  1,702. 

ASTORIA,  town  in  Fulton  County,  on  Rock 
Island  &  St.  Louis  Division  C.,  B.  &  Q.  R.  R. ; 
has  city  waterworks,  electric  light  plant,  tele- 
phone exchange,  three  large  grain  elevators, 
pressed  brick  works;  six  churches,  two  banks, 
two  weekly  papers,  city  hall  and  park,  and  good 
schools:  is  in  a  coal  region;  business  portion  is 
built  of  brick.  Pop.  (1890),  1,357;  (1900),  1,684. 

ATCHISON,  TOPEKA  &  SANTA  FE  RAIL- 
WAT  COMPANY.  This  Company  operates  three 
subsidiary  lines  in  Illinois — the  Chicago,  Santa 
Fe  &  California,  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa 
Fe  in  Chicago,  and  the  Mississippi  River  Rail- 
road &  Toll  Bridge,  which  are  operated  as  a 
through  line  between  Chicago  and  Kansas  City, 
with  a  branch  from  Ancona  to  Pekin,  111.,  hav- 
ing an  aggregate  operated  mileage  of  515  miles,  of 


which  295  are  in  Illinois.  The  total  earnings  and 
income  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1895,  were 
$1,298,600,  while  the  operating  expenses  and  fixed 
charges  amounted  to  $2,360,706.  The  accumu- 
lated deficit  on  the  whole  line  amounted,  June  30. 
1894,  to  more  than  $4,500,000.  The  total  capitali 
zation  of  the  whole  line  in  1895  was  $52,775,251. 
The  parent  road  was  chartered  in  1859  under  the 
name  of  the  Atchison  &  Topeka  Railroad ;  but  in 
1863  was  changed  to  the  Atchison,  Topeka  & 
Santa  Fe  Railroad.  The  construction  of  the  main 
line  was  begun  in  1859  and  completed  in  1873. 
The  largest  number  of  miles  operated  was  in 
1893,  being  7,481.65.  January  1,  1896,  the  road 
was  reorganized  under  the  name  of  The  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railway  Company  (its  present 
name),  which  succeeded  by  purchase  under  fore- 
closure (Dec.  10,  1895)  to  the  property  and  fran- 
chises of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe 
Railroad  Company.  Its  mileage,  in  1895,  was 
6,481.65  miles.  The  executive  and  general  officers 
of  the  system  (1898)  are: 

Aldace  F.  Walker,  Chairman  of  the  Board, 
New  York;  E.  P.  Ripley,  President,  Chicago;  C. 
M.  Higginson,  Ass't  to  the  President,  Chicago; 
E.  D.  Kenna,  1st  Vice-President  and  General 
Solicitor,  Chicago;  Paul  Morton,  3d  Vice-Presi- 
dent, Chicago;  E.  Wilder,  Secretary  and  Treas- 
urer, Topeka;  L.  C.  Deming,  Assistant  Secretary, 
New  York ;  H.  W.  Gardner,  Assistant  Treasurer, 
New  York;  Victor  Morawetz,  General  Counsel, 
New  York;  Jno.  P.  Whitehead,  Comptroller, 
New  York;  H.  C.  Whitehead,  General  Auditor, 
Chicago;  W.  B.  Biddle,  Freight  Traffic  Manager, 
Chicago;  J.  J.  Frey,  General  Manager,  Topeka; 
H.  W.  Mudge,  General  Superintendent,  Topeka; 
W.  A.  Bissell,  Assistant  Freight  Traffic  Manager, 
Chicago;  W.  F.  White,  Passenger  Traffic 
Manager,  Chicago;  Geo.  T.  Nicholson,  Assistant 
Passenger  Traffic  Manager,  Chicago;  W.  E. 
Hodges,  General  Purcliasing  Agent,  Chicago; 
James  A.  Davis,  Industrial  Commissioner,  Chi- 
cago; James  Dun,  Chief  Engineer,  Topeka,  Kan. ; 
John  Player,  Superintendent  of  Machinery, 
Topeka,  Kan. ;  C.  W.  Kouns,  Superintendent  Car 
Service,  Topeka,  Kan. ;  J.  8.  Hobson,  Signal 
Engineer,  Topeka;  C.  G.  Sholes,  Superintendent 
of  Telegraph,  Topeka,  Kan. ;  C.  W.  Ryus,  General 
Claim  Agent,  Topeka ;  F.  C.  Gay,  General  Freight 
Agent,  Topeka;  C.  R.  Hudson,  Assistant  General 
Freight  Agent,  Topeka;  W.  J.  Black,  General 
Passenger  Agent,  Chicago;  P.  Walsh,  General 
Baggage  Agent,  Chicago. 

ATHENS,  an  incorporated  city  and  coal-mining 
town  in  Menard  County,  on  the  Chicago,  Peoria 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


37 


&  St.  Louis  R.  K. ,  north  by  northwest  of  Spring- 
field. It  is  also  the  center  of  a  prosperous  agri- 
cultural and  stock-raising  district,  and  large 
numbers  of  cattle  are  shipped  there  for  the  Chi- 
cago market.  The  place  has  an  electric  lighting 
plant,  brickyards,  two  machine  shops,  two  grain 
elevators,  five  churches,  one  newspaper,  and  good 
schools.  Athena  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in 
Central  Illinois.  Pop.  (1890),  944;  (1900),  1,535. 

ATKINS,  Smith  I).,  soldier  and  journalist,  was 
born  near  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  June  9,  1886;  came  with 
his  father  to  Illinois  in  1846,  and  lived  on  a  farm 
till  1850;  was  educated  at  Rock  River  Seminary, 
Mount  Morris,  meanwhile  learning  the  printer's 
trade,  and  afterwards  established  "The  Savanna 
Register"  in  Carroll  County.  In  1854  he  begt.n 
the  study  of  law,  and  in  1860,  while  practicing  a1; 
Freeport,  was  elected  Prosecuting  Attorney,  but 
resigned  in  1861,  being  the  first  man  to  enlist  as  a 
private  soldier  in  Stephenson  County.  He  served 
:ts  a  Captain  of  the  Eleventh  Illinois  Volunteers 
(three-months'  men),  re-enlisted  with  the  same 
rank  for  three  years  and  took  part  in  the  capture 
of  Fort  Donelson  and  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  serv- 
ing at  the  latter  on  the  staff  of  General  Hurlbut. 
Forced  to  retire  temporarily  on  account  of  his 
health,  he  next  engaged  in  raising  volunteers  in 
Northern  Illinois,  was  finally  commissioned  Col- 
onel of  the  Ninety-second  Illinois,  and,  in  June, 
1863,  was  assigned  to  command  of  a  brigade  in 
the  Army  of  Kentucky,  later  serving  in  the  Army 
of  the  Cumberland.  On  the  organization  of  Sher- 
man's great  "March  to  the  Sea,"  he  efficiently 
cooperated  in  it,  was  brevetted  Brigadier-General 
for  gallantry  at  Savannah,  and  at  the  close  of  the 
war,  by  special  order  of  President  Lincoln,  was 
brevetted  Major-General.  Since  the  war,  Gen- 
eral Atkins'  chief  occupation  has  been  that  of 
editor  of  "The  Freeport  Journal,"  though,  for 
uearly  twenty-four  years,  he  served  as  Post- 
master of  that  city.  He  took  a  prominent  part 
in  the  erection  of  the  Stephenson  County  Sol- 
diers' Monument  at  Freeport,  has  been  President 
of  the  Freeport  Public  Library  since  its  organiza- 
tion, member  of  the  Board  of  Education,  and  since 
1895,  by  appointment  of  the  Governor  of  Illinois, 
one  of  the  Illinois  Commissioners  of  the  Chicka- 
mauga  and  Chattanooga  Military  Park. 

ATKINSON,  village  of  Henry  County,  on  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railway,  39  miles 
east  of  Rock  Island;  has  an  electric  light  plant,  a 
bank  and  a  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890),  534;  (1900),  762. 

ATLANTA,  a  city  of  Logan  County,  on  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  20  miles  southwest  of 
Bloomington.  It  stands  on  a  high,  fertile  prairie 


and  the  surrounding  region  is  rich  in  coal,  as- 
well  as  a  productive  agricultural  and  stock-rais- 
ing district.  It  has  a  water-works  system,  elec- 
tric light  plant,  five  churches,  a  graded  school,  a 
weekly  paper,  two  banks,  a  flouring  mill,  and  is 
the  headquarters  of  the  Union  Agricultural  So- 
ciety established  in  1860.  Population  (1900).  1,870. 

ATLAS,  a  hamlet  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
Pike  County,  10  miles  southwest  of  Pittsfield  and 
three  miles  from  Rockport,  the  nearest  station  on 
the  Quincy  &  Louisiana  Division  of  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad.  Atlas  has  an  in- 
teresting history.  It  was  settled  by  Col.  William 
Ross  and  four  brothers,  who  came  here  from 
Pittsfield,  Mass.,  in  the  latter  part  of  1819,  or 
early  in  1820,  making  there  the  first  settlement 
within  the  present  limits  of  Pike  County.  The 
town  was  laid  out  by  the  Rosses  in  1833,  and  the 
next  year  the  county-seat  was  removed  thither 
from  Coles  Grove — now  in  Calhoun  County — but 
which  had  been  the  first  county-seat  of  Pike 
County,  when  it  comprised  all  the  territory  lying 
north  and  west  of  the  Illinois  River  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  and  the  Wisconsin  State  line. 
Atlas  remained  the  county-seat  until  1833,  when 
the  seat  of  justice  was  removed  to  Pittsfield. 
During  a  part  of  that  time  it  was  one  of  the 
most  important  points  in  the  western  part  of  the 
State,  and  was,  for  a  time,  a  rival  of  Quincy. 
It  now  has  only  a  postoffice  and  general  store. 
The  population,  according  to  the  census  of  1890, 
was  52. 

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL.  The  following  is  a 
list  of  the  Attorneys-General  of  Illinois  under  the 
Territorial  and  State  Governments,  down  to  the 
present  time  (1899),  with  the  date  and  duration  of 
the  term  of  each  incumbent: 

TERRITORIAL— Benjamin  H.  Doyle,  July  to  De- 
cember, 1809;  John  J.  Crittenden,  Dec.  30  to 
April,  1810;  Thomas  T.  Crittenden,  April  to 
October,  1810;  Benj.  M.  Piatt,  October,  1810-18; 
William  Mears,  1813-18. 

STATE— Daniel  Pope  Cook,  March  5  to  Dec.  14, 
1819;  William  Mears,  1819-21;  Samuel  D.  Lock- 
wood,  1821-23;  James  Turney,  1823-29;  George 
Forquer,  1829-33;  James  Semple,  1833-84;  Ninian 
W.  Edwards,  1834-35;  Jesse  B.  Thomas,  Jr., 
1835-36;  Walter  B.  Scates,  1836-37;  Usher  F. 
Linder,  1837-38;  George  W.  Olney,  1838-39;  Wick- 
liffe  Kitchell,  1839-40;  Josiah  Lamborn.  1840-43; 
James  Allen  McDougal,  1843-46 ;  David  B.  Camp- 
bell, 1846-48. 

The  Constitution  of  1848  made  no  provision  for 
the  continuance  of  the  office,  and  for  nineteen 
years  it  remained  vacant.  It  was  re-created, 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


however,  by  legislative  enactment  in  1867,  and 
on  Feb.  28  of  that  year  Governor  Oglesby 
appointed  Robert  G.  Ingersoll,  of  Peoria,  to  dis- 
charge the  duties  of  the  position,  which  he  con- 
tinued to  do  until  18C9.  Subsequent  incumbents 
of  the  office  have  been:  Washington  Bushnell, 
1869-73;  James  K.  Edsall,  1873-81;  James  McCart- 
ney, 1881  85 ;  George  Hunt,  1885-93 ;  M.  T.  Moloney , 
1893-97;  Edward  C.  Akin,  1897  — .  Under  the 
first  Constitution  (1818)  the  office  of  Attorney- 
General  was  filled  by  appointment  by  the  Legisla- 
ture; under  the  Constitution  of  1848,  as  already 
stated,  it  ceased  to  exist  until  created  by  act  of 
the  Legislature  of  1867,  but,  in  1870,  it  was  made 
a  constitutional  office  to  be  filled  by  popular 
election  for  a  term  of  four  years. 

AT  WOOD,  a  village  lying  partly  in  Piatt  and 
partly  in  Douglas  County,  on  the  Cincinnati, 
Hamilton  &  Dayton  R.  It.,  27  miles  east  of  Deca- 
tur.  The  region  is  agricultural  and  fruit-grow- 
ing; the  town  has  two  banks,  an  excellent  school 
and  a  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890),  530;  (1900),  698. 

AT  WOOD,  Charles  B.,  architect,  was  bora  at 
Millbury,  Mass.,  May  18,  1849;  at  17  began  a  full 
course  in  architecture  at  Harvard  Scientific 
School,  and,  after  graduation,  received  prizes  for 
public  buildings  at  San  Francisco,  Hartford  and 
a  number  of  other  cities,  besides  furnishing 
designs  for  some  of  the  finest  private  residences 
in  the  country.  He  was  associated  with  D.  H. 
Burnham  in  preparing  plans  for  the  Columbian 
Exposition  buildings,  at  Chicago,  for  the  World's 
Fair  of  1893,  and  distinguished  himself  by  pro- 
ducing plans  for  the  "Art  Building,"  the  "Peri- 
style," the  "Terminal  Station"  and  other 
prominent  structures.  Died,  in  the  midst  of  his 
highest  successes  as  an  architect,  at  Chicago, 
Dec.  19,  1895. 

AUBURN,  a  village  of  Sangamon  County,  on 
the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  15  miles  south  of 
Springfield ;  has  some  manufactories  of  flour  and 
farm  implements,  besides  tile  and  brick  works, 
two  coal  mines,  electric  light  plant,  two  banks, 
several  churches,  a  graded  school  and  a  weekly 
newspaper.  Pop.  (1890),  874;  (1900),  1,281. 

AUDITORS  OF  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTS.  The 
Auditors  of  Public  Accounts  under  the  Terri- 
torial Government  were  H.  H.  Maxwell,  1812-16; 
Daniel  P.  Cook,  1816-17;  Robert  Blackwell,  (April 
to  August),  1817;  ElijahC.  Berry,  1817-18.  Under 
the  Constitution  of  1818  the  Auditor  of  Public 
Accounts  was  made  appointive  by  the  legislature, 
without  limitation  of  term ;  but  by  the  Constitu- 
tions of  1848  and  1870  the  office  was  made 
elective  by  the  people  for  a  term  of  four  years. 


The  following  is  a  list  of  the  State  Auditors 
from  the  date  of  the  admission  of  the  State  into 
the  Union  down  to  the  present  time  (1899),  with 
the  date  and  duration  of  the  term  of  each: 
Elijah  C.  Berry,  181831;  James  T.  B.  Stapp, 
1831-35;  Levi  Davis,  1835-41;  James  Shields, 
1841-43;  William  Lee  D.  Ewing,  1843-46;  Thomas 
H.  Campbell,  1846-57;  Jesse  K.  Dubois,  1857-64; 
Orlin  H.  Miner,  1864-69;  Charles  E.  Lippincott, 
1869-77;  Thomas  B.  Needles,  1877-81;  Charles  P. 
Swigert,  1881-89;  C.  W.  Pavey,  1889-93;  David 
Gore,  1893-97;  James  S.  McCullough,  1897  — . 

AUGUSTA,  a  village  in  Augusta  township, 
Hancock  County,  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  Railroad,  36  miles  northeast  of  Quincy. 
Wagons  and  brick  are  the  principal  manufac- 
tures. The  town  has  one  newspaper,  two  banks, 
three  churches  and  a  graded  school.  The  sur 
rounding  country  is  a  fertile  agricultural  region 
and  abounds  in  a  good  quality  of  bituminous 
coal.  Fine  qualities  of  potter's  clay  and  mineral 
paint  are  obtained  here.  Population  (1890), 
1,077;  (1900),  1,149. 

AUGUSTANA  COLLEGE,  an  educational  insti- 
tution controlled  by  the  Evangelical  Lutheran 
denomination,  located  at  Rock  Island  and  founded 
in  1863.  Besides  preparatory  and  collegiate  de- 
partments, a  theological  school  is  connected  with 
the  institution.  To  the  two  first  named,  young 
women  are  admitted  on  an  equality  with 
men.  More  than  500  students  were  reported  in 
attendance  in  1896,  about  one-fourth  being 
women.  A  majority  of  the  latter  were  in  the 
preparatory  (or  academic)  department.  The  col- 
lege is  not  endowed,  but  owns  property  (real 
and  personal)  to  the  value  of  $250,000.  It  has  a 
library  of  12,000  volumes. 

AURORA,  a  city  and  important  railroad  cen- 
ter, Kane  County,  on  Fox  River,  39  miles  south- 
west of  Chicago;  is  location  of  principal  shops  of 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  R.  R.,  has  fine 
water-power  and  many  successful  manufactories, 
including  extensive  boiler  works,  iron  foundries, 
cotton  and  woolen  mills,  flour  mills,  silver-plat- 
ing works,  corset,  sash  and  door  and  carriage 
factories,  stove  and  smelting  works,  establish- 
ments for  turning  out  road-scrapers,  buggy  tops, 
and  wood-working  machinery.  The  city  owns 
water-works  and  electric  light  plant;  has  six 
banks,  four  daily  and  several  weekly  papers, 
some  twenty-five  churches,  excellent  schools  and 
handsome  public  library  building;  is  connected 
by  interurban  electric  lines  with  the  principal 
towns  and  villages  in  the  Fox  River  valley. 
Population  (1890),  19,688;  (1900),  24,147. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


AUSTIN,  a  suburb  of  Chicago,  in  Cook  County. 
It  is  accessible  from  that  city  by  either  the  Chi- 
cago &•  Northwestern  Railway,  or  by  street 
railway  lines.  A  weekly  newspaper  is  issued,  a 
graded  school  is  supported  (including  a  high 
school  department)  and  there  are  numerous 
churches,  representing  the  various  religious 
denominations.  Population  (1880),  1,359;  (1890), 
4,031.  Annexed  to  City  of  Chicago,  1899. 

AUSTIN  COLLEGE,  a  mixed  school  at  Effing- 
ham,  111.,  founded  in  1890.  It  has  eleven  teachers 
and  reports  a  total  of  312  pupils  for  1897-98—162 
males  and  150  females.  It  has  a  library  of  2,000 
volumes  and  reports  property  valued  at  $37,000. 

AUSTBALIAN  BALLOT,  a  form  of  ballot  for 
popular  elections,  thus  named  because  it  was 
first  brought  into  use  in  Australia.  It  was 
adopted  by  act  of  the  Legislature  of  Illinois  in 
1891,  and  is  applicable  to  the  election  of  all  public 
officers  except  Trustees  of  Schools,  School  Direct- 
ors, members  of  Boards  of  Education  and  officers 
of  road  districts  in  counties  not  under  township 
organization.  Under  it,  all  ballots  for  the  elec- 
tion of  cfficers  (except  those  just  enumerated) 
are  required  to  be  printed  and  distributed  to  the 
election  officers  for  use  on  the  day  of  election,  at 
public  cost.  These  ballots  contain  the  names, 
on  the  same  sheet,  of  all  candidates  to  be  voted 
for  at  such  election,  such  names  having  been 
formally  certified  previously  to  the  Secretary  of 
State  (in  the  case  of  candidates  for  offices  to  be 
voted  for  by  electors  of  the  entire  State  or  any 
district  greater  than  a  single  county)  or  to  the 
County  Clerk  (as  to  all  others),  by  the  presiding 
officer  and  secretary  of  the  convention  or  caucus 
making  such  nominations,  when  the  party  repre- 
sented cast  at  least  two  per  cent  of  the  aggregate 
vote  of  the  State  or  district  at  the  preceding  gen- 
eral election.  Other  names  may  be  added  to  the 
ballot  on  the  petition  of  a  specified  number  of  the 
legal  voters  under  certain  prescribed  conditions 
named  in  the  act.  The  duly  registered  voter,  on 
presenting  himself  at  the  poll,  is  given  a  copy  of 
the  official  ticket  by  one  of  the  judges  of  election, 
upon  which  he  proceeds  to  indicate  his  prefer- 
ence in  a  temporary  booth  or  closet  set  apart  for 
his  use,  by  making  a  cross  at  the  head  of  the  col- 
umn of  candidates  for  whom  he  wishes  to  vote,  if 
he  desires  to  vote  for  all  of  the  candidates  of  the 
same  party,  or  by  a  similar  mark  before  the  name 
of  each  individual  for  whom  he  wishes  to  vote,  in 
case  he  desires  to  distribute  his  support  among 
the  candidates  of  different  parties.  The  object  of 
the  law  is  to  secure  for  the  voter  secrecy  of  the 
ballot,  with  independence  and  freedom  from  dic- 


tation or  interference  by  others  in  the  exercise  of 
his  right  of  suffrage. 

ATA,  a  town  in  Jackson  County  (incorporated 
as  a  city,  1901),  on  the  Mobile  &  Ohio  Railroad 
(Cairo  &  St.  Louis  Division),  75  miles  south- 
southeast  from  St.  Louis.  It  has  two  banks  and 
two  newspapers.  Pop.  (1890),  807;  (1900),  984. 

AVON,  village  of  Fulton  County,  on  C.,  B  &  Q. 
R.  R.,  20  miles  south  of  Galesburg;  lias  drain- 
pipe works,  two  factories  for  manufacture  of 
steam- and  hot- water  heaters,  two  banks  and  two 
newspapers;  agricultural  fair  held  here  annu- 
ally. Population  (1900),  809;  (1904,  est.),  1.000. 

ATER,  Benjamin  F.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Kingston,  N.  H.,  April  22,  1825,  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  College  in  1846,  studied  law  at  Dane 
Law  School  (Harvard  University),  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  and  began  practice  at  Manchester. 
N.  H.  After  serving  one  term  in  the  New  Hamp- 
shire Legislature,  and  as  Prosecuting  Attorney 
for  Hillsborough  County,  in  1857  he  came  to  Chica- 
go, soon  advancing  to  the  front  rank  of  lawyers 
then  in  practice  there ;  became  Corporation  Counsel 
in  1861,  and,  two  years  later,  drafted  the  revised 
city  charter.  After  the  close  of  his  official  career, 
he  was  a  member  for  eight  years  of  the  law  firm  of 
Beckwith,  Ayer  &  Kales,  and  afterwards  of  the 
firm  of  Ayer  &  Kales,  until,  retiring  from  general 
practice,  Mr.  Ayer  became  Solicitor  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad,  then  a  Director  of  the  Company, 
and  is  at  present  its  General  Counsel  and  a  potent 
factor  in  its  management. 

AVERS,  Marshall  Paul,  banker,  Jacksonville, 
was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  July  27,  1823. 
came  to  Jacksonville,  111.,  with  his  parents,  in 
1830,  and  was  educated  there,  graduating  from 
Illinois  College,  in  1843,  as  the  classmate  of  Dr. 
Newton  Bateman,  afterwards  President  of  Knox 
College  at  Galesburg,  and  Rev.  Thomas  K 
Beecher,  now  of  Elmira,  N.Y.  After  leaving  col- 
lege he  became  the  partner  of  his  father  (David 
B.  Ayers)  as  agent  of  Mr.  John  Grigg,  of  Philadel- 
phia, who  was  the  owner  of  a  large  body  of  Illi- 
nois lands.  His  father  dying  in  1850,  Mr.  Ayers 
succeeded  to  the  management  of  the  business, 
about  75,000  acres  of  Mr.  Grigg's  unsold  lands 
coming  under  his  charge.  In  December,  1852, 
with  the  assistance  of  Messrs.  Page  &  Bacon,  bank- 
ers, of  St.  Louis,  he  opened  the  first  bank  in  Jack- 
sonville, for  the  sale  of  exchange,  but  which 
finally  grew  into  a  bank  of  deposit  and  has  been 
continued  ever  since,  being  recognized  as  one  of 
the  most  solid  institutions  in  Central  Illinois.  In 
1870-71,  aided  by  Philadelphia  and  New  York 
capitalists,  he  built  the  "Illinois  Farmers'  Rail- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


road"  between  Jacksonville  and  Waverly,  after- 
wards extended  to  Virden  and  finally  to  Centralia 
;ind  Mount  Vernon.  This  was  the  nucleus  of  the 
Jacksonville  Southeastern.  Rail  way,  though  Mr. 
Ayers  has  had  no  connection  with  it  for  several 
years.  Other  business  enterprises  with  which  he 
has  been  connected  are  the  Jacksonville  Gas  Com- 
pany (now  including  an  electric  light  and  power 
plant),  of  which  he  has  been  President  for  forty 
years;  the  "Home  Woolen  Mills"  (early  wiped 
out  by  fire),  sugar  and  paper-barrel  manufacture, 
coal-mining,  etc.  About  1877  he  purchased  a 
body  of  23,600  acres  of  land  in  Champaign  County, 
known  as  "Broadlands. "  from  John  T.  Alexander, 
an  extensive  cattle-dealer,  who  had  become 
heavily  involved  during  the  years  of  financial 
revulsion.  As  a  result  of  this  transaction,  Mr. 
Alexander's  debts,  which  aggregated  $1,000,000, 
were  discharged  within  the  next  two  years.  Mr. 
Ayers  has  been  an  earnest  Republican  since  the 
organization  of  that  party  and,  during  the  war, 
rendered  valuable  service  in  assisting  to  raise 
funds  for  the  support  of  the  operations  of  the 
Christian  Commission  in  the  field.  He  has  also 
been  active  in  Sunday  School,  benevolent  and 
educational  work,  having  been,  for  twenty  years, 
a  Trustee  of  Illinois  College,  of  which  he  has 
)>een  an  ardent  friend.  In  1846  he  was  married 
to  Miss  Laura  Allen,  daughter  of  Rev.  John 
Alien,  D.  D.,  of  Huntsville,  Ala.,  and  is  the  father 
of  four  sons  and  four  daughters,  all  living. 

BABCOCK,  Amos  (  .,  was  born  at  Penn  Yaii, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  20,  1828,  the  son  of  a  member  of  Con- 
gress from  that  State;  at  the  age  of  18,  having 
lost  his  father  by  death,  came  West,  and  soon 
ufter  engaged  in  mercantile  business  in  partner- 
ship with  a  brother  at  Canton,  111.  In  1854  he 
was  elected  by  a  majority  of  one  vote,  as  an  Anti- 
N'ebraska  Whig,  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  Nine- 
teenth General  Assembly,  and,  in  the  following 
session,  took  part  in  the  election  of  United  States 
Senator  which  resulted  in  the  choice  of  Lyman 
Trumbull.  Although  a  personal  and  political 
friend  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  Mr.  Babcock,  as  a  matter 
of  policy,  cast  his  vote  for  his  townsman.  William 
Kellogg,  afterwards  Congressman  from  that  dis- 
trict, until  it  was  apparent  that  a  concentration 
of  the  Anti-Nebraska  vote  on  Trumbull  was 
necessary  to  defeat  the  election  of  a  Democrat. 
In  1862  he  was  appointed  by  President  Lincoln 
the  first  Assessor  of  Internal  Revenue  for  the 
Fourth  District,  and,  in  1863,  was  commissioned 
by  Governor  Yates  Colonel  of  the  One  Hundred 
and  Third  Illinois  Volunteers,  but  soon  resigned. 
Colonel  Babcock  served  as  Delegate-at-large  in 


the  Republican  National  Convention  of  1868, 
which  nominated  General  Grant  for  the  Presi- 
dency, and  the  same  year  was  made  Chairman  of 
the  Republican  State  Central  Committee,  also 
conducting  the  campaign  two  years  later.  He 
identified  himself  with  the  Greeley  movement  in 
1872,  but,  in  1876,  was  again  in  line  with  his 
party  and  restored  to  his  old  position  on  the  State 
Central  Committee,  serving  until  1878.  Among 
business  enterprises  with  which  he  was  con- 
nected was  the  extension,  about  1854,  of  the  Buda 
branch  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
Railroad  from  Yates  City  to  Canton,  and  the 
erection  of  the  State  Capitol  at  Austin,  Tex., 
which  was  undertaken,  in  conjunction  with 
Abner  Taylor  and  J.  V.  and  C.  B.  Farwell,  4bout 
1881  and  completed  in  1888,  for  which  the  firm 
received  over  3,000,000  acres  of  State  lands  in  the 
"Pan  Handle"  portion  of  Texas.  In  1889  Colonel 
Babcock  took  up  his  residence  in  Chicago,  which 
continued  to  be  his  home  until  his  death  from 
apoplexy,  Feb.  25,  1899. 

BABCOCK,  Andrew  J.,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Dorchester,  Norfolk  County,  Mass.,  July  19,  1880; 
began  life  as  a  coppersmith  at  Lowell;  in  1851 
went  to  Concord,  N.  H.,  and,  in  1856,  removed  to 
Springfield,  111.,  where,  in  1859,  he  joined  a  mili- 
tary company  called  the  Springfield  Greys,  com- 
manded by  Capt.  (afterwards  Gen. )  John  Cook,  of 
which  he  was  First  Lieutenant.  This  company 
became  the  nucleus  of  Company  I,  Seventh  Illi- 
nois Volunteers,  which  enlisted  on  Mr.  Lincoln's 
first  call  for  troops  in  April,  1861.  Captain  Cook 
having  been  elected  Colonel,  Babcock  succeeded 
him  as  Captain,  on  the  re-enlistment  of  the  regi- 
ment in  July  following  becoming  Lieutenant- 
Colonel,  and,  in  March,  1862,  lieing  promoted  to 
the  Colonelcy  "for  gallant  and  meritorious  service 
rendered  at  Fort  Donelson."  A  year  later  he  was 
compelled  to  resign  on  account  of  impaired 
health.  His  home  is  at  Springfield. 

BACON,  George  E.,  lawyer  and  legislator,  born 
at  Madison,  Ind. ,  Feb.  4,  1851;  was  brought  to 
Illinois  by  his  parents  at  three  years  of  age,  and. 
in  1876,  located  at  Paris,  Edgar  County ;  in  1879 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  held  various  minor 
offices,  including  one  term  as  State's  Attorney. 
In  1886  he  was  elected  as  a  Republican  to  the 
State  Senate  and  re-elected  four  years  later,  but 
finally  removed  to  Aurora,  where  he  died.  July 
6,  1896.  Mr.  Bacon  was  a  man  of  recognized 
ability,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that,  after  the  death 
of  Senator  John  A.  Logan,  he  was  selected  by  his 
colleagues  of  the  Senate  to  pronounce  the  eulogy 
on  the  deceased  statesman 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


31 


BA6BY,  John  C.,  jurist  and  Congressman,  was 
born  at  Glasgow,  Ky.,  Jan.  24,  1819.  After  pas- 
sing through  the  common  schools  of  Barren 
County,  Ky.,  he  studied  civil  engineering  at 
Bacon  College,  graduating  in  1840.  Later  he 
read  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845. 
In  1846  he  commenced  practice  at  Rushville,  111., 
confining  himself  exclusively  to  professional  work 
until  nominated  and  elected  to  Congress  in  1874, 
by  the  Democrats  of  the  (old)  Tenth  District.  In 
1883  he  was  elected  to  the  Circuit  Bench  for  the 
Sixth  Circuit.  Died,  April  4,  1896. 

BAILEY,  Joseph  Mead,  legislator  and  jurist, 
was  born  at  Middlebury,  Wyoming  County,  N.  Y., 
June  22,  1833,  graduated  from  Rochester  (N.  Y.) 
University  in  1854,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  that  city  in  1855.  In  August,  1856,  he 
removed  to  Freeport,  111. ,  where  he  soon  built  up 
a  profitable  practice.  In  1866  he  was  elected  a 
Representative  in  the  Twenty-fifth  General 
Assembly,  being  re-elected  in  1868.  Here  he  was 
especially  prominent  in  securing  restrictive  legis- 
lation concerning  railroads.  In  1876  he  was 
chosen  a  Presidential  Elector  for  his  district  on 
the  Republican  ticket.  In  1877  he  was  elected  a 
Judge  of  the  Thirteenth  judicial  district,  and 
re-elected  in  1879  and  in  1885.  In  January, 
1878,  and  again  in  June,  1879.  he  was  assigned  to 
the  bench  of  the  Appellate  Court,  being  presiding 
Justice  from  June,  1879.  to  June,  1880,  and  from 
June,  1881,  to  June.  1882.  In  1879  he  received 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  Universities  of 
Rochester  and  Chicago.  In  1888  he  was  elected 
to  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court.  Died  in 
office,  Oct.  16.  1895. 

ItAII.HAf HE,  John,  pioneer  journalist,  was 
born  in  the  Island  of  Jersey,  May  8,  1787;  after 
gaining  the  rudiments  of  an  education  in  his 
mother  tongue  (the  French),  he  acquired  a  knowl- 
edge of  English  and  some  proficiency  in  Greek 
and  Latin  in  an  academy  near  his  paternal  home, 
when  he  spent  five  years  as  a  printer's  apprentice. 
In  1810  he  came  to  the  United  States,  first  locat- 
ing at  Cambridge,  Ohio,  but,  in  1812,  purchased  a 
half  interest  in  "The  Fredonian"  at  Chillicothe 
(then  the  State  Capital),  soon  after  becoming  sole 
owner.  In  1815  he  purchased  "The  Scioto  Ga- 
zette" and  consolidated  the  two  papers  under  the 
name  of  "The  Scioto  Gazette  and  Fredonian 
Chronicle."  Here  he  remained  until  1828,  mean- 
time engaging  temporarily  in  the  banking  busi- 
ness, also  serving  one  term  in  the  Legislature 
(1820),  and  being  elected  Associate  Justice  of  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas  for  Ross  County.  In 
1828  he  removed  to  Columbus,  assuming  charge 


of  "The  Ohio  State  Journal."  served  one  term  as 
Mayor  of  the  city,  and  for  three  consecutive 
years  was  State  Printer.  Selling  out  "The  Jour- 
nal" in  1836,  he  came  west,  the  next  year  becom- 
ing part  owner,  and  finally  sole  proprietor,  of  "The 
Telegraph"  at  Alton,  111.,  which  he  conducted 
alone  or  in  association  with  various  partners  until 
1854,  when  he  retired,  giving  his  attention  to  the 
book  and  job  branch  of  the  business.  He  served  as 
Representative  from  Madison  County  in  the  Thir- 
teenth General  Assembly  (1842-44).  As  a  man 
and  a  journalist  Judge  Bailhache  commanded  the 
highest  respect,  and  did  much  to  elevate  the 
standard  of  journalism  in  Illinois,  "The  Tele- 
graph," during  the  period  of  his  connection  with 
it,  being  one  of  the  leading  papers  of  the  State. 
His  death  occurred  at  Alton,  Sept.  3,  1857,  as  the 
result  of  injuries  received  the  day  previous,  by 
being  thrown  from  a  carriage  in  which  he  was 
riding.—  Maj.  William  Henry  (Bailhache),  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Chillicothe,  Ohio, 
August  14,  1826,  removed  with  his  father  to  Alton, 
HI.,  in  1836,  was  educated  at  Shurtleff  College, 
and  learned  the  printing  trade  in  the  office  of 
"The  Telegraph,"  under  the  direction  of  his 
father,  afterwards  being  associated  with  the 
business  department.  In  1855,  in  partnership 
with  Edward  L.  Baker,  he  became  one  of  the 
proprietors  and  business  manager  of  "The  State 
Journal''  at  Springfield.  During  the  Civil  War 
he  received  from  President  Lincoln  the  appoint- 
ment of  Captain  and  Assistant  Quartermaster, 
serving  to  its  close  and  receiving  the  brevet  rank 
of  Major.  After  the  war  he  returned  to  journal- 
ism and  was  associated  at  different  times  with 
"The  State  Journal"  and  "The  Quincy  Whig," 
as  business  manager  of  each,  but  retired  in  1873 ; 
in  1881  was  appointed  by  President  Arthur, 
Receiver  of.  Public  Moneys  at  Santa  Fe.,  N.  M., 
remaining  four  years.  He  is  now  (1899)  a  resi- 
dent of  San  Diego,  Cal.,  where  he  has  been 
engaged  in  newspaper  work,  and,  under  the 
administration  of  President  McKinley,  has  been 
a  Special  Agent  of  the  Treasury  Department — 
Preston  Heath  (Bailhache),  another  son,  was 
born  in  Coluiubus.  Ohio,  Feb.  21,  1835,  served  as 
a  Surgeon  during  the  Civil  War,  later  became  a 
Surgeon  in  the  regular  army  and  has  held  posi- 
tions in  marine  hospitals  at  Baltimore,  Washing- 
ton and  New  York,  and  has  visited  Europe  in  the 
interest  of  sanitary  and  hospital  service.  At 
present  (1899)  he  occupies  a  prominent  position 
at  the  headquarters  of  the  United  States  Marine 
Hospital  Service  in  Washington. — Arthur  Lw 
(Bailhache),  a  third  son,  born  at  Alton,  111.,  April 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


12.  1839;  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  was 
employed  in  the  State  commissary  service  at 
Camp  Yates  and  Cairo,  became  Adjutant  of  the 
Thirty-eighth  Illinois  Volunteers,  and  died  at 
Pilot  Knob,  Mo.,  Jan.  9,  1862,  as  the  result  of 
disease  and  exposure  in  the  service. 

BAKER,  David  Jeirett,  lawyer  and  United 
States  Senator,  was  born  at  East  Haddam,  Conn. , 
Sept.  7,  1792.  His  family  removed  to  New  York 
in  1800,  where  he  worked  on  a  farm  during  boy- 
hood, but  graduated  from  Hamilton  College  in 
1816,  and  three  years  later  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  In  1819  he  came  to  Illinois  and  began  prac- 
tice at  Kaskaskia,  where  be  attained  prominence 
in  his  profession  and  was  made  Probate  Judge  of 
Randolph  County.  His  opposition  to  the  intro- 
duction of  slavery  into  the  State  was  so  aggres- 
sive that  his  life  was  frequently  threatened.  In 
1830  Governor  Edwards  appointed  him  United 
States  Senator,  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of 
Senator  McLean,  but  he  served  only  one  month 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  John  M.  Robinson, 
who  was  elected  by  the  Legislature.  He  was 
United  States  District  Attorney  from  1833 
to  1841  (the  State  then  constituting  but 
one  district),  and  thereafter  resumed  private 
practice.  Died  at  Alton,  August  6,  1869. 
—Henry  Southard  (Baker),  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Kaskaskia,  111.,  Nov.  10, 
1824,  received  his  preparatory  education  at  Shurt- 
leff  College.  Upper  Alton,  and,  in  1843,  entered 
Brown  University,  R.  I.,  graduating  therefrom 
in  1847;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1849,  begin- 
ning practice  at  Alton,  the  home  of  his  father, 
Hon.  David  J.  Baker.  In  1854  he  was  elected  as  an 
Anti-Nebraska  candidate  to  the  lower  branch  of 
the  Nineteenth  General  Assembly,  and,  at  the 
subsequent  session  of  the  General  Assembly,  was 
one  of  the  five  Anti-Nebraska  members  whose 
uncompromising  fidelity  to  Hon.  Lyman  Truin- 
bull  resulted  in  the  election  of  the  latter  to  the 
United  States  Senate  for  the  first  time — the  others 
being  his  colleague,  Dr.  George  T.  Allen  of  the 
House,  and  Hon.  John  M.  Palmer,  afterwards 
United  States  Senator,  Burton  C.  Cook  and  Nor- 
man B.  Judd  in  the  Senate.  He  served  as  one  of  the 
Secretaries  of  the  Republican  State  Convention 
held  at  Bloomington  in  May,  1856,  was  a  Repub- 
lican Presidential  Elector  in  1864,  and,  in  1865, 
became  Judge  of  the  Alton  City  Court,  serving 
until  1881.  In  1876  he  presided  over  the  Repub- 
lican State  Convention,  served  as  delegate  to  the 
Republican  National  Convention  of  the  same 
year  and  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for 
Congress  in  opposition  to  William  R.  Morrison. 


Judge  Baker  was  the  orator  selected  to  deliver 
the  address  on  occasion  of  the  unveiling  of  the 
statue  of  Lieut.  -Gov.  Pierre  Menard,  on  the 
capitol  grounds  at  Springfield,  in  January,  1888. 
About  1888  he  retired  from  practice,  dying  at 
Alton,  March  5,  1897.  —  Edward  L.  (Baker), 
second  son  of  David  Jewett  Baker,  was  born  at 
Kaskaskia,  111.,  June  3, 1829;  graduated  at  Shurt- 
leff  College  in  1847 ;  read  law  with  his  father  two 
years,  after  which  he  entered  Harvard  Law 
School  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Spring- 
field in  1855.  Previous  to  this  date  Mr.  Baker  had 
become  associated  with  William  H.  Bailhache,  in 
the  management  of  "The  Alton  Daily  Telegraph," 
and,  in  July,  1855,  they  purchased  "The  Illinois 
State  Journal,"  at  Springfield,  of  which  Mr. 
Baker  assumed  the  editorship,  remaining  until 
1874.  In  1869  he  was  appointed  United  States 
Assessor  for  the  Eighth  District,  serving  until 
the  abolition  of  the  office.  In  1873  he  received 
the  appointment  from  President  Grant  of  Consul 
to  Buenos  Ayres,  South  America,  and,  assuming 
the  duties  of  the  office  in  1874,  remained  there 
for  twenty-three  years,  proving  himself  one  of 
the  most  capable  and  efficient  officers  in  the  con- 
sular service.  On  the  evening  of  the  20th  of 
June,  1897,  when  Mr.  Baker  was  about  to  enter  a 
railway  train  already  in  motion  at  the  station  in 
the  city  of  Buenos  Ayres,  he  fell  under  the  cars, 
receiving  injuries  which  necessitated  the  ampu- 
tation of  his  right  arm,  finally  resulting  in  his 
death  in  the  hospital  at  Buenos  Ayres,  July  8, 
following.  His  remains  were  brought  home  at 
the  Government  expense  and  interred  in  Oak 
Ridge  Cemetery,  at  Springfield,  where  a  monu- 
ment has  since  been  erected  in  his  honor,  bearing 
a  tablet  contributed  by  citizens  of  Buenos  Ayres 
and  foreign  representatives  in  that  city  express- 
ive of  their  respect  for  his  memory. — David 
Jewett  (Baker),  Jr.,  a  third  son  of  David  Jowett 
Baker,  Sr.,  was  born  at  Kaskaskia,  Nov.  20,1834; 
graduated  from  Shurtleff  College  in  1854,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1856.  In  November  of 
that  year  he  removed  to  Cairo  and  began  prac- 
tice. He  was  Mayor  of  that  city  in  1864-65,  and, 
in  1869,  was  elected  to  the  bench  of  the  Nineteenth 
Judicial  Circuit.  The  Legislature  of  1873  (by  Act 
of  March  28)  having  divided  the  State  into 
twenty-six  circuits,  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the 
Twenty-sixth,  on  June  2,  1873.  In  August,  1878, 
he  resigned  to  accept  an  appointment  on  the 
Supreme  Bench  as  successor  to  Judge  Breese, 
deceased,  but  at  the  close  of  his  term  on  the 
Supreme  Bench  (1879),  was  re-elected  Circuit 
Judge,  and  again  in  1885.  During  this  period  he 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


served  for  several  years  on  the  Appellate  Bench. 
In  1888  he  retired  from  the  Circuit  Bench  by 
resignation  and  was  elected  a  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  for  a  term  of  nine  years.  Again, 
in  1897,  he  was  a  candidate  for  re-election,  but 
was  defeated  by  Carroll  C.  Boggs.  Soon  after 
retiring  from  the  Supreme  Bench  he  removed  to 
Chicago  and  engaged  in  general  practice,  in 
partnership  with  his  son,  John  W.  Baker.  He 
fell  dead  almost  instantly  in  his  office,  March  13, 
1899.  In  all,  Judge  Baker  had  spent  some  thirty 
years  almost  continuously  on  the  bench,  and  had 
attained  eminent  distinction  both  as  a  lawyer  and 
a  jurist. 

BAKER,  Edward  Dickinson,  soldier  and 
United  States  Senator,  was  born  in  London, 
Eng.,  Feb.  24,  1811;  emigrated  to  Illinois  while 
yet  in  his  minority,  first  locating  at  Belleville, 
afterwards  removing  to  Carrollton  and  finally  to 
Sangamon  County,  the  last  of  which  he  repre- 
sented in  the  lower  house  of  the  Tenth  General 
Assembly,  and  as  State  Senator  in  the  Twelfth 
and  Thirteenth.  He  was  elected  to  Congress  as 
a  Whig  from  the  Springfield  District,  but  resigned 
in  December,  1846,  to  accept  the  colonelcy  of  the 
Fourth  Regiment,  Illinois  Volunteers,  in  .the 
Mexican  War,  and  succeeded  General  Shields  in 
command  of  the  brigade,  when  the  latter  was 
wounded  at  Cerro  Gordo.  In  1848  he  was  elected 
to  Congress  from  the  Galena  District;  was  also 
identified  with  the  construction  of  the  Panama 
Railroad;  went  to  San  Francisco  in  1832,  but 
later  removed  to  Oregon,  where  he  was  elected 
to  the  United  States  Senate  in  1860.  In  1861  he 
resigned  the  Senatorship  to  enter  the  Union 
army,  commanding  a  brigade  at  the  battle  of 
Ball's  Bluff,  where  he  was  killed,  October  21, 1861. 

BAKER,  Jehn,  lawyer  and  Congressman,  was 
born  in  Fayette  County,  Ky.,  Nov.  4,  1822.  At 
an  early  age  he  removed  to  Illinois,  making  his 
home  in  Belleville,  St.  Clair  County.  He  re- 
ceived bis  early  education  in  the  common  schools 
and  at  McKendree  College.  Although  he  did 
not  graduate  from  the  latter  institution,  he 
received  therefrom  the  honorary  degree  of  A.  M. 
in  1858,  and  that  of  LL.  D.  in  1882.  For  a  time 
he  studied  medicine,  but  abandoned  it  for  the 
study  of  law.  From  1861  to  1805  he  was  Master 
in  Chancery  for  St.  Clair  County.  From  1865  to 
1869  he  represented  the  Belleville  District  as  a 
Republican  in  Congress.  From  1876  to  1881  and 
from  1882  to  1885  he  was  Minister  Resident  in 
Venezuela,  during  the  latter  portion  of  his  term 
of  sen-ice  acting  also  as  Consul-General.  Return- 
ing home,  he  was  again  elected  to  Congress  (1886) 


from  the  Eighteenth  District,  but  was  defeated 
for  re-election,  in  1888,  by  William  S.  Forman. 
Democrat.  Again,  in  1896,  having  identified 
himself  with  the  Free  Silver  Democracy  and 
People's  Party,  he  was  elected  to  Congress  from 
the  Twentieth  District  over  Everett  J.  Murphy, 
the  Republican  nominee,  serving  until  March  3, 
1899.  He  is  the  author  of  an  annotated  edition 
of  Montesquieu's  "Grandeur  and  Decadence  of 
tin'  Romans." 

BALDWIN,  Elmer,  agriculturist  and  legisla- 
tor, was  born  in  Litchfield  County,  Conn.,  March 
8,  1806 ;  at  16  years  of  age  began  teaching  a  coun- 
try school,  continuing  this  occupation  for  several 
years  during  the  winter  months,  while  working 
on  his  father's  farm  in  the  summer.  He  then 
started  a  store  at  New  Milford,  which  he  man- 
aged for  three  years,  when  he  sold  out  on  account 
of  his  health  and  began  farming.  In  1833  he 
came  west  and  purchased  a  considerable  tract  of 
Government  land  in  La  Salle  County,  where  the 
village  of  Farm  Ridge  is  now  situated,  removing 
thither  with  his  family  the  following  year.  He 
served  as  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  fourteen  con- 
secutive terms,  as  Postmaster  twenty  years  and 
as  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Supervisors  of  La 
Salle  County  six  years.  In  1856  he  was  elected 
as  a  Republican  to  the  House  of  Representatives, 
was  re-elected  to  the  same  office  in  1866,  and  to 
the  State  Senate  in  1872,  serving  two  years.  He 
was  also  appointed,  in  1869,  a  member  of  the  first 
Board  of  Public  Charities,  serving  as  President  of 
the  Board.  Mr.  Baldwin  is  author  of  a  "His- 
tory of  La  Salle  County,"  which  contains  much 
local  and  biographical  history.  Died,  Nov.  18, 
1895. 

BALDWIN',  Theron,  clergyman  and  educa- 
tor, was  born  in  Goshen,  Conn.,  July  21,  1801; 
graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1827;  after  two 
years'  study  in  the  theological  school  there,  was 
ordained  a  home  missionary  in  1829,  becoming 
one  of  the  celebrated  "Yale  College  Band,"  or 
"Western  College  Society,"  of  which  he  was  Cor- 
responding Secretary  during  most  of  his  life.  He 
was  settled^  as  a  Congregationalist  minister  at 
Vandalia  for  two  years,  and  was  active  in  pro- 
curing the  charter  of  Illinois  College  at  Jackson- 
ville, of  which  he  was  a  Trustee  from  its 
organization  to  his  death.  He  served  for  a 
number  of  years,  from  1831,  as  Agent  of  the 
Home  Missionary  Society  for  Illinois,  and,  in 
1838,  became  the  first  Principal  of  Monticello 
Female  Seminary,  near  Alton,  which  he  con- 
ducted five  years.  Died  at  Orange,  N.  J.,  April 
10,  1870. 


34 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


BALLARD,  Addison,  merchant,  was  born  of 
Quaker  parentage  in  Warren  County,  Ohio,  No- 
vember, 1823.  He  located  at  La  Porte,  1ml.. 
about  1841,  where  he  learned  and  pursued  the 
carpenter's  trade;  in  1849  went  to  California, 
remaining  two  years,  when  he  returned  to  La 
Porte;  in  1853  removed  to  Chicago  and  embarked 
in  the  lumber  trade,  which  he  prosecuted  until 
1887,  retiring  with  a  competency.  Mr.  Ballard 
served  several  years  as  one  of  the  Commissioners 
of  Cook  County,  and,  from  1876  to  1882,  as  Alder- 
man of  the  City  of  Chicago,  and  again  in  the 
latter  office,  1894-90. 

BALTES,  Peter  Joseph,  Roman  Catholic  Bishop 
of  Alton,  was  born  at  Ensheim,  Rhenish  Ba- 
varia, April  7,  1827 ;  was  educated  at  the  colleges 
of  the  Holy  Cross,  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  and  of  St. 
Ignatius,  at  Chicago,  and  at  Lavalle  University, 
Montreal,  and  was  ordained  a  priest  in  1853,  and 
consecrated  Bishop  in  1870.  His  diocesan  admin- 
istration was  successful,  but  regarded  by  his 
priests  as  somewhat  arbitrary.  He  wrote  numer- 
ous pastoral  letters  and  brochures  for  the  guidance 
of  clergy  and  laity.  His  most  important  literary 
work  was  entitled  "Pastoral  Instruction,"  first 
edition,  N.  Y.,  1875;  second  edition  (revised  and 
enlarged),  1880.  Died  at  Alton,  Feb.  15,  1886. 

BALTIMORE  &  OHIO  SOUTHWESTERN 
RAILWAY.  This  road  (constituting  a  part  of  the 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  system)  is  made  up  of  two 
principal  divisions,  the  first  extending  across  the 
State  from  East  St.  Louis  to  Belpre,  Ohio,  and  the 
second  (known  as  the  Springfield  Division)  extend- 
ing from  Beardstown  to  Shawneetown.  The  total 
mileage  of  the  former  (or  main  line)  is  V;7 
miles,  of  which  147)4  are  in  Illinois,  and  of  the 
latter  (wholly  within  Illinois)  228  miles.  The 
main  line  (originally  known  as  the  Ohio  &  Mis- 
sissippi Railway)  was  chartered  in  Indiana  in 
1848,  in  Ohio  in  1849,  and  in  Illinois  in  1851.  It 
was  constructed  by  two  companies,  the  section 
from  Cincinnati  to  the  Indiana  and  Illinois  State 
line  being  known  as  the  Eastern  Division,  and 
that  in  Illinois  as  the  Western  Division,  the 
gauge,  as  originally  built,  being  six  feet,  but 
reduced  in  1871  to  standard.  The  banking  firm 
of  Page  &  Bacon,  of  St.  Louis  and  San  Francisco, 
were  the  principal  financial  backers  of  the  enter- 
prise. The  line  was  completed  and  opened  for 
traffic,  May  1,  1857.  The  following  year  the  roail 
became  financially  embarrassed;  the  Eastern  Di- 
vision was  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  receiver  in 
1860.  while  the  Western  Division  was  sold  under 
foreclosure,  in  1862,  and  reorganized  as  the  Ohio 
&  Mississippi  Railway  under  act  of  the  Illinois 


Legislature  passed  in  February,  1861.  The  East- 
ern Division  was  sold  in  January,  1867;  and,  in 
November  of  the  same  year,  the  two  divisions 
were  consolidated  under  the  title  of  the  Ohio  & 
Mississippi  Railway. — The  Springfield  Division 
was  the  result  of  the  consolidation,  in  December. 
1869,  of  the  Pana,  Springfield  &  Northwestern 
and  the  Illinois  &  Southeastern  Railroad — each 
having  been  chartered  in  1867 — the  new  corpo- 
ration taking  the  name  of  the  Springfield  &  Illi- 
nois Southeastern  Railroad,  under  which  name 
the  road  was  built  and  opened  in  March,  1871.  In 
1873,  it  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  receivers;  iu 
1874  was  sold  under  foreclosure,  and,  on  March 
1,  1875,  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Ohio  &  Mis- 
sissippi Railway  Company.  In  November,  1876, 
the  road  was  again  placed  in  the  hands  of  a 
receiver,  but  was 'restored  to  the  Company  in  1884. 
— In  November,  1893,  the  Ohio  &  Mississippi  was 
consolidated  with  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  South- 
western Railroad,  which  was  the  successor  of  the 
Cincinnati,  Washington  &  Baltimore  Railroad, 
the  reorganized  Company  taking  the  name  of  tin- 
Baltimore  &  /Ohio  Southwestern  Railway  Com- 
pany. The  total  capitalization  of  the  road,  as 
organized  in  1898,  was  $84,770,531.  Several 
branches  of  the  main  line  in  Indiana  and  Ohio  go 
to  increase  the  aggregate  mileage,  but  bein£ 
wholly  outside  of  Illinois  are  not  taken  into  ar- 
count  in  this  statement. 

BALTIMORE  &  OHIO  it  CHICAGO  RAIL- 
ROAD,  part  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad 
System,  of  which  only  8.21  out  of  265  miles  are  in 
Illinois.  The  principal  object  of  the  company's 
incorporation  was  to  secure  entrance  for  the 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  into  Chicago.  The  capital 
stock  outstanding  exceeds  $1,000,000.  The  total 
capital  (including  stock,  funded  and  floating  debt) 
is  $20, 329, 166  "or  $76,728  per  mile.  The  gross 
earnings  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1898,  were 
$3,383,016  and  the  operating  expenses  $2,493,452. 
The  income  and  earnings  for  the  portion  of  the. 
line  in  Illinois  for  the  same  period  were  $209,208 
and  the  expenses  $208,096. 

BANGS,  Mark,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Franklin 
County,  Mass.,  Jan.  9,  1822;  spent  his  boy- 
hood on  a  farm  in  Western  New  York,  and,  after 
a  year  in  an  institution  at  Rochester,  came  l« 
Chicago  in  1844,  later  spending  two  years  in  farm 
work  and  teaching  in  Central  Illinois.  Return- 
ing east  in  1847,  he  engaged  in  teaching  for 
two  years  at  Springfield,  Mass.,  then  spent 
a  year  in  a  dry  goods  store  at  Lacon,  111., 
meanwhile  prosecuting  his  legal  studies.  Ik 
1851  he  began  practice,  was  elected  a  Judgt 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF   ILLINOIS. 


35 


of  the  Circuit  Court  in  1859 ;  served  one  session 
as  State  Senator  (1870-72);  in  1873  was  ap- 
pointed Circuit  Judge  to  fill  the  unexpired 
term  of  Judge  Richmond,  deceased,  and,  in  1875, 
was  appointed  by  President  Grant  United  States 
District  Attorney  for  the  Northern  District, 
remaining  in  office  four  years.  Judge  Bangs  was 
also  a  member  of  the  first  Anti-Nebraska  State 
Convention  of  Illinois,  held  at  Springfield  in  1854; 
in  1862  presided  over  the  Congressional  Conven- 
tion which  nominated  Owen  Lovejoy  for  Congress 
for  the  first  time ;  was  one  of  the  charter  members 
of  the  "Union  League  of  America,"  serving  as  its 
President,  and,  in  1868,  was  a  delegate  to  the 
National  Convention  which  nominated  General 
Grant  foi  President  for  the  first  time.  After 
retiring  from  the  office  of  District  Attorney  in 
1879,  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  is  still 
(1898)  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profession. 

BAMiSOX,  Andrew,  pioneer  and  early  legis- 
lator, a  native  of  Tennessee,  settled  on  Silver  % 
Creek,  in  St.  Clair  County,  111.,  four  miles  south 
of  Lebanon,  about  1808  or  1810,  and  subsequently 
removed  to  Washington  County.  He  was  a  Col- 
onel of  "Rangers"  during  the  War  of  1812,  and  a 
Captain  in  the  Black  Hawk  War  of  1832.  In 
1822  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  from 
Washington  Ceunty,  serving  four  years,  and  at 
the  session  of  1822-23  was  one  of  those  who  voted 
against  the  Convention  resolution  which  had  for 
its  object  to  make  Illinois  a  slave  State.  He  sub- 
sequently removed  to  Iowa  Territory,  but  died,  in 
1853,  while  visiting  a  son-in-law  in  Wisconsin. 

BAPTISTS.  The  first  Baptist  minister  to  set- 
tle in  Illinois  was  Elder  James  Smith,  who 
located  at  New  Design,  in  1787.  He  was  fol- 
lowed, about  1796-97,  by  Revs.  David  Badgley  and 
Joseph  Chance,  who  organized  the  first  Baptist 
church  within  the  limits  of  the  State.  Five 
churches,  having  four  ministers  and  111  mem- 
bers, formed  an  association  in  1807.  Several 
causes,  among  them  a  difference  of  views  on  the 
slavery  question,  resulted  in  the  division  of  the 
denomination  into  factions.  Of  these  perhaps 
the  most  numerous  was  the  Regular  (or  Mission- 
ary) Baptists,  at  the  head  of  which  was  Rev.  John 
M.  Peck,  a  resident  of  the  State  from  1822  until 
his  death  (1858).  By  1835  the  sect  had  grown, 
until  it  had  some  350  churches,  with  about  7,500 
members.  These  were  under  the  ecclesiastical 
care  of  twenty-two  Associations.  Rev.  Isaac 
McCoy,  a  Baptist  Indian  missionary,  preached  at 
Fort  Dearborn  on  Oct.  9,  1825,  and,  eight  years 
later.  Rev.  Allen  B.  Freeman  organized  the  first 
Baptist  society  in  what  was  then  an  infant  set- 


tlement. By  1890  the  number  of  Associations 
had  grown  to  forty,  with  1010  churches,  891 
ministers  and  88,884  members.  A  Baptist  Theo- 
logical Seminary  was  for  some  time  supported  at 
Morgan  Park,  but,  in  1895,  was  absorbed  by  the 
University  of  Chicago,  becoming  the  divinity 
school  of  that  institution.  The  chief  organ  of  the 
denomination  in  Illinois  is  "The  Standard."  pub- 
lished at  Chicago. 

BABBER,  Hiram,  was  born  in  Warren  County, 
N.  Y.,  March  24,  1835.  At  11  years  of  age  he 
accompanied  his  family  to  Wisconsin,  of  which 
State  he  was  a  resident  until  1866.  After  gradu- 
ating at  the  State  University  of  Wisconsin,  at 
Madison,  he  studied  law  at  the  Albany  Law 
School,  and  was  admitted  to  practice.  After 
serving  one  term  as  District  Attorney  of  his 
county  in  Wisconsin  (1861-62),  and  Assistant 
Attorney-General  of  the  State  for  1865-66,  in 
the  latter  year  he  came  to  Chicago  and,  in  1878, 
was  elected  to  Congress  by  the  Republicans  of 
the  old  Second  Illinois  District.  His  home  is  in 
Chicago,  where  he  holds  the  position  of  Master  in 
Chancery  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Cook  County. 

BARDOLPH,  a  village  of  McDonough  County, 
on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  7 
miles  northeast  of  Macomb;  has  a  local  paper. 
Population  (1880),  409;  (1890),  447;  (1900),  387. 

ItAKNSB.Vt  k,  George  Frederick  Jnlins,  pio- 
neer, was  born  in  Germany,  July  25,  1781 ;  came 
to  Philadelphia  in  1797,  and  soon  after  to  Ken- 
tucky, where  he  became  an  overseer;  two  or 
three  years  later  visited  his  native  country,  suf- 
fering shipwreck  en  route  in  the  English  Channel ; 
returned  to  Kentucky  in  1802,  remaining  until 
1809,  when  he  removed  to  what  is  now  Madison 
(then  a  part  of  St.  Clair)  County,  111. ;  served  in 
the  War  of  1812,  farmed  and  raised  stock  until 
1824,  when,  after  a  second  visit  to  Germany,  he 
bought  a  plantation  in  St.  Francois  County,  Mo. 
Subsequently  becoming  disgusted  with  slavery, 
he  manumitted  his  slaves  and  returned  to  Illinois, 
locating  on  a  farm  near  Edwardsville,  where  he 
resided  until  his  death  in  1869.  Mr.  Barnsback 
served  as  Representative  in  the  Fourteenth  Gen- 
eral Assembly  (1844-46)  and,  after  returning  from 
Springfield,  distributed  his  salary  among  the  poor 
of  Madison  County. — Julius  A.  (Bamsback),  his 
son,  was  born  in  St.  Francois  County,  Mo.,  May 
14,  1826;  in  1846  became  a  merchant  at  Troy, 
Madison  County ;  was  elected  Sheriff  in  1860 ;  in 
1864  entered  the  service  as  Captain  of  a  Company 
in  the  One  Hundred  and  Fortieth  Illinois  Volun- 
teers (100-days'  men);  also  served  as  a  member  of 
the  Twenty -fourth  General  Assembly  (1865). 


36 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


BABNUH,  William  II .,  lawyer  and  ex-Judge, 
was  born  in  Onondaga  County,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  18, 
1840.  When  he  was  but  two  years  old  his  family 
removed  to  St.  Clair  County,  111.,  where  he  passed 
his  boyhood  and  youth.  His  preliminary  educa- 
tion was  obtained  at  Belleville,  111-.  Ypsilanti, 
Mich.,  and  at  the  Michigan  State  University  at 
Ann  Arbor.  After  leaving  the  institution  last 
named  at  the  end  of  the  sophomore  year,  he 
taught  school  at  Belleville,  still  pursuing  his  clas- 
sical studies.  In  1862  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
at  Belleville,  and  soon  afterward  opened  an  office 
at  Chester,  where,  for  a  time,  he  held  the  oilier 
of  Master  in  Chancery.  He  removed  to  Chicago 
in  1867,  and,  in  1879,  was  elevated  to  the  bench 
of  the  Cook  County  Circuit  Court.  At  the  expi- 
ration of  his  term  he  resumed  private  practice. 

BARRERE,  (iranville,  was  born  in  Highland 
County,  Ohio.  After  attending  the  common 
schools,  he  acquired  a  higher  education  at  Au- 
gusta, Ky. ,  and  Marietta.  Ohio.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  his  native  State,  but  began  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  Fulton  County.  111.,  in  1856.  In 
1872  he  received  the  Republican  nomination  for 
Congress  and  was  elected,  representing  his  dis- 
trict from  1873  to  1875,  at  the  conclusion  of  his 
term  retiring  to  private  life.  Died  at  Canton, 
111.,  Jan.  13.  1889. 

HARRINGTON,  a  village  located  on  the  north- 
ern border  of  Cook  County,  and  partly  in  Lake, 
at  the  intersection  of  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern 
and  the  Elgin,  Joliet  &  Eastern  Railway,  32  miles 
northwest  of  Chicago.  It  has  banks,  a  local  paper, 
and  several  cheese  factories,  being  in  a  dairying 
district.  Population  (1890),  848;  (1900),  1,162. 

BARROWS,  John  Henry,  D.  !>.,  clergyman 
and  educator,  was  born  at  Medina,  Mich.,  July 
11,  1847;  graduated  at  Mount  Olivet  College  in 
1867,  and  studied  theology  at  Yale,  Union  and 
Andover  Seminaries.  In  1869  he  went  to  Kansas, 
where  he  spent  two  and  a  half  years  in  mission- 
ary and  educational  work.  He  then  (in  1872) 
accepted  a  call  to  the  First  Congregational 
Church  at  Springfield,  111.,  where  he  remained  a 
year,  after  which  he  gave  a  year  to  foreign  travel, 
visiting  Europe,  Egypt  and  Palestine,  during  a 
part  of  the  time  supplying  the  American  chapel 
in  Paris.  On  his  return  to  the  United  States  he 
spent  six  years  in  pastoral  work  at  Lawrence  and 
East  Boston,  Mass.,  when  (in  November,  1881)  he 
assumed  the  pastorate  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Chicago.  Dr.  Barrows  achieved  a 
world-wide  celebrity  by  his  services  as  Chairman 
of  the  "Parliament  of  Religions,"  a  branch  of  the 
"World's  Congress  Auxiliary,"  held  during  the 


World's  Columbian  Exposition  in  Chicago  in 
1893.  Later,  he  was  appointed  Professorial  Lec- 
turer on  Comparative  Religions,  under  lectureships 
in  connection  with  the  University  of  Chicago  en- 
dowed by  Mrs.  Caroline  E.  Haskell.  One  of  these, 
established  in  Dr.  Barrows'  name,  contemplated 
a  series  of  lectures  in  India,  to  be  delivered  on 
alternate  years  with  a  similar  course  at  the  Uni- 
versity. Courses  were  delivered  at  the  University 
•in  1895-96,  and,  in  order  to  carry  out  the  purposes 
of  the  foreign  lectureship,  Dr.  Barrows  found  it 
necessary  to  resign  his  pastorate,  which  he  did  in 
the  spring  of  1896.  After  spending  the  summer 
in  Germany,  the  regular  itinerary  of  the  round- 
the-world  tour  began  at  London  in  the  latter  part 
of  November,  1896,  ending  with  his  return  to  the 
United  States  by  way  of  San  Francisco  in  May, 
1897.  Dr.  Barrows  was  accompanied  by  a  party 
of  personal  friends  from  Chicago  and  elsewhere, 
the  tour  embracing  Visits  to  the  principal  cities 
of  Southern  Europe,  Egypt,  Palestine,  China  and 
Japan,  with  a  somewhat  protracted  stay  in  India 
during  the  winter  of  1898-97.  After  his  return  to 
the  United  States  he  lectured  at  the  University 
of  Chicago  and  in  many  of  the  principal  cities  of 
the  country,  on  the  moral  and  religious  condition 
of  Oriental  nations,  but,  in  1898,  was  offered 
the  Presidency  of  Oberlin  College,  Ohio,  which 
he  accepted,  entering  upon  his  duties  early  in 
1899. 

HARRY,  »  city  in  Pike  County,  founded  in 
1«:!6,  on  Hi.'  Wabash  Railroad,  18  miles  east  of 
1 1. inn  II  i-il.  Mo.,  and  30  miles  southeast  of  Quincy. 
The  surrounding  country  is  agricultural.  The 
city  contains  flouring  mills,  porkpacking  and 
poultry  establishments,  etc.  It  has  two  local 
papers,  two  banks,  three  churches  and  a  high 
school,  besides  schools  of  lower  grade.  Popula- 
tion (1880),  1,392;  (1890),  1,854;  (1900),  1.648. 

BARTLETT,  Adolphns  Clay,  merchant,  was 
Ixjrn  of  Revolutionary  ancestry  at  Stratford, 
Fulton  County,  N.  Y. ,  June  22, 1844 ;  was  educated 
in  the  common  schools  and  at  Danville  Academy 
and  Clinton  Liberal  Institute,  N.  Y. ,  and,  coming 
to  Chicago  in  1863,  entered  into  the  employment 
of  the  hardware  firm  of  Tuttle,  Hibbard  &  Co., 
now  Hibbard,  Spencer,  Bartlett  &  Co.,  of  which, 
a  few  years  later,  he  became  a  partner,  and  later 
Vice-President  of  the  Company.  Mr.  Bartlett 
has  also  been  a  Trustee  of  Beloit  College,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Chicago  Home  for  the  Friendless  and 
a  Director  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad  and 
the  Metropolitan  National  Bank,  besides  being 
identified  with  various  other  business  and  benevo- 
lent associations. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


37 


BASCOM,  (Bev.)  Flavel,  1).  D.,  clergyman, 
was  born  at  Lebanon,  Conn.,  June  8,  1804;  spent 
his  boyhood  on  a  farm  until  17  years  of  age,  mean- 
while attending  the  common  schools;  prepared 
for  college  under  a  private  tutor,  and,  in  1824, 
entered  Yale  College,  graduating  in  1828.  After  a 
year  as  Principal  of  the  Academy  at  New  Canaan, 
Conn.,  he  entered  upon  the  study  of  theology 
at  Yale,  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1831  and,  for 
the  next  two  years,  served  as  a  tutor  in  the  liter- 
ary department  of  the  college.  Then  coming  to 
Illinois  (1883),  he  cast  his  lot  with  the  "Yale 
Band,"  organized  at  Yale  College  a  few  years 
previous;  spent  five  years  in  missionary  work  in 
Tazewell  County  and  two  years  in  Northern  Illi- 
nois as  Agent  of  the  Home  Missionary  Society, 
exploring  new  settlements,  founding  churches 
and  introducing  missionaries  to  new  fields  of 
labor.  In  1839  he  became  pastor  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Chicago,  remaining  until 
1849,  when  he  assumed  the  pastorship  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  at  Galesburg,  this  relation 
continuing  until  1856.  Then,  after  a  year's  serv- 
ice as  the  Agent  of  the  American  Missionary 
Association  of  the  Congregational  Church,  he 
accepted  a  call  to  the  Congregational  Church  at 
Princeton,  where  he  remained  until  1869,  when 
he  took  charge  of  the  Congregational  Church  at 
Hinsdale.  From  1878  he  served  for  a  consider- 
able period  as  a  member  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  the  Illinois  Home  Missionary  Society; 
was  also  prominent  in  educational  work,  being 
one  of  the  founders  and,  for  over  twenty-five 
years,  an  officer  of  the  Chicago  Theological 
Seminary,  a  Trustee  of  Knox  College  and  one  of 
the  founders  and  a  Trustee  of  Beloit  College, 
Wis.,  from  which  he  received  the  degree  of  D.  T>. 
in  1889.  Dr.  Bascom  died  at  Princeton,  111., 
August  8,  1890. 

BATAYIA,  a  city  in  Kane  County,  on  Fox 
River  and  branch  lines  of  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western and  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
Railroads,  35  miles  west  of  Chicago:  has  water 
power  and  several  prosperous  manufacturing 
establishments  employing  over  1,000  operatives. 
The  city  lias  fine  water-works  supplied  from  an 
artesian  well,  electric  lighting  plant,  electric 
street  car  lines  with  interurban  connections,  two 
weekly  papers,  eight  churches,  two  public 
schools,  and  private  hospital  for  insane  women. 
Population  (1900),  3,871;  (1903,  est),  4,400. 

BATKMAX,  Newton,  A.  M.,  LI,. I).,  educator 
and  Editor-in-Chief  of  the  "Historical  Encyclo- 
|mdia  of  Illinois,"  was  born  at  Fairfield,  N.  J., 
July  27,  1822,  of  mixed  English  and  Scotch  an- 


cestry ;  was  brought  by  his  parents  to  Illinois  in 
1833;  in  his  youth  enjoyed  only  limited  educa- 
tional advantages,  but  graduated  from  Illinois 
College  at  Jacksonville  in  1843.  supporting  him- 
self during  his  college  course  wholly  by  his  own 
labor.  Having  contemplated  entering  the  Chris- 
tian ministry,  he  spent  the  following  year  at  Lane 
Theological  Seminary,  but  was  compelled  to 
withdraw  on  account  of  failing  health,  when  he 
gave  a  year  to  travel.  He  then  entered  upon  his 
life-work  as  a  teacher  by  engaging  as  Principal 
of  an  English  and  Classical  School  in  St.  Louis, 
remaining  there  two  years,  when  he  accepted  the 
Professorship  of  Mathematics  in  St.  Charles  Col- 
lege, at  St.  Charles,  Mo.,  continuing  in  that 
position  four  years  (1847-51).  Returning  to  Jack- 
sonville, 111.,  in  the  latter  year,  he  assumed  the 
principalship  of  the  main  public  school  of  that 
city.  Here  he  remained  seven  years,  during  four 
i if  them  discharging  the  duties  of  County  Super- 
intendent of  Schools  for  Morgan  County.  In  the 
fall  of  1857  he  became  Principal  of  Jacksonville 
Female  Academy,  but  the  following  year  was 
elected  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion, having  been  nominated  for  the  office  by  the 
Republican  State  Convention  of  1858,  which  put 
Abraham  Lincoln  in  nomination  for  the  United 
.States  Senate.  By  successive  re-elections  he  con- 
tinued in  this  office  fourteen  years,  sen-ing  con- 
tinuously from  1859  to  1875,  except  two  years 
(1863-65),  as  the  result  of  his  defeat  for  re-election 
in  1862.  He  was  also  endorsed  for  the  same  office 
by  the  State  Teachers'  Association  in  1856,  but 
was  not  formally  nominated  by  a  State  Conven- 
tion. During  his  incumbency  the  Illinois  com- 
mon school  system  was  developed  and  brought  to 
the  state  of  efficiency  which  it>  lias  so  well  main- 
tained. He  also  prepared  some  seven  volumes  of 
biennial  reports,  portions  of  which  have  been 
republished  in  five  different  languages  of  Europe, 
besides  a  volume  of  "Common  School  Decisions," 
originally  published  by  authority  of  the  General 
Assembly,  and  of  which  several  editions  have 
since  been  issued.  This  volume  lias  been  recog- 
nized by  the  courts,  and  is  still  regarded  as 
authoritative  on  the  subjects  to  which  it  relates. 
In  addition  to  his  official  duties  during  a  part  of 
this  period,  for  three  years  he  served  as  editor  of 
"The  Illinois  Teacher,"  and  was  one  of  a  com- 
mittee of  three  which  prepared  tlie  bill  adopted 
by  Congress  creating  the  National  Bureau  of 
Education.  Occupying  a  room  in  the  old  State 
Capitol  at  Springfield  adjoining  that  used  as  an 
office  by  Abraham  Lincoln  during  the  first  candi- 
dacy of  the  latter  for  the  Presidency,  in  1860.  a 


I 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


close  intimacy  sprang  up  between  the  two  men, 
which  enabled  the  "School-master,"  as  Mr.  Lin- 
coln playfully  called  the  Doctor,  to  acquire  an 
insight  into  the  character  of  the  future  emanci- 
pator of  a  race,  enjoyed  by  few  men  of  that  time, 
and  of  which  he  gave  evidence  by  his  lectures 
full  of  interesting  reminiscence  and  eloquent 
appreciation  of  the  high  character  of  the  "Martyr 
President."  A  few  months  after  his  retirement 
from  the  State  Superintendency  (1875),  Dr.  Bate- 
man  was  offered  and  accepted  the  Presidency  of 
Knox  College  at  Galesburg,  remaining  until  1893, 
when  he  voluntarily  tendered  his  resignation. 
This,  after  having  been  repeatedly  urged  upon 
the  Board,  was  finally  accepted ;  but  that  body 
immediately,  and  by  unanimous  vote,  appointed 
him  President  Emeritus  and  Professor  of  Mental 
and  Moral  Science,  under  which  he  continued  to 
discharge  his  duties  as  a  special  lecturer  as  his 
health  enabled  him  to  do  so.  During  his  incum- 
bency as  President  of  Knox  College,  he  twice 
received  a  tender  of  the  Presidency  of  Iowa  State 
University  and  the  Chancellorship  of  two  other 
important  State  institutions.  He  also  served,  by 
appointment  of  successive  Governors  between  1877 
and  1891,  as  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of 
Health,  for  four  years  of  this  period  being  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board.  In  February,  1878,  Dr.  Bate- 
man,  unexpectedly  and  without  solicitation  on  his 
part,  received  from  President  Hayes  an  appoint- 
ment as  "Assay  Commissioner"  to  examine  and 
test  the  fineness  and  weight  of  United  States 
coins,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the 
act  of  Congress  of  June  22,  1874,  and  discharged 
the  duties  assigned  at  the  mint  in  Philadelphia. 
Never  of  a  very  strong  physique,  which  was 
rather  weakened  by  his  privations  while  a  stu- 
dent and  his  many  years  of  close  confinement  to 
mental  labor,  towards  the  close  of  his  life  Dr. 
Bateman  suffered  much  from  a  chest  trouble 
which  finally  developed  into  "angina  pectoris," 
or  heart  disease,  from  which,  as  the  result  of  a 
most  painful  attack,  he  died  at  his  home  in  Gales- 
burg,  Oct.  21,  1897.  The  event  produced  the 
most  profound  sorrow,  not  only  among  his  associ- 
ates in  the  Faculty  and  among  the  students  of 
Knox  College,  but  a  large  number  of  friends 
throughout  the  State,  who  had  known  him  offi- 
cially or  personally,  and  had  learned  to  admire 
his  many  noble  and  beautiful  traits  of  character. 
His  funeral,  which  occurred  at  Galesburg  on 
Oct.  25,  called  out  an  immense  concourse  of 
sorrowing  friends.  Almost  the  last  labors  per- 
formed by  Dr.  Bateman  were  in  the  revision  of 
matter  for  this  volume,  in  which  he  manifested 


the  deepest  interest  from  the  time  of  his  assump- 
tion of  the  duties  of  its  Editor-in-Chief.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  he  had  the  satisfaction  of  know- 
ing that  his  work  in  this  field  was  practically 
complete.  Dr.  Bateman  had  been  twice  married, 
first  in  1850  to  Miss  Sarah  Dayton  of  Jacksonville, 
who  died  in  1857,  and  a  second  time  in  October, 
•1859,  to  Miss  Annie  N.  Tyler,  of  Massachusetts 
(but  for  some  time  a  teacher  in  Jacksonville 
Female  Academy),  who  died,  May  28,  1878. — 
Clifford  Rush  (Bateman),  a  son  of  Dr.  Bateman 
by  his  first  marriage,  was  born  at  Jacksonville, 
March  7,  1854,  graduated  at  Amherst  College  and 
later  from  the  law  department  of  Columbia  Col- 
lege, New  York,  afterwards  prosecuting  his 
studies  at  Berlin,  Heidelberg  and  Paris,  finally 
becoming  Professor  of  Administrative  Law  and 
Government  in  Columbia  College — a  position 
especially  created  for  him.  He  had  filled  this 
position  a  little  over  one  year  when  his  career — 
which  was  one  of  great  promise — was  cut  short  by 
death,  Feb.  6,  1883.  Three  daughters  of  Dr.  Bate- 
man survive — all  the  wives  of  clergymen. — P.  S. 

BATES,  Clara  Doty,  author,  was  born  at  Ann 
Arbor,  Mich.,  Dec.  22,  1838;  published  her  first 
book  in  1868;  the  next  year  married  Morgan 
Bates,  a  Chicago  publisher;  wrote  much  for 
juvenile  periodicals,  besides  stories  and  poems, 
some  of  the  most  popular  among  the  latter  being 
"Blind  Jakey"  (1868)  and  "JEsop's  Fables"  in 
verse  (1873).  She  was  the  collector  of  a  model 
library  for  children,  for  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition,  1893.  Died  in  Chicago,  Oct.  14,  1895. 
BATES,  Uraslns  Newton,  soldier  and  State 
Treasurer,  was  born  at  Plainfield,  Mass.,  Feb.  29, 
1828,  being  descended  from  Pilgrims  of  the  May- 
flower. When  8  years  of  age  he  was  brought  by 
his  father  to  Ohio,  where  the  latter  soon  after- 
ward died.  For  several  years  he  lived  with  an 
uncle,  preparing  himself  for  college  and  earning 
money  by  teaching  and  manual  labor.  He  gradu- 
ated from  Williams  College,  Mass.,  in  1853,  and 
commenced  the  study  of  law  in  New  York  City, 
but  later  removed  to  Minnesota,  where  he  served 
as  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1856  and  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  in  1857. 
In  1859  he  removed  to  Centralia,  111.,  and  com- 
menced practice  there  in  August,  1862;  was  com- 
missioned Major  of  the  Eightieth  Illinois 
Volunteers,  being  successively  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  and  Colonel,  and 
finally  brevetted  Brigadier-General.  For  fifteen 
months  he  was  a  prisoner  of  war,  escaping  from 
Libby  Prison  only  to  be  recaptured  and  later 
exposed  to  the  fire  of  the  Union  batteries  at  Mor- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


39 


ris  Island,  Charleston  harbor.  In  1866  he  was 
elected  to  the  Legislature,  and,  in  1868,  State 
Treasurer,  being  re-elected  to  the  latter  office 
under  the  new  Constitution  of  1870,  and  serving 
until  January,  1873.  Died  at  Minneapolis, 
Minn.,  May  29,  1898,  and  was  buried  at  Spring- 
field. 

BATES,  George  (.'.,  lawyer  and  politician,  was 
born  in  Canandaigua,  N.  Y  .  and  removed  to 
Michigan  in  1834 ;  in  1849  was  appointed  United 
States  District  Attorney  for  that  State,  but  re- 
moved to  California  in  1830,  where  he  became  a 
member  of  the  celebrated  "Vigilance  Committee" 
at  San  Francisco,  and,  in  1856,  delivered  the  first 
Republican  speech  there.  From  1861  to  1871,  he 
practiced  law  in  Chicago;  the  latter  year  was 
appointed  District  Attorney  for  Utah,  serving 
two  years,  in  1878  ^  removing  to  Denver,  Colo., 
where  he  died,  Feb.  11,  1886.  Mr.  Bates  was  an 
orator  of  much  reputation,  and  was  selected  to 
express  the  thanks  of  the  citizens  of  Chicago  to 
Gen.  B.  J.  Sweet,  commandant  of  Camp  Douglas, 
after  the  detection  and  defeat  of  the  Camp  Doug- 
las conspiracy  in  November,  1864 — a  duty  which 
he  performed  in  an  address  of  great  eloquence. 
At  an  early  day  he  married  the  widow  of  Dr. 
Alexander  Wolcott,  for  a  number  of  years  previ- 
ous to  1830  Indian  Agent  at  Chicago,  his  wife 
being  a  daughter  of  John  Kinzie,  the  first  white 
settler  of  Chicago. 

BATH,  a  village  of  Mason  County,  on  the 
Jacksonville  branch  of  the  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St. 
Louis  Railway,  8  miles  south  of  Havana.  Popu- 
lation (1880),  439;  (1890),  384;  (1900),  330. 

BATI.IS,  a  corporate  village  of  Pike  County, 
on  the  main  line  of  the  Wabash  Railway, 40  miles 
southeast  of  Quinsy ;  lias  one  newspaper.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  368;  (1900),  340. 

BAYLISS,  Alfred,  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction,  was  born  about  1846,  served  as  a 
private  in  the  First  Michigan  Cavalry  the  last 
two  years  of  the  Civil  War,  and  graduated  from 
Hillsdale  College  (Mich.),  in  1870,  supporting 
himself  during  his  college  course  by  work  upon  a 
farm  and  teaching.  After  serving  three  years  as 
County  Superintendent  of  Schools  in  La  Grange 
County,  linl  .  in  1874  he  came  to  Illinois  and 
entered  upon  the  vocation  of  a  teacher  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State.  He  served  for  some 
time  as  Superintendent  of  Schools  for  the  city  of 
Sterling,  afterwards  becoming  Principal  of  the 
Township  High  School  at  Streator,  where  he  was, 
in  1898,  when  he  received  the  nomination  for  the 
office  of  Ptate  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion, to  which  he  was  elected  in  November  follow- 


ing by  a  plurality  over  his  Democratic  opponent 
of  nearly  70,000  votes. 

BEARD,  Thomas,  pioneer  and  founder  of  the 
city  of  Bean  1st  own,  111.,. was  born  in  Granville, 
Washington  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1795,  taken  to 
Northeastern  Ohio  in  1800,  and,  in  1818,  removed 
to  Illinois,  living  for  a  time  about  Edwardsville 
and  Alton.  In  1820  he  went  to  the  locality  of 
the  present  city  of  Beardstown.  and  later  estab- 
lished there  the  first  ferry  across  the  Illinois 
River.  In  1827,  in  conjunction  with  Enoch 
March  of  Morgan  County,  he  entered  the  land  on 
which  Beardstown  was  platted  in  1829.  Died,  at 
Beardstown,  in  November,  1849. 

BEARDSTOWN,  a  city  in  Cass  County,  on  the 
Illinois  River,  being  the  intersecting  point  for 
the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  and  the  Chi- 
cago, Burlington  &  Quincy  Railways,  and  the 
northwestern  terminus  of  the  former.  It  is  111 
miles  north  of  St.  Louis  and  90  miles  south  of 
Peoria.  Thomas  Beard,  for  whom  the  town  wag 
named,  settled  here  about  1820  and  soon  after- 
wards established  the  first  ferry  across  the  Illi- 
nois River.  In  1827  the  land  was  patented  by 
Beard  and  Enoch  March,  and  the  town  platted, 
and,  during  the  Black  Hawk  War  of  1832,  it 
became  a  principal  base  of  supplies  for  the  Illi- 
nois volunteers.  The  city  has  six  churches  and 
three  schools  (including  a  high  school),  two  banks 
and  two  daily  newspapers.  Several  branches  of 
manufacturing  are  carried  on  here — flouring  and 
saw  mills,  cooperage  works,  an  axe-handle  fac- 
tory, two  button  factories,  two  stave  factories, 
one  shoe  factory,  large  machine  shops,  and  others 
of  less  importance.  The  river  is  spanned  here  by 
a  fine  railroad  bridge,  costing  some  $300,000. 
Population  (1B90),  4,226;  (1900),  4,827. 

ItV.U  HIKN,  Jean  Baptiste,  the  second  per* 
manent  settler  on  the  site  of  Chicago,  was  born 
at  Detroit  in  1780,  became  clerk  of  a  fur-trader  on 
Grand  River,  married  an  Ottawa  woman  for  his 
first  wife,  and,  in  1800,  had  a  trading-post  at  Mil* 
waukee,  which  he  maintained  until  1818.  Ha 
visited  Chicago  as  early  as  1804,  bought  a  cabin 
there  soon  after  the  Fort  Dearborn  massacre  ot 
1812,  married  the  daughter  of  Francis  La  Fram- 
boise, a  French  trader,  and,  in  1818,  became 
agent  of  the  American  Fur  Company,  having 
charge  of  trading  posts  at  Mackinaw  and  else* 
where.  After  1823  he  occupied  the  building 
known  as  "the  factory,"  just  outside  of  Fort  Dear* 
born,  which  had  belonged  to  the  Government, 
but  removed  to  a  farm  on  the  Des  Plaines  in  1840. 
Out  of  the  ownership  of  this  building  grew  his 
claim  to  the  right,  in  1835,  to  enter  seventy-five 


40 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


acres  of  land  belonging  to  the  Fort  Dearborn 
reservation.  The  claim  was  allowed  by  the  Land 
Office  officials  and  sustained  by  the  State  courts, 
but  disallowed  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  after  long  litigation.  An  attempt 
was  made  to  revive  this  claim  in  Congress  in 
1878,  but  it  was  reported  upon  adversely  by  a 
Senate  Committee  of  which  the  late  Senator 
Thomas  F.  Bayard  was  chairman.  Mr.  Beaubien 
was  evidently  a  man  of  no  little  prominence  in 
his  day.  He  led  a  company  of  Chicago  citizens 
to  the  Black  Hawk  War  in  1832,  was  appointed 
by  the  Governor  the  first  Colonel  of  Militia  for 
Cook  County,  and,  in  1850,  was  commissioned 
Brigadier-General.  In  1858  he  removed  to  Nash- 
ville, Tenn..  and  died  there,  Jan.  5,  1863.— Mark 
(Beaubien),  a  younger  brother  of  Gen.  Beaubien, 
was  born  in  Detroit  in  1800,  came  to  Chicago  in 
1826,  and  bought  a  log  house  of  James  Kinzie,  in 
which  he  kept  a  hotel  for  some  time.  Later,  he 
erected  the  first  frame  building  in  Chicago,  which 
was  known  as  the  "Sauganash,"  and  in  which  he 
kept  a  hotel  until  1834.  He  also  engaged  in  mer- 
chandising, but  was  not  successful,  ran  the  first 
ferry  across  the  South  Branch  of  the  Chicago 
River,  and  served  for  many  years  as  lighthouse 
keeper  at  Chicago.  About  1834  the  Indians  trans- 
ferred to  him  a  reservation  of  640  acres  of  land  on 
the  Calumet,  for  which,  some  forty  years  after- 
wards, he  received  a  patent  which  had  been 
signed  by  Martin  Van  Buren — he  having  previ- 
ously been  ignorant  of  its  existence.  He  was 
married  twice  and  had  a  family  of  twenty-two 
children.  Died,  at  Kankakee,  111.,  April  16,  1881. 
— Madore  II.  (Beaubien),  the  second  son  of 
General  Beaubien  by  his  Indian  wife,  was  born 
on  Grand  River  in  Michigan,  July  15,  1809,  joined 
his  father  in  Chicago,  was  educated  in  a  Baptist 
Mission  School  where  Niles,  Mich.,  now  stands; 
was  licensed  as  a  merchant  in  Chicago  in  1831, 
but  failed  as  a  business  man;  served  as  Second 
Lieutenant  of  the  Naperville  Company  in  the 
Black  Hawk  War,  and  later  was  First  Lieutenant 
of  a  Chicago  Company.  His  first  wife  was  ;\. 
white  woman,  from  whom  he  separated,  after- 
wards marrying  an  Indian  woman.  He  left  Illi- 
nois with  the  Pottawatomies  in  1840,  resided  at 
Council  Bluffs  and.  later,  in  Kansas,  being  for 
many  years  the  official  interpreter  of  the  tribe 
and,  for  some  time,  one  of  six  Commissioners 
employed  by  the  Indians  to  look  after  their 
affairs  with  the  United  States  Government. — 
Alexander  (Beaubien).  son  of  General  Beau- 
bien by  his  white  wife,  was  born  in  one  of  the 
buildings  belonging  to  Fort  Dearborn,  Jan.  28, 


1822.  In  1840  he  accompanied  his  father  to  his 
farm  on  the  Des  Plaines,  but  returned  to  Chicago 
in  1862,  and  for  years  past  has  been  employed  on 
the  Chicago  police  force. 

BEBB,  William,  Governor  of  Ohio,  was  born 
in  Hamilton  County  in  that  State  in  1802;  taught 
school  at  North  Bend,  the  home  of  William  Henry 
Harrison,  studied  law  and  practiced  at  Hamilton ; 
served  as  Governor  of  Ohio,  1846-48;  later  led  a 
Welsh  colony  to  Tennessee,  but  left  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War,  removing  to  Winnebago 
County,  111.,  where  he  had  purchased  a  large 
body  of  land.  He  was  a  man  of  uncompromising 
loyalty  and  high  principle ;  served  as  Examiner 
of  Pensions  by  appointment  of  President  Lincoln 
and,  in  1868,  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  cam- 
paign which  resulted  in  Grant's  first  election  to 
the  Presidency.  Died  at  Rockford,  Oct.  23,  1873. 
A  daughter  of  Governor  Bebb  married  Hon. 
John  P.  Reynolds,  for  many  years  the  Secretary 
of  the  Illinois  State  Agricultural  Society,  and, 
during  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition, 
Director-in-Chief  of  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's 
Fair  Commissioners. 

BECKER,  Charles  St.  >.,  ex-State  Treasurer, 
was  born  in  Germany.  June  14,  1840,  and  brought 
to  this  country  by  his  i>arents  at  the  age  of  11 
years,  the  family  settling  in  St.  Clair  County.  111. 
Early  in  the  Civil  War  he  enlisted  in  the  Twelfth 
Missouri  regiment,  and,  at  the  battle  of  Pea 
Ridge,  was  so  severely  wounded  that  it  was 
found  necessary  to  amputate  one  of  his  legs.  In 
1866  he  was  elected  Sheriff  of  St.  Clair  County, 
and,  from  1872  to  1880,  he  served  as  clerk  of  the 
St.  Clair  Circuit  Court.  He  also  served  several 
terms  as  a  City  Councilman  of  Belleville.  In  1888 
he  was  elected  State  Treasurer  on  the  Republican 
ticket,  serving  from  Jan.  14, 1889,  to  Jan.  12, 1891. 

BECKWITH,  Corydon,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
l>orn  in  Vermont  in  1823,  and  educated  at  Provi- 
dence, R.  I. ,  and  Wrentham,  Mass.  He  read  law 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  St.  Albans,  Vt., 
where  he  practiced  for  two  years.  In  1853  he 
removed  to  Chicago,  and,  in  January,  1864,  was 
appointed  by  Governor  Yates  a  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  to  fill  the  five  remaining  months 
of  the  unexpired  term  of  Judge  Caton.  who  had 
resigned.  On  retiring  from  the  bench  he  re- 
sumed private  practice.  Died,  August  1H,  189(1. 

BECKWITH,  Hiram  Williams,  lawyer  and 
author,  was  born  at  Danville,  111.,  March  5.  1H33. 
Mr.  Beckwith's  father.  Dan  W.  Beckwith,  a  pio- 
neer settler  of  Eastern  Illinois  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  city  of  Danville,  was  a  native  of 
Wyalusing,  Pa.,  where  he  was  born  about  1789, 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


41 


his  mother  being,  in  her  girlhood,  Hannah  York, 
one  of  the  survivors  of  the  famous  Wyoming 
massacre  of  1778.  In  1817,  the  senior  Beckwith, 
iu  company  with  his  brother  George,  descended 
the  Ohio  River,  afterwards  ascending  the  Wabash 
to  where  Terre  Haute  now  stands,  but  finally 
locating  in  what  is  now  a  part  of  Edgar  County, 
III.  A  year  later  he  removed  to  the  vicinity  of 
the  present  site  of  the  city  of  Danville.  Having 
been  employed  for  a  time  in  a  surveyor's 
corps,  he  finally  became  a  surveyor  himself,  and, 
on  the  organization  of  Vermilion  County,  served 
for  a  time  as  County  Surveyor  by  appointment  of 
the  Governor,  and  was  also  employed  by  the 
General  Government  in  surveying  lands  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  State,  some  of  the  Indian 
reservations  in  that  section  of  the  State  being 
set  off  by  him.  In  connection  with  Guy  W. 
Smith,  then  "Receiver  of  Public  Moneys  in  the 
Land  Office  at  Palestine,  111.,  he  donated  the 
ground  on  which  the  county-seat  of  Vermilion 
County  was  located,  and  it  took  the  name  of  Dan- 
ville from  his  first  name — "Dan."  In  1830  he 
was  elected  Representative  in  the  State  Legisla- 
ture for  the  District  composed  of  Clark,  Edgar, 
and  Vermilion  Counties,  then  including  all  that 
section  of  the  State  between  Crawford  County 
and  the  Kankakee  River.  He  died  in  1835. 
Hiram,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  thus  left 
fatherless  at  less  than  three  years  of  age,  received 
only  such  education  as  was  afforded  in  the  com- 
mon schools  of  that  period.  Nevertheless,  he 
began  the  study  of  law  in  the  Danville  office  of 
Lincoln  &  Lamon,  and  was  admitted  to  practice 
in  1854,  'about  the  time  of  reaching  his  majority. 
He  continued  in  their  office  and,  on  the  removal 
of  Lamon  to  Bloomington  in  1859,  he  succeeded 
to  the  business  of  the  firm  at  Danville.  Mr. 
Lamon — who,  on  Mr.  Lincoln's  accession  to  the 
Presidency  in  1861,  became  Marshal  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia — was  distantly  related  to  Mr. 
Beckwith  by  a  second  marriage  of  the  mother  of 
the  latter.  While  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his 
profession,  Mr.  Beckwith  has  been  over  thirty 
years  a  zealous  collector  of  records  and  other 
material  liearing  upon  the  early  history  of  Illinois 
and  the  Northwest,  and  is  probably  now  the 
owner  of  one  of  the  most  complete  and  valuable 
collections  of  Americana  in  Illinois.  He  is  also 
the  author  of  several  monographs  on  historic 
themes,  including  "The  Winnebago  War,"  "The 
Illinois  and  Indiana  Indians,"  and  "Historic 
Notes  of  the  Northwest,"  published  in  the  "Fer- 
gus Series."  besides  having  edited  an  edition  of 
"Reynolds'  History  of  Illinois"  (published  by  the 


same  firm) ,  which  he  has  enriched  by  the  addition 
of  valuable  notes.  During  1895-96  he  contributed 
a  series  of  valuable  articles  to  "The  Chicago 
Tribune"  on  various  features  of  early  Illinois  and 
Northwest  history.  In  1890  he  was  appointed  by 
Governor  Fifer  a  member  of  the  first  Board  of 
Trustees  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Library, 
serving  until  the  expiration  of  his  term  in  1894, 
and  was  re-appointed  to  the  same  position  by 
Governor  Tanner  in  1897,  in  each  case  being 
chosen  President  of  the  Board. 

BEECHEB,  Charles  A.,  attorney  and  railway 
solicitor,  was  born  in  Herkimer  County,  N.  Y., 
August  37,  1829,  but,  in  1836,  removed  with  his 
family  to  Licking  County,  Ohio,  where  he  lived 
upon  a  farm  until  he  reached  the  age  of  18  years. 
Having  taken  a  course  in  the  Ohio  Wesleyan 
University  at  Delaware,  in  1854  he  removed  to 
Illinois,  locating  at  Fairfield,  Wayne  County, 
and  began  the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of  his 
brother,  Edwin  Beecher,  being  admitted  to  prac- 
tice in  1855.  In  1867  he  united  with  others  in  the 
organization  of  the  Illinois  Southeastern  Rail- 
road projected  from  Shawneetown  to  Edgewood 
on  the  Illinois  Central  in  Effingham  County. 
This  enterprise  was  consolidated,  a  year  or  two 
later,  with  the  Pana,  Springfield  &  Northwest- 
ern, taking  the  name  of  the  Springfield  &  Illinois 
Southeastern,  under  which  name  it  was  con- 
structed and  opened  for  traffic  in  1871.  (This 
line — which  Mr.  Beecher  served  for  some  time 
as  Vice- President — now  constitutes  the  Beards- 
town  &  Shawneetown  Division  of  the  Baltimore 
&  Ohio  Southwestern.)  The  Springfield  &  Illi- 
nois Southeastern  Company  having  fallen  into 
financial  difficulty  in  1873,  Mr.  Beecher  was 
appointed  receiver  of  the  road,  and,  for  a  time, 
had  control  of  its  operation  as  agent  for  the  bond- 
holders. In  1875  the  line  was  conveyed  to  the 
Ohio  &  Mississippi  Railroad  (now  a  part  of  the 
Baltimore  &  Ohio),  when  Mr.  Beecher  became 
General  Counsel  of  the  controlling  corporation, 
so  remaining  until  1888.  Since  that  date  he  lias 
been  one  of  the  assistant  counsel  of  the  Baltimore 
&  Ohio  system.  His  present  home  is  in  Cincin- 
nati, although  for  over  a  quarter  of  a  century  he 
has  been  prominently  identified  with  one  of  the 
most  important  railway  enterprises  in  Southern 
Illinois.  In  politics  Mr.  Beecher  has  always  been 
a  Republican,  and  was  one  of  the  few  in  Wayne 
County  who  voted  for  Fremont  in  1856,  and  for 
Lincoln  in  1860.  He  was  also  a  member  of 
the  Republican  State  Central  Committee  of 
Illinois  from  1860  for  a  period  of  ten  or  twelve 
vears. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


BEECHER,  Edward,  D.  I).,  clergyman  and 
educator,  was  born  at  East  Hampton,  L.  I., 
August  27,  1803 — the  son  of  Rev.  Lyman  Beecher 
and  the  elder  brother  of  Henry  Ward ;  graduated 
at  Yale  College  in  1832,  taught  for  over  a  year  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  studied  theology,  and  after  a 
year's  service  as  tutor  in  Yale  College,  in 
1826  was  ordalhed  pastor  of  the  Park  Street 
Congregational  Church  in  Boston.  In  1830 
he  became  President  of  Illinois  College  at 
Jacksonville,  remaining  until  1844,  when  he 
resigned  and  returned  to  Boston,  serving  as 
pastor  of  the  Salem  Street  Church  in  that 
city  until  1856,  also  acting  as  senior  editor  of 
"The  Congregationalist' '  for  four  years.  In  1856 
he  returned  to  Illinois  as  pastor  of  the  First  Con- 
gregational Church  at  Galesburg,  continuing 
until  1871,  when  he  removed  to  Brooklyn,  where 
he  resided  without  pastoral  charge,  except  1885- 
89,  when  he  was  pastor  of  the  Parkville  Congre- 
gational Church.  While  President  of  Illinois 
College,  that  institution  was  exposed  to  much 
hostile  criticism  on  account  of  his  outspoken 
opposition  to  slavery,  as  shown  by  his  participa- 
tion in  founding  the  first  Illinois  State  Anti- 
Slavery  Society  and  his  eloquent  denunciation  of 
the  murder  of  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy.  Next  to  his 
brother  Henry  Ward,  he  was  probably  the  most 
powerful  orator  belonging  to  that  gifted  family, 
and.  in  connection  with  his  able  associates  in  the 
faculty  of  the  Illinois  College,  assisted  to  give 
that  institution  a  wide  reputation  as  a  nursery 
of  independent  thought.  Up  to  a  short  time 
before  his  death,  he  was  a  prolific  writer,  his 
productions  (besides  editorials,  reviews  and  con- 
tributions on  a  variety  of  subjects)  including 
nine  or  ten  volumes,  of  which  the  most  impor- 
tant are:  "Statement  of  Anti-Slavery  Principles 
and  Address  to  the  People  of  Illinois"  (1837); 
"A  Plea  for  Illinois  College";  "History  of  the 
Alton  Riots"  (1838);  "The  Concord  of  Ages" 
(1853);  "The  Conflict  of  Ages"  (1854);  "Papal 
Conspiracy  Exposed"  (1854),  besides  a  number 
of  others  invariably  on  religious  or  anti-slavery 
topics.  Died  in  Brooklyn,  July  28,  1895. 

BEECHER,  William  H.,  clergyman  —  oldest 
son  of  Rev.  Lyman  Beecher  and  brother  of 
Edward  and  Henry  Ward — was  born  at  East 
Hampton,  N.  Y.,  educated  at  home  and  at  An- 
dover,  became  a  Congregationalist  clergyman, 
occupying  pulpits  at  Newport.  R.  I.,  Batavia, 
N.  Y..  and  Cleveland,  Ohio;  came  to  Chicago  in 
his  later  years,  dying  at  the  home  of  his  daugh- 
ters in  that  city,  June  23.  1889. 

BEGGS,  (Rev.)  Stephen  R.,  pioneer  Methodist 


Episcopal  preacher,  was  born  in  Buckingham 
County,  Va.,  March  30,  1801.  His  father,  who 
was  opposed  to  slavery,  moved  to  Kentucky  in 
1805,  but  remained  there  only  two  years,  when  he 
removed  to  Clark  County,  Ind.  The  son  enjoyed 
but  poor  educational  advantages  here,  obtaining 
his  education  chiefly  by  his  own  efforts  in  what 
he  called  "Brush  College."  At  the  age  of  21  he 
entered  the  ministry  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  during  the  next  ten  years  traveling 
different  circuits  in  Indiana.  In  1831  he  was 
appointed  to  Chicago,  but  the  Black  Hawk  War 
coming  on  immediately  thereafter,  he  retired  to 
Plainfleld.  Later  he  traveled  various  circuits  in 
Illinois,  until  1868,  when  he  was  superannuated, 
occupying  his  time  thereafter  in  writing  remi- 
niscences of  his  early  history.  A  volume  of  this 
character  published  by  him,  was  entitled  "Pages 
from  the  Early  History  of  the  West  and  North- 
west." He  died  at  Plainfield,  111.,  Sept.  9,  1895, 
in  the  95th  year  of  his  age. 

BEIDLER,  Henry,  early  settler,  was  born  of 
German  extraction  in  Bucks  County,  Pa.,  Nov. 
27,  1812;  came  to  Illinois  in  1843,  settling  first  at 
Springfield,  where  he  carried  on  the  grocery 
business  for  five  years,  then  removed  to  Chicago 
and  engaged  in  the  lumber  trade  in  connection 
with  a  brother,  afterwards  carrying  on  a  large 
lumber  manufacturing  business  at  Muskegon, 
Mich.,  which  proved  very  profitable.  In  1871 
Mr.  Beidler  retired  from  the  lumber  trade,  in- 
vesting largely  in  west  side  real  estate  in  the  city 
of  Chicago,  which  appreciated  rapidly  in  value, 
making  him  one  of  the  most  wealthy  real  estate 
owners  in  Chicago.  Died,  March  16,  1893.— Jacob 
(Beidler),  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
Bucks  County,  Penn.,  in  1815;  came  west  in 
1842,  first  began  working  as  a  carpenter,  but 
later  engaged  in  the  grocery  business  with  his 
brother  at  Springfield,  111. ;  in  1844  removed  to 
Chicago,  where  he  was  joined  by  his  brother  four 
years  later,  when  they  engaged  largely  in  the 
lumber  trade.  Mr.  Beidler  retired  from  business 
in  1891,  devoting  his  attention  to  large  real  estate 
investments.  He  was  a  liberal  contributor  to 
religious,  educational  and  benevolent  institutions. 
Died  in  Chicago,  March  15,  1898. 

BELFIELD,  Henry  Holmes,  educator,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Nov.  17,  1837;  was  educated 
at  an  Iowa  College,  and  for  a  time  was  tutor  in 
the  same ;  during  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  served 
in  the  army  of  the  Cumberland,  first  as  Lieuten- 
ant and  afterwards  as  Adjutant  of  the  Eighth 
Iowa  Cavalry,  still  later  lieing  upon  the  staff  of 
Gen.  E.  M.  McCook,  and  taking  part  in  the 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Atlanta  and  Nashville  campaigns.  While  a 
prisoner  in  the  hands  of  the  rebels  he  was  placed 
under  fire  of  the  Union  batteries  at  Charleston. 
Coming  to  Chicago  in  1866,  he  served  as  Principal 
in  various  public  schools,  including  the  North 
Division  High  School.  He  was  one  of  the  earli- 
est advocates  of  manual  training,  and,  on  the 
establishment  of  the  Chicago  Manual  Training 
School  in  1884,  was  appointed  its  Director — a 
position  which  he  has  continued  to  occupy. 
During  1891-92  he  made  a  trip  to  Europe  by 
appointment  of  the  Government,  to  investigate 
the  school  systems  in  European  countries. 

BELKNAP,  Hugh  Reid,  ex-Member  of  Congress, 
was  born  in  Keokuk,  Iowa,  Sept.  1,  1860,  being 
the  son  of  W.  W.  Belknap,  for  some  time  Secre- 
tary of  War  under  President  Grant.  After 
attending  the  public  schools  of  his  native  city, 
he  took  a  course  at  Adams  Academy,  Quincy, 
Mass.,  and  at  Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  when 
he  entered  the  service  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio 
Railroad,  where  he  remained  twelve  years  in 
various  departments,  finally  becoming  Chief 
Clerk  of  the  General  Manager.  In  1892  he  retired 
from  this  position  to  become  Superintendent  of 
the  South  Side  Elevated  Railroad  of  Chicago. 
He  never  held  any  political  position  until  nomi- 
nated (1894)  as  a  Republican  for  the  Fifty-fourth 
Congress,  in  the  strongly  Democratic  Third  Dis- 
trict of  Chicago.  Although  the  returns  showed 
a  plurality  of  thirty -one  votes  for  his  Democratic 
opponent  (Lawrence  McGann),  a  recount  proved 
him  elected,  when,  Mr.  McGann  having  volun- 
tarily withdrawn,  Mr.  Belknap  was  unanimously 
awarded  the  seat.  In  1896  he  was  re-elected 
from  a  District  usually  strongly  Democratic, 
receiving  a  plurality  of  590  votes,  but  was 
defeated  by  his  Democratic  opponent  in  1898,  retir- 
ing from  Congress,  March  3,  1899,  when  he  re- 
ceived an  appointment  as  Paymaster  in  the  Army 
from  President  McKinley,  with  the  rank  of  Major. 
BELL,  Robert,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Lawrence 
County,  111.,  in  1829,  educated  at  Mount  Carmel 
and  Indiana  State  University  at  Bloomington, 
graduating  from  the  law  department  of  the 
latter  in  1855;  while  yet  in  his  minority  edited 
"The  Mount  Carmel  Register,"  during  1851-52 
becoming  joint  owner  and  editor  of  the  same 
with  his  brother,  Victor  D.  Bell.  After  gradu- 
ation he  opened  an  office  at  Fairfield,  Wayne 
County,  but.  in  1857,  returned  to  Mount  Carmel 
and  from  1864  was  the  partner  of  Judge  E.  B. 
Green,  until  the  appointment  of  the  latter  Chief 
Justice  of  Oklahoma  by  President  Harrison  in 
1890.  In  1869  Mr.  Bell  was  appointed  County 


Judge  of  Lawrence  County,  being  elected  to  the 
same  office  in  1894.  He  was  also  President 
of  the  Illinois  Southern  Railroad  Company 
until  it  was  merged  into  the  Cairo  &  Vincennes 
Road  in  1867 ;  later  became  President  of  the  St. 
Louis  &  Mt.  Carmel  Railroad,  now  a  part  of  the 
Louisville,  Evansville  &  St.  Louis  line,  and 
secured  the  construction  of  the  division  from 
Princeton,  Ind.,  to  Albion,  111.  In  1876  he  visited 
California  as  Special  Agent  of  the  Treasury 
Department  to  investigate  alleged  frauds  in  the 
Revenue  Districts  on  the  Pacific  Coast;  in  1878 
was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Congress  on 
the  Republican  ticket  in  the  strong  Democratic 
Nineteenth  District;  was  appointed,  the  same 
year,  a  member  of  the  Republican  State  Central 
Committee  for  the.  State-at-large,  and,  in  1881, 
officiated  by  appointment  of  President  Garfield, 
as  Commissioner  to  examine  a  section  of  the 
Atlantic  &  Pacific  Railroad  in  New  Mexico. 
Judge  Bell  is  a  gifted  stump-speaker  and  is  known 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State  as  the 
"Silver-tongued  Orator  of  the  Wabash." 

BELLEVILLE,  the  county-seat  of  St.  Clair 
County,  a  city  and  railroad  center,  14  miles  south 
of  east  from  St.  Louis.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest 
towns  in  the  State,  having  been  selected  as  the 
county-seat  in  1814  and  platted  in  1815.  It  lies 
in  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural  and  coal-bear- 
ing district  and  contains  numerous  factories  of 
various  descriptions,  including  flouring  mills,  a 
nail  mill,  glass  works  and  shoe  factories.  It  has 
five  newspaper  establishments,  two  being  Ger- 
man, whicb  issue  daily  editions.  Its  commercial 
and  educational  facilities  are  exceptionally  good. 
Its  population  is  largely  of  German  descent. 
Population  (1890).  15,361 ;  (1900).  17,484. 

BELLEVILLE,  CEMTRALIA  &  EASTERN 
RAILROAD.  (See  Louisritle,  Eransrille  *  St. 
Louis  (CimsoliJuti'd)  Kailroad.) 

BELLEVILLE  A-  CARONDELET  RAILROAD, 
a  short  line  of  road  extending  from  Belleville  to 
East  Carondelet.  111. ,  17. 3  miles.  It  was  chartered 
Feb.  20,  1881,  and  leased  to  the  St.  Louis,  Alton 
&  Terre  Haute  Railroad  Company,  June  1,  1883. 
The  annual  rental  is  $30,000,  a  sum  equivalent  to 
the  interest  on  the  bonded  debt.  The  capital 
stock  (1895)  is  §500,0(10  and  the  bonded  debt  $485,- 
000.  In  addition  to  these  sums  the  floating  debt 
swells  the  entire  capitalization  to  $995,054  or  $57,- 
317  per  mile. 

BELLEVILLE  i  ELDORADO  RAILROAD, 
a  road  50.4  miles  in  length  running  from  Belle- 
ville to  Duquoin,  111.  It  was  chartered  Feb.  22. 
1861,  and  completed  Oct.  31,  1871.  On  July  1, 


L. 


44 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF    ILLINOIS. 


1880,  it  was  leased  to  the  St  Louis,  Alton  & 
Terre  Haute  Railroad  Company  for  486  years,  and 
has  since  been  operated  by  that  corporation  in 
connection  with  its  Belleville  branch,  from  East 
St.  Louis  to  Belleville.  At  Eldorado  the  road 
intersects  the  Cairo  &  Vincennes  Railroad  and 
the  Shawneetown  branch  of  the  St.  Louis  & 
Southeastern  Railroad,  operated  by  the  Louisville 
&  Npshville  Railroad  Company.  Its  capital 
stock  (1895)  is  $1,000,000  and  its  bonded  debt 
$550,000.  The  corporate  office  is  at  Belleville. 

BELLEVILLE  *  ILL1NOISTOWN  RAILROAD. 
(See  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute  Ruilroail.) 

BELLEVILLE  &  SOUTHERN  ILLINOIS 
RAILROAD,  a  road  (laid  with  steel  rails)  run- 
ning from  Belleville  to  Duquoin,  111.,  56.4  miles 
in  length.  It  was  chartered  Feb.  15,  1857,  and 
completed  Dec.  15,  1873.  At  Duquoin  it  connects 
with  the  Illinois  Central  and  forms  a  short  line 
between  St.  Louis  and  Cairo.  Oct.  1,  1866,  it  was 
leased  to  the  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute 
Railroad  Company  for  999  years.  The  capital 
stock  is  $1,692,000  and  the  bonded  debt  $1,000,- 
000.  The  corporate  office  is  at  Belleville. 

BELLMONT,  a  village  of  Wabash  County,  on 
the  Louisville,  Evansville  &  St.  Louis  Railway,  9 
miles  west  of  Mount  Carmel.  Population  (1880), 
350;  (1890),  487;  (1900),  624. 

BELT  RAILWAY  COMPANY  OF  CHICAGO, 
THE,  a  corporation  chartered,  Nov.  22,  1882,  and 
the  lessee  of  the  Belt  Division  of  the  Chicago  & 
Western  Indiana  Railroad  (which  see).  Its  total 
trackage  (all  of  standard  gauge  and  laid  with  66- 
pound  steel  rails)  is  93.26  miles,  distributed  as  fol- 
lows: Auburn  Junction  to  Chicago,  Milwaukee  & 
St.  PaulJunction,  15.9  miles;  branches  from  Pull- 
man Junction  to  Irondale,  111.,  etc.,  5.41  miles; 
second  track,  14.1  miles;  sidings,  57.85  miles. 
The  cost  of  construction  has  been  §524,549;  capi- 
tal stock,  $1,200,000.  It  has  no  funded  debt. 
The  earnings  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1895, 
were  $556,847,  the  operating  expenses  $378,012, 
and  the  taxes  $51,009. 

BELVIDERE,an  incorporated  city,  the  county- 
seat  of  Boone  County,  situated  on  the  Kishwau- 
kee  River,  and  on  two  divisions  of  the  Chicago  & 
Northwestern  Railroad,  78  miles  west-northwest 
of  Chicago  and  14  miles  east  of  Rockford ;  is  con- 
nected with  the  latter  city  by  electric  railroad. 
The  city  has  twelve  churches,  five  graded  schools, 
and  three  banks  (two  national).  Two  daily  and 
two  semi-weekly  papers  are  published  here.  Bel- 
videre  also  has  very  considerable  manufacturing 
interests,  including  manufactories  of  sewing  ma- 
chines, bicycles,  automobiles,  besides  a  large 


milk-condensing  factory  and  two  creameries. 
Population  (1890),  3,807;  (1900),  6,937. 

BEMENT,  a  village  in  Piatt  County,  at  inter- 
section of  main  line  and  Chicago  Division  of 
Wabash  Railroad,  20  miles  east  of  Decatur  and 
166  miles  south -south  west  of  Chicago;  in  agri- 
cultural and  stock-raising  district;  has  three 
grain  elevators,  broom  factory,  water- works,  elec- 
tric-light plant,  four  churches,  two  bunks  and 
weekly  paper.  Pop.  (1890),  1,129;  (1BOO),  1,484. 

lit!  VI  V  M  I  V  Renhen  Moore,  lawyer,  born  at 
Chatham  Centre,  Columbia  County,  N.  Y.,  June 
29,  1833;  was  educated  at  Amherst  College,  Am- 
lierst,  Mass. ;  spent  one  year  in  the  law  depart- 
ment of  Harvard,  another  as  tutor  at  Amherst 
and,  in  1856,  came  to  Bloomington,  111.,  where,  on 
an  examination  certificate  furnished  by  Abraham 
Lincoln,  he  was  licensed  to  practice.  The  first 
public  office  held  by  Mr.  Benjamin  was  that  of 
Delegate  to  the  State  Constitutional  Convention 
of  1869-70,  in  which  he  took  a  prominent  part  in 
shaping  the  provisions  of  the  new  Constitution 
relating  to  corporations.  In  1873  he  was  chosen 
County  Judge  of  McLean  County,  by  repeated 
re-elections  holding  the  position  until  1886,  when 
he  resumed  private  practice.  For  more  than 
twenty  years  he  lias  been  connected  with  the  law 
department  of  Wesleyan  University  at  Blooming- 
ton,  a  part  of  the  time  being  Dean  of  the  Faculty ; 
is  also  the  author  of  several  volumes  of  legal 
text-books. 

BENNETT  MEDICAL  COLLEGE,  an  Eclectic 
Medical  School  of  Chicago,  incorporated  by 
special  charter  and  opened  in  the  autumn  of 
1868.  Its  first  sessions  were  held  in  two  large 
rooms ;  its  faculty  consisted  of  seven  professors, 
and  there  were  thirty  matriculates.  More  com- 
modious quarters  were  secured  the  following 
year,  and  a  still  better  home  after  the  fire  of  1871, 
in  which  all  the  college  property  was  destroyed. 
Another  change  of  location  was  made  in  1874. 
In  1890  the  property  then  owned  was  sold  and  a 
new  college  building,  in  connection  with  a  hos- 
pital, erected  in  a  more  quiet  quarter  of  the  city. 
A  free  dispensary  is  conducted  by  the  college. 
The  teaching  faculty  (1896)  consists  of  nineteen 
professors,  with  four  assistants  and  demonstra- 
tors. Women  are  admitted  as  pupils  on  equal 
terms  with  men. 

BENT,  Charles,  journalist,  was  born  in  Chi- 
cago, Dec.  8,  1844,  but  removed  with  his  family, 
in  1856,  to  Morrison,  Whiteside  County,  where, 
two  years  later,  he  became  an  apprentice  to  the 
printing  business  in  the  office  of  "The  Whiteside 
Sentinel."  In  June,  1864,  he  enlisted  as  a  soldier 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


45 


in  the  One  Hundred  and  Fortieth  Illinois  (100- 
ilsvys'  regiment)  and,  on  the  expiration  of  his  term 
of  service,  re-enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred  and 
Forty -seventh  Illinois,  being  mustered  out  at 
Savannah,  Ga.,  in  January,  1866,  with  the  rank 
of  Second  Lieutenant.  Then  resuming  his  voca- 
tion as  a  printer,  in  July,  1867,  he  purchased  the 
office  of  "The  Whiteside  Sentinel,"  in  which  he 
learned  his  trade,  and  has  since  been  the  editor  of 
that  paper,  except  during  1877-79  while  engaged 
in  writing  a  "History  of  Whiteside  County." 
He  is  a  charter  member  of  the  local  Grand  Army 
Post  and  served  on  the  staff  of  the  Department 
Commander ;  was  Assistant  Assessor  of  Internal 
Revenue  during  1870-73,  and,  in  1878,  was  elected 
as  a  Republican  to  the  State  Senate  for  White- 
side  and  Carroll  Counties,  serving  four  years. 
Other  positions  held  by  him  include  the  office  of 
City  Alderman,  member  of  the  State  Board  of 
Canal  Commissioners  (1883-85)  and  Commissioner 
of  the  Joliet  Penitentiary  (1889-93).  He  has  also 
been  a  member  of  the  Republican  State  Central 
Committee  and  served  as  its  Chairman  1886-88. 

HKXTO>,  county-seat  of  Franklin  County,  on 
111.  Cent,  and  Chi.  &  E.  111.  Railroads;  has  electric- 
light  plant,  water-works,  saddle  and  harness  fac- 
tory, two  banks,  two  flouring  mills,  shale  brick 
and  tile  works  (projected),  four  churches  and 
three  weekly  papers.  Pop.  (1890),  939;(190U),  1,341. 

HKKIIAN,  James,  lawyer  and  County  Judge, 
was  born  in  New  York  City,  July  4,  1805,  and 
educated  at  Columbia  and  Yale  Colleges,  gradu- 
ating from  the  latter  in  the  class  of  1824.  His 
father,  James  Berdan,  Sr  ,  came  west  in  the  fall 
of  1819  as  one  of  the  agents  of  a  New  York 
Emigration  Society,  and,  in  January,  1820,  visited 
the  vicinity  of  the  present  site  of  Jacksonville, 
111.,  but  died  soon  after  his  return,  in  part  from 
exposure  incurred  during  his  long  and  arduous 
winter  journey.  Thirteen  years  later  (1832)  his 
son,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  came  to  the  same 
region,  and  Jacksonville  became  his  home  for  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  Mr.  Berdan  was  a  well- 
read  lawyer,  as  well  as  a  man  of  high  principle 
and  sound  culture,  with  pure  literary  and  social 
tastes.  Although  possessing  unusual  capabilities, 
his  refinement  of  character  and  dislike  of  osten- 
tation made  him  seek  rather  the  association  and 
esteem  of  friends  than  public  office.  In  1849  he 
was  elected  County  Judge  of  Morgan  County, 
serving  by  a  second  election  until  1857.  Later 
he  was  Secretary  for  several  years  of  the  Tonica 
&  Petersburg  Railroad  (at  that  time  in  course  of 
construction),  serving  until  it  was  merged  into 
the  St.  Louis,  Jacksonville  &  Chicago  Railroad, 


now  constituting  a  part  of  the  Jacksonville  di- 
vision of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad:  also 
served  for  many  years  as  a  Trustee  of  Illinois 
College.  In  the  latter  years  of  his  life  he  was,  for 
a  considerable  period,  the  law  partner  of  ex-Gov- 
ernor and  ex-Senator  Richard  Yates.  Judge 
Berdan  was  the  ardent  political  friend  and 
admirer  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  as  well  as  an  inti- 
mate friend  and  frequent  correspondent  of  the 
poet  Longfellow,  besides  being  the  correspondent, 
during  a  long  period  of  his  life,  of  a  number  of 
other  prominent  literary  men.  Pierre  Irving, 
the  nephew  and  biographer  of  Washington  Irving, 
was  his  brother-in-law  through  the  marriage  of  a 
favorite  sister.  Judge  Berdan  died  at  Jackson- 
ville, August  24,  1884. 

BERGEN,  (Rev.)  John  <;.,  pioneer  clergyman, 
was  born  at  Hightstown,  N.  J.,  Nov.  27,  179(1; 
studied  theology,  and.  after  two  years'  service  as 
tutor  at  Princeton  and  sixteen  years  as  pastor  of 
a  Presbyterian  church  at  Madison,  N.  J.,  in  1828 
came  to  Springfield,  111.,  and  assisted  in  the 
erection  of  the  first  Protestant  church  in  the 
central  part  of  the  State,  of  which  he  remained 
pastor  until  1848.  Died,  at  Springfield.  Jan. 
17,  1872. 

BERGGREN,  Augustus  W.,  legislator,  born  in 
Sweden,  August  17,  1840;  came  to  the  United 
States  at  Hi  years  of  age  and  located  at  Oneida. 
Knox  County,  111. ,  afterwards  removing  to  Gales- 
burg;  held  various  offices,  including  that  of 
Sheriff  01  Knox  County  (1873-81),  State  Senator 
(1881-89) — serving  as  President  pro  tern,  of  the 
Senate  1887-89,  and  was  Warden  of  the  State 
penitentiary  at  Joliet.  1HHK-91.  He  was  for  many 
years  the  very  able  and  efficient  President  of  the 
Covenant  Mutual  Life  Association  of  Illinois,  and 
is  now  its  Treasurer. 

BERGIER,  (Rev.)  J,  a  secular  priest,  born  in 
France,  and  an  early  missionary  in  Illinois.  He 
labored  among  the  Tamaroas.  bei  ng  in  charge  of  the 
mission  at  Cahokia  from  1700  to  his  death  in  1710. 

BERRY,  Orville  F.,  lawyer  and  legislator,  was 
born  in  McDonough  County,  111.,  Feb.  16,  1852: 
early  left  an  orphan  and,  after  working  for  some 
time  on  a  fann,  removed  to  Carthage,  Hancock 
County,  where  he  read  law  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1877;  in  1883  was  elected  Mayor  of 
Carthage  and  twice  re-elected ;  was  elected  to  the 
State  Senate  in  1888  and  '92,  and,  in  1891,  took  a 
prominent  part  in  securing  the  enactment  of  the 
compulsory  education  clause  in  the  common 
school  law.  Mr.  Berry  presided  over  the  Repub- 
lican State  Convention  of  1H96,  the  same  year  was 
a  candidate  for  re-election  to  the  State  Senat*. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


but  the  certificate  was  awarded  to  his  Democratic 
competitor,  who  was  declared  elected  by  164 
plurality.  On  a  contest  before  the  Senate  at  the 
first  session  of  the  Fortieth  General  Assembly, 
the  seat  was  awarded  to  Mr.  Berry  on  the  ground 
of  illegality  in  the  rulings  of  the  Secretary  of 
State  affecting  the  vote  of  his  opponent. 

IlKHKY.  (Col.)  William  W.,  lawyer  and  sol- 
dier, was  born  in  Kentucky,  Feb.  22,  1834,  and 
educated  at  Oxford,  Ohio.  His  home  being  then 
in  Covington,  he  studied  law  in  Cincinnati,  and, 
at  the  age  of  23,  began  practice  at  Louisville,  Ky. , 
being  married  two  years  later  to  Miss  Georgie 
Hewitt  of  Frankfort.  Early  in  1861  he  entered 
the  Civil  War  on  the  Union  side  as  Major  of  the 
Louisville  Legion,  and  subsequently  served  in 
the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  marching  to  the 
sea  with  Sherman  and,  during  the  period  of  his 
service,  receiving  four  wounds.  After  the  close 
of  the  war  he  was  offered  the  position  of  Gov- 
ernor of  one  of  the  Territories,  but,  determining 
not  to  go  further  west  than  Illinois,  declined. 
For  three  years  he  was  located  and  in  practice  at 
Winchester,  111. ,  but  removed  to  Quincy  in  1874, 
where  he  afterwards  resided.  He  always  took  a 
warm  interest  in  politics  and,  in  local  affairs, 
was  a  leader  of  his  party.  He  was  an  organizer  of 
the  G.  A.  R.  Post  at  Quincy  and  its  first  Com-' 
inander,  and,  in  1884-85,  served  as  Commander  of 
the  State  Department  of  the  G.  A.  R.  He  organ- 
ized a  Young  Men's  Republican  Club,  as  he 
believed  that  the  young  minds  should  take  an 
active  part  in  politics.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
mittee of  seven  appointed  by  the  Governor  to 
locate  the  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home  for  Illinois, 
and,  after  spending  six  months  inspecting  vari- 
ous sites  offered,  the  institution  was  finally 
located  at  Quincy;  was  also  Trustee  of  Knox 
College,  at  Galesburg,  for  several  years.  He  was 
frequently  urged  by  his  party  friends  to  run  for 
public  office,  but  it  was  so  much  against  his 
nature  to  ask  for  even  one  vote,  that  he  would 
not  consent.  He  died  at  his  home  in  Quincy, 
much  regretted,  May  6,  1895. 

BESTOK,  George  C.,  legislator,  born  in  Wash- 
ington City,  April  11,  1811;  was  assistant  docu- 
ment clerk  in  the  House  of  Representatives  eight 
years;  came  to  Illinois  in  1835  and  engaged  in 
•  real  estate  business  at  Peoria;  was  twice  ap- 
pointed Postmaster  of  that  city  (1842  and  1861) 
and  three  times  elerted  Mayor;  served  as  finan- 
cial agent  of  the  Peoria  &  Oqua  wka  ( now  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quinoy  Railroad),  anda  Director  of 
the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Warsaw ;  a  delegate  to  the 
Whig  National  Convention  of  1852;  a  State 


Senator  (1858-62),  and  an  ardent  friend  of  Abra- 
ham   Lincoln.     Died,    in   Washington,  May  14, 

1872,  while    prosecuting  a   claim    against   the 
Government  for  the   construction  of   gunboats 
during  the  war. 

BETHALTO,  a  village  of  Madison  County,  on 
the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis 
Railway,  25  miles  north  of  St.  Louis.  Popula- 
tion (1880),  628;  (1890),  879;  (1900),  477. 

BETHANY,  a  village  of  Moultrie  County,  on 
Peoria  Division  111.  Cent.  Railroad,  18  miles  south- 
east of  Decatur ;  in  farming  district ;  has  one  news- 
paper and  four  churches.  Pop. ,  mostly  American 
born.  (1890),  688;  (1900),  873;  (1903,  est.),  900. 

BETT1E  STUART  INSTITUTE,  an  institu- 
tion for  young  ladies  at  Springfield,  111. ,  founded 
in  1868  by  Mrs.  Mary  McKee  Homes,  who  con- 
ducted it  for  some  twenty  years,  until  her  death. 
Its  report  for  1898  shows  a  faculty  often  instruct- 
ors and  125  pupils.  Its  property  is  valued  at 
$23,500.  Its  course  of  instruction  embraces  the 
preparatory  and  classical  branches,  together  with 
music,  oratory  and  fine  arts. 

BEVERIDOE,  James  H.,  State  Treasurer, 
was  born  in  Washington  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1828; 
served  as  State  Treasurer,  1865-67,  later  acted  as 
Secretary  of  the  Commission  which  built  the 
State  Capitol.  His  later  years  were  spent  in 
superintending  a  large  dairy  farm  near  Sandwich, 
De  Kalb  County,  where  he  died  in  January,  1896. 

BETERIDOE,  John  L.,  ex-Governor,  was  born 
in  Greenwich.  N.  Y.,  July  6,  1824;  came  to  Illi- 
nois, 1842,  and,  after  spending  some  two  years  in 
Granville  Academy  and  Rock  River  Seminary, 
went  to  Tennessee,  where  he  engaged  in  teaching 
while  studying  law.  Having  been  admitted  to 
the  bar,  he  returned  to  Illinois  in  1851,  first  locat- 
ing at  Sycamore,  but  three  years  later  established 
himself  in  Chicago.  During  the  first  year  of  the 
war  he  assisted  to  raise  the  Eighth  Regiment  Illi- 
nois Cavalry,  and  was  commissioned  first  as  Cap- 
tain and  still  later  Major;  two  years  later 
became  Colonel  of  the  Seventeenth  Cavalry, 
which  he  commanded  to  the  close  of  the  war, 
being  mustered  out,  February,  1866,  with  the 
rank  of  brevet  Brigadier-General.  After  the  war 
he  held  the  office  of  Sheriff  of  Cook  County  four 
years;  in  1870  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate, 
and,  in  the  following  year.  Congressman-at-large 
to  succeed  General  Logau,  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate;  resigned  this  office  in  January. 

1873,  having  been  elected  Lieutenant-Governor. 
and  a  few  weeks  later  succeeded  to  the  govern- 
orship by  the  election  of  Governor  Oglesby  to  the 
United  States  Senate.   In  18H1  he  was  appointed. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


47 


by  President  Arthur,  Assistant  United  States 
Treasurer  for  Chicago,  serving  until  after  Cleve- 
land's first  election.  His  present  home  (1898),  is 
near  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

BIENVILLE,  Jean  Baptiste  le  Mojne,  Sieur 
de,  was  born  at  Montreal,  Canada,  Feb.  23,  1680, 
and  was  the  French  Governor  of  Louisiana  at  the 
time  the  Illinois  country  was  included  in  that 
province.  He  had  several  brothers,  a  number  of 
whom  played  important  parts  in  the  early  history 
of  the  province.  Bienville  first  visited  Louisi- 
ana, in  company  with  his  brother  Iberville,  in 
1698,  their  object  being  to  establish  a  French 
colony  near  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi.  The 
first  settlement  was  made  at  Biloxi,  Dec.  6,  1699, 
and  Sanvolle,  another  brother,  was  placed  in 
charge.  The  latter  was  afterward  made  Governor 
of  Louisiana,  and,  at  his  death  (1701),  he  was 
succeeded  by  Bienville,  who  transferred  the  seat 
of  government  to  Mobile.  In  1704  he  was  joined 
by  his  brother  Chateaugay,  who  brought  seven- 
teen settlers  from  Canada.  Soon  afterwards 
Iberville  died,  and  Bienville  was  recalled  to 
France  in  1707,  but  was  reinstated  the  following 
year.  Finding  the  Indians  worthless  as  tillers  of 
the  soil,  he  seriously  suggested  to  the  home  gov- 
ernment the  expediency  of  trading  off  the  copper- 
colored  aborigines  for  negroes  from  the  West 
Indies,  three  Indians  to  be  reckoned  as  equiva- 
lent to  two  blacks.  In  1713  Cadillac  was  sent  out 
as  Governor,  Bienville  being  made  Lieutenant- 
Governor.  The  two  quarreled.  Cadillac  was 
superseded  by  Epinay  in  1717,  and,  in  1718,  Law's 
first  expedition  arrived  (see  Company  of  the 
West),  and  brought  a  Governor's  commission  for 
Bienville.  The  latter  soon  after  founded  New 
Orleans,  which  became  the  seat  of  government 
for  the  province  (which  then  included  Illinois),  in 
1723.  In  January,  1724,  he  was  again  summoned 
to  France  to  answer  charges;  was  removed  in 
disgrace  in  1726,  but  reinstated  in  1733  and  given 
the  rank  of  Lieutenant-General.  Failing  in  vari- 
ous expeditions  against  the  Chickasaw  Indians, 
he  was  again  superseded  in  1743,  returning  to 
France,  where  he  died  in  1768. 

BltKJS,  William,  pioneer,  -Judge  and  legislator, 
was  born  in  Maryland  in  1753,  enlisted  in  the 
Revolutionary  army,  and  served  as  an  officer 
under  Colonel  George  Rogers  Clark  in  the  expe- 
dition for  the  capture  of  Illinois  from  the  British 
in  1778.  He  settled  in  Bellefontaine  (now  Monroe 
County)  soon  after  the  close  of  the  war.  He  was 
Sheriff  of  St.  Clair  County  for  many  years,  and 
later  Justice  of  the  Peace  and  Judge  of  the  Court 
of  Common  Pleas.  He  also  represented  his 


county  in  the  Territorial  Legislatures  of  In- 
diana and  Illinois.  Died,  in  St.  Clair  County, 
in  1827. 

HI<;i;S YILLE.  a  village  of  Henderson  County, 
on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad. 
15  miles  northeast  of  Burlington ;  has  a  bank  and 
two  newspapers;  considerable  grain  and  live- 
stock are  shipped  here.  Population  (1880),  358; 
(1890),  487;  (1900),  417. 

Bid  MUDDY  RIVER,  a  stream  formed  by  the 
union  of  two  branches  which  rise  in  Jefferson 
County.  It  runs  south  and  southwest  through 
Franklin  and  Jackson  Counties,  and  enters  the 
Mississippi  about  five  miles  below  Grand  Tower. 
Its  length  is  estimated  at  140  miles. 

BILLIN6S,  Albert  Merrltt,  capitalist,  was 
born  in  New  Hampshire,  April  19,  1814,  educated 
in  the  common  schools  of  his  native  State  and 
Vermont,  and,  at  the  age  of  22,  became  Sheriff  of 
Windsor  County,  Vt.,  Later  he  was  proprietor 
for  a  time  of  the  mail  stage-coach  line  between 
Concord,  N.  H. ,  and  Boston,  but,  having  sold  out, 
invested  his  means  in  the  securities  of  the  Chi- 
cago, Milwaukee  &  St  jp-.iul  Railway  and  became 
identified  with  the  bjfsfness  interests  of  Chicago. 
In  the  '50's  he  became  associated  with  Cornelius 
K.  Garrison  in  the  People's  Gas  Company  of  Chi- 
cago, of  which  he  served  as  President  from  1859 
to  1888.  In  1890  Mr.  Billings  became  extensively 
interested  in  the  street  railway  enterprises  of  Mr. 
C.  B.  Holmes,  resulting  in  his  becoming  the  pro- 
prietor of  the  street  railway  system  at  Memphis, 
Tenn.,  valued,  in  1897,  at  $3,000,000.  In  early 
life  he  had  been  associated  with  Commodore 
Vanderbilt  in  the  operation  of  the  Hudson  River 
steamboat  lines  of  the  latter.  In  addition  to  his 
other  business  enterprises;  he  was  principal 
owner  and,  during  the  last  twenty-five  years  of 
his  life,  President  of  the  Home  National  and 
Home  Savings  Banks  of  Chicago.  Died,  Feb.  7, 
1897,  leaving  an  estate  valued  at  several  millions 
of  dollars. 

BILLINGS,  Henry  W.,  was  born  at  Conway, 
Mass.,  July  11,  1814,  graduated  at  Amherst  Col- 
lege at  twenty  years  of  age,  and  began  the  study 
of  law  with  Judge  Foote,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  wa* 
admitted  to  the  bar  two  yean  later  and  practiced 
there  some  two  years  longer.  He  then  removed 
to  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  later  resided  for  a  time  at 
Waterloo  and  Cairo,  111.,  but,  in  1845,  settled  at 
Alton;  was  elected  Mayor  of  that  city  in  1851, 
and  the  first  Judge  of  the  newly  organized  City 
Court,  in  1859,  serving  in  this  position  six  years. 
In  1869  he  was  elected  a  Delegate  from  Madison 
County  to  the  State  Constitutional  Convention  of 


48 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


. 


1869-70,  but  died  before  the  expiration  of  the  ses- 
sion, on  April  19,  1870. 

BIRKBECK,  Morris,  early  colonist,  was  born 
in  England  about  1763  or  1763,  emigrated  t<> 
America  in  1817,  and  settled  in  Edwards  County, 
111.  He  purchased  a  large  tract  of  land  and  in- 
duced a  large  colony  of  English  artisans,  laborers 
and  fanners  to  settle  upon  the  same,  founding 
the  town  of  New  Albion.  He  was  an  active,  un- 
compromising opponent  of  slavery,  and  was  an 
important  factor  in  defeating  the  scheme  to  make 
Illinois  a  slave  State.  He  was  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  State  by  Governor  Coles  in  October,  1824. 
but  resigned  at  the  end  of  three  months,  a  hostile 
Legislature  having  refused  to  confirm  him.  A 
strong  writer  and  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
press,  his  letters  and  published  works  attracted 
attention  both  in  this  country  and  in  Europe. 
Principal  among  the  latter  were:  "Notes  on  a 
Journey  Through  France"  (1815);  "Notes  on  a 
Journey  Through  America"  (1818),  and  "Letters 
from  Illinois"  (1818).  Died  from  drowning  in 
1825.  aged  about  63  years.  (See  Slavery  ami 
t<li i iv  Law*.) 

BISSELL,  William  H.,  first  Republican  Gov- 
ernor of  Illinois,  was  born  near  Cooperstown, 
N.  Y. ,  on  April  25,  1811,  graduated  in  medicine  at 
Philadelphia  in  1835,  and,  after  practicing  a  short 
time  in  Steuben  County,  N.  Y.,  removed  to  Mon- 
roe County,  111.  In  1840  he  was  elected  a  Repre- 
sentative in  the  General  Assembly,  where  he  soon 
attained  high  rank  as  a  debater.  He  studied  law 
and  practiced  in  Belleville.  St.  Clair  County,  be- 
coming Prosecuting  Attorney  for  that  county  in 
1844.  He  served  as  Colonel  of  the  Second  Illinois 
Volunteers  during  the  Mexican  War,  and  achieved 
distinction  at  Buenu  Vista.  He  represented  Illi- 
nois in  Congress  from  1849  to  1855,  being  first 
elected  as  an  Independent  Democrat.  On  the  pax- 
sage  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill, he  left  the  Demo- 
cratic party  and,  in  1856,  was  elected  Governor  on 
the  Republican  ticket.  While  in  Congress  he  was 
challenged  by  Jefferson  Davis  after  an  inter- 
change of  heated  words  respecting  the  relative 
courage  of  Northern  and  Southern  soldiers, 
spoken  in  debate.  Bissell  accepted  the  challenge, 
naming  muskets  at  thirty  paces.  Mr.  Davis's 
friends  objected,  and  the  duel  never  occurred. 
Died  in  office,  at  Springfield,  111.,  March  18,  1860. 

BLACK,  John  Charles,  lawyer  and  soldier, 
born  at  Lexington,  Miss.,  Jan.  29,  1839,  at  eight 
years  of  age  came  with  his  widowed  mother  to 
Illinois;  while  a  student  at  Wabash  College,  Ind., 
in  April,  1861.  enlisted  in  the  Union  army,  serv- 
ing gallantly  and  with  distinction  until  Aug.  15, 


186o,  when,  as  Colonel  of  the  37th  111.  Vol.  Inf.,  he 
retired  with  the  rank  of  BrevetBrigadier-General ; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1857,  and  after  practic- 
ing at  Danville,  Champaign  and  Urbana,  in  1885 
was  appointed  Commissioner  of  Pensions,  serving 
until  1889,  when  he  removed  to  Chicago ;  served  as 
Congressman-at-large  ( 1893-95),  and  U.  S.  District 
Attorney  (1895-99);  Commander  of  the  Loyal 
Legion  and  of  the  (}.  A.  U.  (Department  of 
Illinois),  was  elected  Commander-in-Chief  of  the 
Grand  Army  at  the  Grand  Encampment,  1903. 
Gen.  Black  received  the  honorary  degree  of  A.M. 
from  his  Alma  Mater  and  that  of  LL.  D.  from  Knox 
College:  in  January,  1904.  wax  appointed  by 
President  Roosevelt  member  of  the  U.  8.  Civil 
Service  Commission,  and  chosen  its  President. 

BLACKBURN  I  MVKKSI1  Y,  located  at  Car- 
linville,  Macoupin  County.  It  owes  its  origin  to 
the  efforts  of  Dr.  Gideon  Blackburn,  who,  having 
induced  friends  in  the  East  to  unite  with  him  in 
the  purchase  of  Illinois  lands  at  N  Government 
price,  in  1837  conveyed  16,656  acres  of  these 
lands,  situated  in  ten  different  counties,  in  trust 
for  the  founding  of  an  institution  of  learning, 
intended  particularly  "to  qualify  young  men  for 
the  gospel  ministry."  The  citizens  of  Carlinville 
donated  funds  wherewith  to  purchase  eighty 
acres  of  land,  near  that  city,  as  a  site,  which  was 
included  in  the  deed  of  trust.  The  enterprise 
lay  dormant  for  many  years,  and  it  was  not  until 
1857  that  the  institution  was  formally  incorpo- 
rated, and  ten  years  later  it  was  little  more  than 
a  high  school,  giving  one  course  of  instruction 
considered  particularly  adapted  to  prospective 
students  of  theology.  At  present  (1898)  there 
are  about  110  students  in  attendance,  a  faculty 
of  twelve  instructors,  and  a  theological,  as  well  as 
preparatory  and  collegiate  departments.  The 
institution  owns  property  valued  at  $110,000,  of 
which  $50,000  is  represented  by  real  estate  and 
$40,000  by  endowment  funds: 

BLACK  HAWK,  a  Chief  of  the  Sac  tribe  of 
Indians,  reputed  to  have  been  born  at  Kaskaskia 
in  1767.  (It  is  also  claimed  that  he  was  born  on 
Rock  River,  as  well  as  within  the  present  limits 
of  Hancock  County.)  Conceiving  that  his  people 
had  been  wrongfully  despoiled  of  lands  belonging 
to  them,  in  1832  he  inaugurated  what  is  com 
monly  known  as  the  Black  Hawk  War.  His 
Indian  name  was  Makabaimishekiakiak,  signify- 
ing Black  Sparrow  Hawk.  He  was  ambitious,  but 
susceptible  to  flattery,  and  while  having  many  of 
the  qualities  of  leadership,  was  lacking  in  moral 
force.  He  was  always  attached  to  British  inter- 
ests, and  unquestionably  received  British  aid  of  a 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


substantial  sort.  After  his  defeat  he  was  made 
the  ward  of  Keokuk,  another  Chief,  which 
humiliation  of  his  pride  broke  his  heart  He  died 
on  a  rest- rv.itinn  set  apart  for  him  in  Iowa,  in 
1838,  aged  71.  His  body  is  said  to  have  been 
exhumed  nine  months  after  death,  and  his  articu- 
lated skeleton  is  alleged  to  have  been  preserved 
in  the  rooms  of  the  Burlington  (la.)  Historical 
Society  until  1855,  when  it  was  destroyed  by  fire. 
(See  also  Black  Hawk  War:  Appendix.) 

BLACKSTONE,  Timothy  ][..  Railway  Presi- 
dent, was  born  at  Branford,  Conn.,  March  28, 
1829.  After  receiving  a  common  school  educa- 
tion, supplemented  by  a  course  in  a  neighboring 
academy,  at  18  he  began  the  practical  study  of 
engineering  in  a  corps  employed  by  the  New 
York  &  New  Hampshire  Railway  Company,  and 
the  same  year  became  assistant  engineer  on  the 
Stockbridge  &  Pittsfield  Railway.  While  thus 
employed  he  applied  himself  diligently  to  the 
study  of  the  theoretical  science  of  engineering, 
and,  on  coming  to  Illinois  in  1851,  was  qualified 
to  accept  and  fill  the  position  of  division  engineer 
(from  Bloomington  to  Dixon)  on  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral Railway.  On  the  completion  of  the  main 
line  of  that  road  in  1855,  he  was  appointed  Chief 
Engineer  of  the  Joliet  &  Chicago  Railroad,  later 
becoming  financially  interested  therein,  and 
being  chosen  President  of  the  corporation  on  the 
completion  of  the  line.  In  January,  1864,  the 
Chicago  &  Joliet  was  leased  in  perpetuity  to  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad  Company.  Mr.  Black- 
stone  then  became  a  Director  in  the  latter  organi- 
zation and,  in  April  following,  was  chosen  its 
President.  This  office  he  filled  uninterruptedly 
until  April  1,1899,  when  the  road  passed  into  the 
hands  of  a  syndicate  of  other  lines.  He  was  also 
one  of  the  original  incorporators  of  the  Union 
Stock  Yards  Company,  and  was  its  President  from 
1864  to  1868.  His  career  as  a  railroad  man  was  con- 
spicuous for  its  long  service,  the  uninterrupted 
success  of  his  management  of  the  enterprises 
entrusted  to  his  hands  and  his  studious  regard  for 
the  interests  of  stockholders.  This  was  illustrated 
by  the  fact  that,  for  some  thirty  years,  the  Chicago 
&  Alton  Railroad  paid  dividends  on  its  preferred 
and  common  stock,  ranging  from  6  to  8%  per  cent , 
per  annum,  and,  on  disposing  of  his  stock  conse- ' 
quent  on  the  transfer  of  the  line  to  a  new  corpora- 
tion in  1899,  Mr.  Blackstone  rejected  offers  for  his 
stock — aggregating  nearly  one-third  of  the  whole 
—which  would  hare  netted  him  $1,000,000  in 
excess  of  the  amount  received,  because  he  was 
unwilling  to  use  his  position  to  reap  an  advantage 
over  smaller  stockholders.  Died,  May  26,  1900. 


BLACKWELL,  Robert  S.,  lawyer,  was  born 
at  Belleville,  111.,  in  1828.  He  belonged  to  a 
prominent  family  in  the  early  history  of  the 
State,  his  father,  David  Black-well,  who  was  also 
a  lawyer  and  settled  in  Belleville  about  1819, 
having  been  a  member  of  the  Second  General 
Assembly  (1830)  from  St.  Clair  County,  and  also 
of  the  Fourth  and  Fifth.  In  April,  1823,  he  was 
appointed  by  Governor  Coles  Secretary  of  State, 
succeeding  Judge  Samuel  D.  Lockwood.  after- 
wards a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  who  had 
just  received  from  President  Monroe  the  appoint- 
ment of  Receiver  of  Public  Moneys  at  the 
Edwardsville  Land  Office.  Mr.  Blackwell  served 
in  the  Secretary's  office  to  October,  1824,  during 
a  part  of  the  time  acting  as  editor  of  "The  Illinois 
Intelligencer."  which  liad  been  removed  from 
Kaskaskia  to  Vandalia,  and  in  which  he  strongly 
opposed  the  policy  of  making  Illinois  a  slave 
State.  He  finally  died  in  Belleville.  Robert 
Blackwell,  a  brother  of  David  and  the  uncle  of 
the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  joint  owner  with 
Daniel  P.  Cook,  of  "The  Illinois  Herald"— after- 
wards "The  Intelligencer"  —  at  Kaskaskia,  in 
1816,  and  in  April,  1817,  succeeded  Cook  in  the 
office  of  Territorial  Auditor  of  Public  Accounte, 
being  himself  succeeded  by  Elijah  C.  Berry,  who 
had  become  his  partner  on  "The  Intelligencer," 
and  served  as  Auditor  until  the  organization  of 
the  State  Government  in  1818.  Blackwell  &  Berry 
were  chosen  State  Printers  after  the  removal  of 
the  State  capital  to  Vandalia  in  1820,  serving  in 
this  capacity  for  some  years.  Robert  Blackwell 
located  at  Vandalia  and  served  as  a  member  of 
the  House  from  Fayette  County  in  the  Eighth 
and  Ninth  General  Assemblies  (1832-36)  and  in 
the  Senate,  1840-42.  Robert  S.— the  son  of  David, 
and  the  younger  member  of  this  somewhat 
famous  and  historic  family — whose  name  stands  at 
the  head  of  this  paragraph,  attended  the  common 
schools  at  Belleville  in  his  boyhood,  but  in  early 
manhood  removed  to  Galena,  where  he  engaged 
in  mercantile  pursuits.  He  later  studied  law 
with  Hon.  O.  H.  Browning  at  Quincy,  beginning 
practice  at  Rushville.  where  he  was  associated 
for  a  time  with  Judge  Minshall.  In  1852  he 
removed  to  Chicago,  having  for  his  first  partner 
Corydon  Beckwith,  afterwards  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  still  later  being  associated  with  a  number 
of  prominent  lawyers  of  that  day.  He  is  de- 
scribed by  his  biographers  as  "an  able  lawyer,  an 
eloquent  advocate  and  a  brilliant  scholar." 
"Blackwell  on  Tax  Titles,"  from  his  pen.  has  been 
accepted  by  the  profession  as  a  high  authority  on 
that  branch  of  law.  He  also  published  a  revision 


50 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


of  the  Statutes  in  1858,  and  began  an  "Abstract 
of  Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court,"  which  had 
reached  the  third  or  fourth  volume  at  his  death, 
May  16,  1863. 

BLAIR,  William,  merchant,  was  born  at 
Homer,  Cortland  County,  N.  Y.,  May  20,  1818, 
being  descended  through  five  generations  of  New 
England  ancestors.  After  attending  school  in 
the  town  of  Cortland,  which  became  his  father's 
residence,  at  the  age  of  14  he  obtained  employ- 
ment in  a  stove  and  hardware  store,  four  years 
later  (1836)  coming  to  Joliet,  111.,  to  take  charge 
of  a  branch  store  which  the  firm  had  established 
there.  The  next  year  he  purchased  the  stock  and 
continued  the  business  on  his  own  account.  In 
August,  1842,  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he 
established  the  earliest  and  one  of  the  most 
extensive  wholesale  hardware  concerns  in  that 
city,  with  which  he  remained  connected  nearly 
fifty  years.  During  this  period  he  was  associated 
with  various  partners,  including  C.  B.  Nelson, 
E.  O.  Hall,  O.  \V.  Belden,  James  H.  Horton  and 
others,  besides,  at  times,  conducting  the  business 
alone.  He  suffered  by  the  fire  of  1871  in  common 
with  other  business  men  of  Chicago,  but  promptly 
resumed  business  and,  within  the  next  two  or 
three  years,  had  erected  business  blocks,  succes- 
sively, on  Lake  and  Randolph  Streets,  but  retired 
from  business  in  1888.  He  was  a  Director  of  the 
Merchants'  National  Bank  of  Chicago  from  its 
organization  in  1865,  as  also  for  a  time  of  the 
Atlantic  &  Pacific  Telegraph  Company  and  the 
Chicago  Gaslight  &  Coke  Company,  a  Trustee  of 
Lake  Forest  University,  one  of  the  Managers  of 
the  Presbyterian  Hospital  and  a  member  of  the 
Chicago  Historical  Society.  Died  in  Chicago, 
Hay  10,  1899. 

BLAKELY,  Oarid,  journalist,  was  born  in 
Franklin  County,  Vt.,  in  1884;  learned  the  print- 
er's trade  and  graduated  from  the  University  of 
Vermont  in  1857.  He  was  a  member  of  a  musical 
family  which,  under  the  name  of  "The  Blakely 
Family,"  made  several  successful  tours  of  the 
West.  He  engaged  in  journalism  at  Rochester, 
Minn.,  and,  in  1862,  was  elected  Secretary  of 
State  and  ex-officio  Superintendent  of  Schools, 
serving  until  1865,  when  he  resigned  and,  in 
partnership  with  a  brother,  bought  "The  Chicago 
Evening  Post,"  with  which  he  was  connected  at 
the  time  of  the  great  fire  and  for  some  time  after- 
ward. Later,  he  returned  to  Minnesota  and 
became  one  of  the  proprietors  and  a  member  of 
the  editorial  staff  of  "The  St.  Paul  Pioneer-Press." 
In  his  later  years  Mr.  Blakely  was  President  of 
the  Blakely  Printing  Company,  of  Chicago,  also 


conducting  a  large  printing  business  in  New 
York,  which  was  his  residence.  He  was  manager 
for  several  years  of  the  celebrated  Gilinore  Band 
of  musicians,  and  also  instrumental  in  organizing 
the  celebrated  Sousa's  Band,  of  which  he  was 
manager  up  to  the  time  of  his  decease  in  New 
York,  Nov.  7,  1896. 

BLAKEMAN,  Curtis*,  sea-captain,  and  pioneer 
settler,  came  from  New  England  to  Madison 
County,  III,  in  1819,  and  settled  in  what  was. 
afterwards  known  as  the  "Marine  Settlement,"  of 
which  he  was  one  of  the  founders.  This  settle- 
ment, of  which  the  present  town  of  Marine  (first 
called  Madison)  was  the  outcome,  took  its  name 
from  the  fact  that  several  of  the  early  settlers,  like 
Captain  Blakeman,  were  sea-faring  men.  Captain 
Blakeman  became  a  prominent  citizen  and  repre- 
sented Madison  County  in  the  lower  branch  of 
the  Third  and  Fourth  General  Assemblies  (1822 
and  1824),  in  the  former  being  one  of  the  opponents 
of  the  pro-slavery  amendment  of  the  Constitution. 
A  son  of  his,  of  the  same  name,  was  a  Represent- 
ative in  the  Thirteenth,  Fifteenth  and  Sixteenth 
General  Assemblies  from  Madison  County. 

Ill,  A  \C  H  A  RI>,  Jonathan,  clergyman  and  edu 
cator,  was  born  in  Rockingham,  Vt.,  Jan.  19, 
1811;  graduated  at  Middlebury  College  in  1832; 
then,  after  teaching  some  time,  spent  two  years 
in  Amlover  Theological  Seminary,  finally  gradu- 
ating in  theology  at  Lane  Seminary,  Cincinnati, 
in  1838,  where  he  remained  nine  years  as  pastor 
of  the  Sixth  Presbyterian  Church  of  that  city. 
Before  this  time  he  had  become  interested  in 
various  reforms,  and,  in  1843,  was  sent  as  a 
delegate  to  the  second  World's  Anti-Slavery 
Convention  in  London,  serving  as  the  American 
Vice- President  of  that  body.  In  1846  he  assumed 
the  Presidency  of  Knox  College  at  Galesburg, 
remaining  until  1858,  during  his  connection 
with  that  institution  doing  much  to  increase  its 
capacity  and  resources.  After  two  years  spent  in 
pastoral  work,  he  accepted  (1860)  the  Presidency 
of  Wheaton  College,  which  he  continued  to  fill 
until  1882,  when  he  was  chosen  President  Emer- 
itus, remaining  in  this  position  until  his  death, 
May  14,  1892. 

BLAYDINSVILLE,  a  town  in  McDonongh 
County,  on  the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Warsaw  Rail- 
road, 26  miles  southeast  of  Burlington,  Iowa,  and 
64  miles  west  by  south  from  Peoria.  It  is  a  ship- 
ping point  for  the  grain  grown  in  the  surround- 
ing country,  and  has  a  grain  elevator  and  steam 
flour  and  saw  mills.  It  also  has  banks,  two 
weekly  newspapers  and  several  churches.  Popu- 
lation (JWV  877;  (1900),  996. 


•% 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


51 


BLANEY,  Jerome  Van  Zandt,  early  physician, 
born  at  Newcastle,  Del.,  May  1,  1820;  was  edu- 
cated at  Princeton  and  graduated  in  medicine  at 
Philadelphia  when  too  young  to  receive  his 
diploma ;  in  1843  came  west  and  joined  Dr.  Daniel 
Brainard  in  founding  Rush  Medical  College  at 
Chicago,  f6r  a  time  filling  three  chairs  in  that 
institution ;  also,  for  a  time,  occupied  the  chair  of 
Chemistry  and  Natural  Philosophy  in  Northwest- 
ern University.  In  1861  he  was  appointed  Sur- 
geon, and  afterwards  Medical  Director,  in  the 
army,  and  was  Surgeon -in-Chief  on  the  staff  of 
General  Sheridan  at  the  time  of  the  battle  of 
Winchester ;  after  the  war  was  delegated  by  the 
Government  to  pay  off  medical  officers  in  the 
Northwest,  in  this  capacity  disbursing  over  $600,- 
000;  finally  retiring  with  the  rank  of  Lieutenant- 
Colonel.  Died.  Dec.  11,  1874. 

BLATCHFORD,  Eliphalet  Wick.-.  1.I..I).. 
son  of  Dr.  John  Blatchford,  was  born  at  Stillwater, 
N.  Y.,  May  31,  1826;  being  a  grandson  of  Samuel 
Blatchford,  D.D.,who  came  to  New  York  from 
England,  in  1795.  He  prepared  for  college  at  Lan- 
singburg  Academy.  New  York,  and  at  Marion 
College,  Ma,  finally  graduating  at  Illinois  College, 
Jacksonville,  in  the  class  of  1845.  After  graduat- 
ing, he  was  employed  for  several  years  in  the  law 
offices  of  his  uncles,  R.  M.  and  E.  H.  Blatchford, 
New  York.  For  considerations  of  health  he  re- 
turned to  the  West,  and,  in  1850,  engaged  in  busi- 
ness for  himself  as  a  lead  manufacturer  in  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  afterwards  associating  with  him  the 
late  Morris  Collins,  under  the  firm  name  of  Blatch- 
ford &  Collins.  In  1854  a  branch  was  established 
in  Chicago,  known  as  Collins  &  Blatchford.  After 
a  few  years  the  firm  was  dissolved,  Mr.  Blatch- 
ford  taking  the  Chicago  business,  which  has 
continued  as  E.  W.  Blatchford  &  Co  to  the  pres- 
ent time.  While  Mr.  Blatchford  has  invariably 
declined  political  offices,  he  has  been  recognized 
as  a  staunch  Republican,  and  the  services  of  few 
men  have  been  in  more  frequent  request  for 
positions  of  trust  in  connection  with  educational 
and  benevolent  enterprises.  Among  the  numer- 
ous positions  of  this  character  which  he  has  been 
called  to  fill  are  those  of  Treasurer  of  the  North- 
western Branch  of  the  United  States  Sanitary 
Commission,  during  the  Civil  War,  to  which  he 
devoted  a  large  part  of  his  time;  Trustee  of  Illi- 
nois College  (1866-75);  President  of  the  Chicago 
Academy  of  Sciences ;  a  member,  and  for  seven- 
teen years  President,  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of 
the  Chicago  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary ;  Trustee  of 
the  Chicago  Art  Institute ;  Executor  and  Trustee 
of  the  late  Walter  L.  Newberry,  and,  since  its 


incorporation,  President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 
of  The  Newberry  Library;  Trustee  of  the  John 
Crerar  Library;  one  of  the  founders  and  Presi 
dent  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Chicago 
Manual  Training  School;  life  member  of  the 
Chicago  Historical  Society;  for  nearly  forty 
years  President  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the 
Chicago  Theological  Seminary;  during  his  resi- 
dence in  Chicago  an  officer  of  the  New  England 
Congregational  Church;  a  corporate  member  of 
the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  For- 
eign Missions,  and  for  fourteen  years  its  Vice- 
President;  a  charter  member  of  the  City 
Missionary  Society,  and  of  the  Congregational 
Club  of  Chicago;  a  member  of  the  Chicago 
Union  League,  the  University,  the  Literary  and 
the  Commercial  Clubs,  of  which  latter  he  lias 
been  President.  Oct.  7,  1858,  Mr.  Blatchford  was 
married  to  Miss  Mary  Emily  Williams,  daughter 
of  John  C.Williams,  of  Chicago.  Seven  children — 
four  sons  and  three  daughters — have  blessed  this 
union,  the  eldest  son,  Paul,  being  to-day  one  of 
Chicago's  valued  business  men.  Mr.  Blatchford's 
life  lias  been  one  of  ceaseless  and  successful 
activity  in  business,  and  to  him  Chicago  owes 
much  of  its  prosperity.  In  the  giving  of  time 
and  money  for  Christian,  educational  and  benevo- 
lent enterprises,  he  has  been  conspicuous  for  his 
generosity,  and  noted  for  his  valuable  counsel  and 
executive  ability  in  carrying  these  enterprises  to 
success. 

BLATCHFORD,  John,  D.D.,  was  born  at  New- 
field  (now  Bridgeport),  Conn.,  May  24,  1799; 
removed  in  childhood  to  Lansingburg,  N.  Y., 
and  was  educated  at  Cambridge  Academy  and 
Union  College  in  that  State,  graduating  in  1820. 
He  finished  his  theological  course  at  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  in  1823,  after  which  he  ministered  succes- 
sively to  Presbyterian  churches  at  Pittstown  and 
Stillwater,  N.  Y.,  in  1830  accepting  the  pastorate 
of  the  First  Congregational  Church  of  Bridge- 
port, Conn.  In  1836  he  came  to  the  West,  spend- 
ing the  following  winter  at  Jacksonville,  111. ,  and, 
in  1837,  was  installed  the  first  pastor  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Chicago,  where  he 
remained  until  compelled  by  failing  health  to 
resign  and  return  to  the  East.  In  1841  he  ac 
cepted  the  chair  of  Intellectual  and  Moral  Phi- 
losophy at  Marion  College,  Mo.,  subsequently 
assuming  the  Presidency.  The  institution  having 
been  purchased  by  the  Free  Masons,  in  1844,  he 
removed  to  West  Ely,  Mo.,  and  thence,  in  1847, 
to  Quincy,  111.,  where  he  resided  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  His  death  occurred  in  St. 
Louis,  April  8,  1855.  The  churches  he  served 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


testified  strongly  to  Dr.  Blatchford's  faithful, 
acceptable  and  successful  performance  of  his 
ministerial  duties.  He  was  married  in  1825  to 
Frances  Wickes,  daughter  of  Eliphalet  Wickes, 
Esq. ,  of  Jamaica,  Long  Island,  N.  Y. 

BLEDSOE,  Albert  Taylor,  teacher  and  law- 
yer, was  born  in  Frankfort,  Ky. ,  Nov.  9,  1809; 
graduated  at  West  Point  Military  Academy  in 
1830,  and,  after  two  years'  service  at  Fort  Gib- 
son, Indian  Territory, -retired  from  the  army  in 
1832.  During  1833-34  he  was  Adjunct  Professor 
of  Mathematics  and  teacher  of  French  at  Kenyon 
College,  Ohio,  and,  in  1835-36,  Professor  of 
Mathematics  at  Miami  University.  Then,  hav- 
ing studied  theology,  he  served  for  several  years 
as  rector  of  Episcopal  churches  in  Ohio.  In  1838 
he  settled  at  Springfield,  111.,  and  began  the  prac- 
tice of  law,  remaining  several  years,  when  he 
removed  to  Washington,  D.  C.  Later  he  became 
Professor  of  Mathematics,  first  (1848-54)  in  the 
University  of  Mississippi,  and  (1854-61)  in  the 
University  of  Virginia.  He  then  entered  the 
Confederate  service  with  the  rank  of  Colonel, 
but  soon  became  Acting  Assistant  Secretary  of 
War ;  in  1863  visited  England  to  collect  material 
for  a  work  on  the  Constitution,  which  was  pub- 
lished in  1866,  when  he  settled  at  Baltimore, 
where  he  began  the  publication  of  "The  Southern 
Review, "  which  became  the  recognized  organ  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South.  Later 
he  became  a  minister  of  the  Methodist  Church. 
He  gained  considerable  reputation  for  eloquence 
during  his  residence  in  Illinois,  and  was  the 
author  of  a  number  of  works  on  religious  and 
political  subjects,  the  latter  maintaining  the 
right  of  secession;  was  a  man  of  recognized 
ability,  but  lacked  stability  of  character.  Died 
at  Alexandria,  Va.,  Dec.  8,  1877. 

BLOD6ETT,  Henry  William*,  jurist,  was  born 
at  Amherst,  Mass.,  in  1821.  At  the  age  of  10 
years  he  removed  with  his  parents  to  Illinois, 
where  he  attended  the  district  schools,  later 
returning  to  Amherst  to  spend  a  year  at  the 
Academy.  Returning  home,  he  spent  the  years 
1839-42  in  teaching  and  surveying.  In  1842  he 
began  the  study  of  law  at  Chicago,  being 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845,  and  beginning  prac- 
tice at  Waukegan,  111.,  where  he  has  continued 
to  reside.  In  1852  he  was  elected  to  the  lower 
house  of  the  Legislature  from  Lake  County,  as 
an  anti-slavery  candidate,  and,  in  1858,  to  the 
State  Senate,  in  the  latter  serving  four  years. 
He  gained  distinction  as  a  railroad  solicitor,  being 
employed  at  different  times  by  the  Chicago  & 
Northwestern,  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St. 


Paul,  the  Michigan  Southern  and  the  Pittsburg 
&  Fort  Wayne  Companies.  Of  the  second  named 
road  he  was  one  of  the  projectors,  procuring  its 
charter,  and  being  identified  with  it  in  the  sev- 
eral capacities  of  Attorney,  Director  and  Presi- 
dent. In  1870  President  Grant  appointed  him 
Judge  of  the  United  States  District  Court  for  the 
Northern  District  of  Illinois.  This  position  he 
continued  to  occupy  for  twenty-two  years,  resign- 
ing it  in  1892  to  accept  an  appointment  by  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  as  one  of  the  counsel  for  the 
United  States  before  the  Behring  Sea  Arbitrators 
at  Paris,  which  was  his  last  official  service. 

BL001HINGDALE,a  village  of  Du  Page  County, 
30  miles  west  by  north  from  Chicago.  Population 
(1880),  226;  (1890),  463;  (1900),  235. 

BLOOKINQTON,  the  county-seat  of  McLean 
County,  a  flourishing  city  and  railroad  center,  59 
miles  northeast  of  Springfield ;  is  in  a  rich  agri- 
cultural and  coal-mining  district.  Besides  car 
shops  and  repair  works  employing  some  2,000 
hands,  there  are  manufactories  of  stoves,  fur- 
naces, plows,  flour,  etc.  Nurseries  are  numerous 
in  the  vicinity  and  horse  breeding  receives  much 
attention.  The  city  is  the  seat  of  Illinois  Wee- 
leyan  University,  has  fine  public  schools,  several 
newspapers  (two  published  daily),  besides  educa- 
tional and  other  publications.  The  business  sec- 
tion suffered  a  disastrous  fire  in  1900,  but  has  been 
rebuilt  more  substantially  than  before.  The  prin- 
cipal streets  are  paved  and  electric  street  cars  con- 
nect with  Normal  (two  miles  distant),  the  site  of 
the  "State  Normal  University"  and  "Soldiers'  Or- 
phans' Home."  Pop.  (1890),  20,284;  (1900).  23.880. 

BLOOMINGTON  CONTENTION  OF  1856. 
Although  not  -formally  called  as  such,  this  was 
the  first  Republican  State  Convention  held  in 
Illinois,  out  of  which  grew  a  permanent  Repub- 
lican organization  in  the  State.  A  mass  conven- 
tion of  those  opposed  to  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri 
Compromise  (known  as  an  "Anti-Nebraska 
Convention")  was  held  at  Springfield  during  the 
week  of  the  State  Fair  of*1854  (on  Oct.  4  and  5), 
and,  although  it  adopted  a  platform  in  harmony 
with  the  principles  which  afterwards  became  the 
foundation  of  the  Republican  party,  and  appointed 
a  State  Central  Committee,  besides  putting  in 
nomination  a  candidate  for  State  Treasurer — the 
only  State  officer  elected  that  year — the  organi- 
zation was  not  perpetuated,  the  State  Central 
Committee  failing  to  organize.  The  Bloomington 
Convention  of  1856  met  in  accordance  with  a  call 
issued  by  a  State  Central  Committee  appointed 
by  the  Convention  of  Anti-Nebraska  editors  held 
at.Decatur  on  February  22,  1856.  (See  Anti-Neb- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Editorial  Convention.)  The  call  did  not 
even  contain  the  word  "Republican,"  but  was 
addressed  to  those  opposed  to  the  principles  of 
the  Nebraska  Bill  and  the  policy  of  the  existing 
Democratic  administration.  The  Convention 
met  on  May  29,  1856,  the  date  designated  by  the 
Editorial  Convention  at  Decatur,  but  was  rather 
in  the  nature  of  a  mass  than  a  delegate  conven- 
tion, as  party  organizations  existed  in  few  coun- 
ties of  the  State  at  that  time.  Consequently 
representation  was  very  unequal  and  followed  no 
systematic  rule.  Out  of  one  hundred  counties 
into  which  the  State  was  then  divided,  only 
seventy  were  represented  by  delegates,  ranging 
from  one  to  twenty-five  each,  leaving  thirty 
counties  (embracing  nearly  the  whole  of  the 
southern  part  of  the  State)  entirely  unrepre- 
sented. Lee  County  had  the  largest  representa- 
tion (twenty-five),  Morgan  County  (the  home  of 
Richard  Yates)  coming  next  with  twenty  dele- 
gates, while  Cook  County  had  seventeen  and 
Sangamon  had  five.  The  whole  number  of 
delegates,  as  shown  by  the  contemporaneous 
record,  was  269.  Among  the  leading  spirits  in 
the  Convention  were  Abraham  Lincoln,  Archi- 
bald Williams,  O.  H.  Browning,  Richard  Yates, 
John  M.  Palmer,  Owen  Lovejoy,  Norman  B. 
Judd,  Burton  C.  Cook  and  others  who  afterwards 
became  prominent  in  State  politics.  The  delega- 
tion from  Cook  County  included  the  names  of 
John  Wentworth,  Grant  Goodrich.  George 
Schneider,  Mark  Skinner,  Charles  H.  Ray  and 
Charles  L.  Wilson.  The  temporary  organization 
was  effected  with  Archibald  Williams  of  Adams 
County  in  the  chair,  followed  by  the  election  of 
John  M.  Palmer  of  Macoupin,  as  Permanent 
President.  The  other  officers  were:  Vice-Presi- 
dents — John  A.  Davis  of  Stephenson;  William 
Ross  of  Pike;  James  McKee  of  Cook;  John  H. 
Bryant  of  Bureau;  A.  C.  Harding  of  Warren; 
Richard  Yates  of  Morgan;  Dr.  H.  C.  Johns  of 
Macon;  D.  L.  Phillips  of  Union;  George  Smith 
of  Madison;  Thomas  A.  Marshall  of  Coles;  J.  M. 
Rugglesof  MasonjG.D.A.  Parks  of  Will,  and  John 
Clark  of  Schuyler.  Secretaries — Henry  S.  Baker 
of  Madison;  Charles  L.  Wilson  of  Cook;  John 
Tillson  of  Adams;  Washington  Bushnell  of  La 
Salle.  and  B.  J.  F.  Hanna  of  Randolph.  A  State 
ticket  was  put  in  nomination  consisting  of 
William  H.  Bissell  for  Governor  (by  acclama- 
tion); Francis  A.  Hoffman  of  Du  Page  County, 
for  Lieutenant-Governor ;  Ozias  M.  Hatch  of 
Pike,  for  Secretary  of  State ;  Jesse  K.  Dubois  of 
Lawrence,  for  Auditor;  James  Miller  of  McLean, 
for  Treasurer,  and  William  H.  Powell  of  Peoria. 


for  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction.  Hoff- 
man, having  been  found  ineligible  by  lack  of  resi- 
dence after  the  date  of  naturalization,  withdrew, 
and  his  place  was  subsequently  filled  by  the 
nomination  of  John  Wood  of  Quincy.  The  plat- 
form adopted  was  outspoken  in  its  pledges  Of 
unswerving  loyalty  to  the  Union  and  opposition 
to  the  extension  of  slavery  into  new  territory.  A 
delegation  was  appointed  to  the  National  Con- 
vention to  be  held  in  Philadelphia  on  June  17, 
following,  and  a  State  Central  Committee  was 
named  to  conduct  the  State  campaign,  consisting 
of  James  C.  Conkling  of  Sangamon  County; 
Asahel  Gridley  of  McLean;  Burton  C.  Cook  of 
La  Salle,  and  Charles  H.  Ray  and  Norman  B. 
Judd  of  Cook.  The  principal  speakers  of  the 
occasion,  before  the  convention  or  in  popular 
meetings  held  while  the  members  were  present  in 
Bloomington,  included  the  names  of  O.  H.  Brown- 
ing, Owen  Lovejoy,  Abraham  Lincoln,  Burton 
C.  Cook,  Richard  Yates,  the  venerable  John 
Dixon,  founder  of  the  city  bearing  his  name,  and 
Governor  Reeder  of  Pennsylvania,  who  had  been 
Territorial  Governor  of  Kansas  by  appointment 
of  President  Pierce,  but  had  refused  to  carry  out 
the  policy  of  the  administration  for  making 
Kansas  a  slave  State.  None  of  the  speeches 
were  fully  reported,  but  that  of  Mr.  Lincoln  has 
been  universally  regarded  by  those  who  heard  it 
as  the  gem  of  the  occasion  and  the  most  brilliant 
of  his  life,  foreshadowing  his  celebrated  "house- 
divided-against-itself"  speech  of  June  17,  1858. 
John  L.  Scripps,  editor  of  "The  Chicago  Demo- 
cratic Press,"  writing  of  it,  at  the  time,  to  his 
paper,  said:  "Never  has  it  been  our  fortune  to 
listen  to  a  more  eloquent  and  masterly  presenta- 
tion of  a  subject.  .  .  .  For  an  hour  and  a  half  he 
(Mr.  Lincoln)  held  the  assemblage  spellbound  by 
the  power  of  his  argument,  the  intense  irony  of 
his  invective,  and  the  deep  earnestness  and  fervid 
brilliancy  of  his  eloquence.  When  he  concluded, 
the  audience  sprang  to  their  feet  and  cheer  after 
cheer  told  how  deeply  their  hearts  had  been 
touched  and  their  souls  warmed  up  to  a  generous 
enthusiasm."  At  the  election,  in  November 
following,  although  the  Democratic  candidate 
for  President  carried  the  State  by  a  plurality  of 
over  9,000  votes,  the  entire  State  ticket  put  in 
nomination  at  Bloomington  was  successful  by 
majorities  ranging  from  3,000  to  20,000  for  the 
several  candidates. 

BLUE  ISLAND,  a  village  of  Cook  County,  on 
the  Calumet  River  and  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island 
&  Pacific,  the  Chicago  &  Grand  Trunk  and 
the  Illinois  Central  Railways.  15  miles  south  of 


54 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Chicago.  It  has  a  high  school,  churches  and  two 
newspapers,  besides  brick,  smelting  and  oil  works. 
Population  (1890),  2,521;  (1900),  6,114. 

BLUE  ISLAND  RAILROAD,  a  short  line  3.96 
miles  in  length,  lying  wholly  within  Illinois; 
capital  stock  $25,000;  operated  by  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  Company.  Its  funded  debt 
(1895)  was  §100.000  and  its  floating  debt.  83,779. 

BLUE  MOUND,  a  town  of  Macon  County,  on 
the  Wabash  Railway,  14  miles  southeast  of  De- 
catur;!  in  rich  grain  and  live-stock  region;  has 
three  grain  elevators,  two  banks,  tile  factory  and 
one  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890),  696;  (1900),  714. 

BLUFFS,  a  village  of  Scott  County,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Quincy  and  Hannibal  branches  of 
the  Wabash  Railway,  S3  miles  west  of  Spring- 
field; has  a  bank  and  a  newspaper.  Population 
(1880),  162;  (1890),  421:  (1900),  O39. 

BOAL,  Robert,  M.D.,  physician  and  legis- 
lator, born  near  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  in  1806;  was 
brought  by  his  parents  to  Ohio  when  five  years 
old  and  educated  at  Cincinnati,  graduating  from 
the  Ohio  Medical  College  in  1828;  settled  at 
Lacon,  111.,  in  1836,  practicing  there  until  1862, 
when,  having  been  appointed  Surgeon  of  the 
Board  of  Enrollment  for  that  District,  he  re- 
moved to  Peoria.  Other  public  positions  held  by 
Dr.  Boal  have  been  those  of  Senator  in  the 
Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  General  Assemblies 
(1844-48),  Representative  in  the  Nineteenth  and 
Twentieth  (1854-58),  and  Trustee  of  the  Institu- 
tion for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  at  Jacksonville, 
remaining  in  the  latter  position  seventeen  years 
under  the  successive  administrations  of  Gov- 
ernors Bissell,  Yates,  Oglesby,  Palmer  and  Bever- 
idge — the  last  five  years  of  his  service  being 
President  of  the  Board.  He  was  also  President 
of  the  State  Medical  Board  in  1882.  Dr.  Boal 
continued  to  practice  at  Peoria  until  about  1890, 
when  he  retired,  and,  in  1893,  returned  to  Lacon 
to  reside  with  his  daughter,  the  widow  of  the 
late  Colonel  Greenbury  L.  Fort,  for  eight  years 
Representative  in  Congress  from  the  Eighth 
District. 

BOARD  OF  ARBITRATION,  a  Bureau  of  the 
State  Government,  created  by  an  act  of  the  Legis- 
lature, approved  August  2,  1895.  It  is  appointed 
by  the  Executive  and  is  composed  of  three  mem- 
bers (not  more  than  two  of  whom  can  belong  to 
the  same  political  party),  one  of  whom  must  be 
an  employer  of  labor  and  one  a  member  of  some 
labor  organization.  The  term  of  office  for  the 
members  first  named  was  fixed  at  two  years; 
after  March  1.  1897,  it  is  to  be  three  years,  one 
member  retiring  annually.  A  compensation  of 


91,500  per  annum  is  allowed  to  each  member  of 
the  Board,  while  the  Secretary,  who  must  also  be 
a  stenographer,  receives  a  salary  of  $1,200  per 
annum.  When  a  controversy  arises  between  an 
individual,  firm  or  corporation  employing  not  less 
than  twenty -five  persons,  and  his  or  its  employes, 
application  may  be  made  by  the  aggrieved 
party  to  the  Board  for  an  inquiry  into  the 
nature  of  the  disagreement,  or  both  parties  may 
unite  in  the  submission  of  a  case.  The  Board  is 
required  to  visit  the  locality,  carefully  investi- 
gate the  cause  of  the  dispute  and  render  a  deci- 
sion as  soon  as  practicable,  the  same  to  be  at  once 
made  public.  If  the  application  be  filed  by  the 
employer,  it  must  be  accompanied  by  a  stipula- 
tion to  continue  in  business,  and  order  no  lock-out 
for  the  space  of  three  weeks  after  its  date.  In 
like  manner,  complaining  employes  must  promise 
to  continue  peacefully  at  work,  under  existing 
conditions,  for  a  like  period.  The  Board  is 
granted  power  to  send  for  persons  and  papers  and 
to  administer  oaths  to  witnesses.  Its  decisions 
are  binding  upon  applicants  for  six  months  after 
rendition,  or  until  either  party  shall  have  given 
the  other  sixty  days'  notice  in  writing  of  his  or 
their  intention  not  to  be  bound  thereby.  In  case 
the  Board  shall  learn  that  a  disagreement  exists 
between  employes  and  an  employer  having  less 
than  twenty -five  persons  in  his  employ,  and  that 
a  strike  or  lock-out  is  seriously  threatened,  it  is 
made  the  duty  of  the  body  to  put  itself  into 
communication  with  both  employer  and  employes 
and  endeavor  to  effect  an  amicable  settlement 
between  them  by  mediation.  The  absence  of  any 
provision  in  the  law  prescribing  penalties  for  its 
violation  leaves  the  observance  of  the  law,  in  its 
present  form,  dependent  upon  the  voluntary 
action  of  the  parties  interested. 

BOARD  OF  EQUALIZATION,  a  body  organ- 
ized under  act  of  the  General  Assembly,  approved 
March  8,  1867.  It  first  consisted  of  twenty-five 
members,  one  from  each  Senatorial  District. 
The  first  Board  was  appointed  by  the  Governor, 
holding  office  two  years,  afterwards  becoming 
elective  for  a  term  of  four  years.  In  1872  the 
law  was  amended,  reducing  the  number  of  mem- 
bers to  one  for  each  Congressional  District,  the 
whole  number  at  that  time  becoming  nineteen, 
with  the  Auditor  as  a  member  ex-officio,  who 
usually  presides.  From  1884  to  1897  it  consisted 
of  twenty  elective  members,  but,  in  1897,  it  was 
increased  to  twenty-two.  The  Board  meets 
annually  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  August.  The 
abstracts  of  the  property  assessed  for  taxation  in 
the  several  counties  of  the  State  are  laid  before 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


55 


it  for  examination  and  equalization,  but  it  may 
not  reduce  the  aggregate  valuation  nor  increase 
it  more  than  one  per  cent.  Its  powers  over  the 
returns  of  the  assessors  do  not  extend  beyond 
equalization  of  assessments  between  counties. 
The  Board  is  required  to  consider  the  various 
classes  of  property  separately,  and  determine 
such  rates  of  addition  to  or  deduction  from  the 
listed,  or  assessed,  valuation  of  eacli  class  as  it 
may  deem  equitable  and  just.  The  statutes  pre- 
scribe rules  for  determining  the  value  of  all  the 
classes  of  property  enumerated — personal,  real, 
railroad,  telegraph,  etc.  The  valuation  of  the 
capital  stock  of  railroads,  telegraph  and  other 
corporations  (except  newspapers)  is  fixed  by  the 
Board.  Its  consideration  having  been  completed, 
the  Board  is  required  to  summarize  the  results  of 
its  labors  in  a  comparative  table,  which  must  be 
again  examined,  compared  and  perfected. 
Reports  of  each  annual  meeting,  with  the  results 
reached,  are  printed  at  the  expense  of  the  State 
and  distributed  as  are  other  public  documents. 
The  present  Board  (1897-1901)  consists  by  dis- 
tricts of  (1)  George  F.  McKnight,  (2)  John  J. 
McKenna,  (3)  Solomon  Simon.  (4)  Andrew  Mc- 
Ansh,  (5)  Albert  Oberndorf,  (6)  Henry  Severin. 
(7)  Edward  S.  Taylor,  (8)  Theodore  S.  Rogers. 
(9)  Charles  A.  Works.  (10)  Thomas  P.  Pierce,  (11) 
Samuel  M.  Barnes,  (12)  Frank  P.  Martin,  (13) 
Frank  K.  Robeson,  (14)  W.  O.  Cadwallader,  (15) 
J.  S.  Cruttenden,  (16)  H.  D.  Hirshheimer,  (17) 
Thomas  N.  Leavitt,  (18)  Joseph  F.  Long,  (19) 
Richard  Cadle.  (20)  Charles  Emerson.  (21)  John 
W.  Larimer,  (22)  William  A.  Wall,  besides  the 
Auditor  of  Public  Accounts  as  ex  officio  member 
— the  District  members  being  divided  politically 
in  the  proportion  of  eighteen  Republicans  to  four 
Democrats. 

BOARD  OF  PUBLIC  CHARITIES,  u  State 
Bureau,  created  by  act  of  the  Legislature  in 
1869,  upon  the  recommendation  of  Governor 
Oglesby.  The  act  creating  the  Board  gives  the 
Commissioners  supervisory  oversight  of  the 
financial  and  administrative  conduct  of  all  the 
charitable  and  correctional  institutions  of  the 
State,  with  the  exception  of  the  penitentiaries, 
and  they  are  especially  charged  with  looking 
after  and  caring  for  the  condition  of  the  paupers 
and  the  insane.  As  originally  constituted  the 
Board  consisted  of  five  male  members  who  em- 
ployed a  Secretary.  Later  provision  was  made 
for  the  appointment  of  a  female  Commissioner. 
The  office  is  not  elective.  The  Board  has  always 
carefully  scrutinized  the  accounts  of  the  various 
State  charitable  institutions,  and.  under  its  man- 


agement, no  charge  of  peculation  against  any 
official  connected  with  the  same  has  ever  been 
substantiated ;  there  have  been  no  scandals,  and 
only  one  or  two  isolated  charges  of  cruelty  to 
inmates.  Its  supervision  of  the  county  jails  and 
almshouses  has  been  careful  and  conscientious, 
and  lias  resulted  in  benefit  alike  to  the  tax-payers 
and  the  inmates.  The  Board,  at  the  close  of  the 
year  1898,  consisted  of  the  following  five  mem- 
bers, their  terms  ending  as  indicated  in  paren- 
thesis: J.  C.  Corbus  (1898),  R.  D.  Lawrence 
(1899).  Julia  C.  Lathrop  (1900),  William  J.  Cal 
houn  (1901),  Ephraim  Banning  (1902).  J.  C.  Cor- 
bus was  President  and  Frederick  H.  Wines. 
Secretary. 

BOGARDUS,  Charles,  legislator,  was  born 
in  Cayuga  County,  N.  Y.,  March  28,  1841.  and 
left  an  orphan  at  six  years  of  age ;  was  educated 
in  the  common  schools,  began  working  in  a  store 
at  12,  and,  in  1862,  enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred 
and  Fifty-first  New  York  Infantry,  being  elected 
First  Lieutenant,  and  retiring  from  the  service 
as  Lieutenant-Colonel  "for  gallant  and  meritori- 
ous service"  before  Petersburg.  While  in  the 
service  he  participated  in  some  of  the  most 
important  battles  in  Virginia,  and  was  once 
wounded  and  once  captured.  In  1872  he  located 
in  Ford  County,  111.,  where,  he  lias  been  a  success- 
ful operator  in  real  estate.  He  has  been  twice 
elected  to  the  House  of  Representatives  (1884  and 
'86)  and  three  times  to  the  State  Senate  (1888, 
'92  and  '96),  and  has  served  on  the  most  important 
committees  in  eacli  house,  and  has  proved  him- 
self one  of  the  most  useful  members.  At  the 
session  of  1895  he  was  chosen  President  pro  tern. 
of  the  Senate. 

BOG6S,  Carroll  C.,  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  was  born  in  Fairfield,  Wayne  County, 
111.,  Oct.  19,  1844,  and  still  resides  in  his  native 
town:  has  held  the  offices  of  State's  Attorney, 
County  Judge  of  Wayne  County,  and  Judge  of 
the  Circuit  Court  for  the  Second  Judicial  Circuit, 
being  assigned  also  to  Appellate  Court  duty.  In 
.1  une.  1897,  Judge  Boggs  was  elected  a  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  to  succeed  Judge  David  J. 
Baker,  his  term  to  continue  until  1906. 

BOLTWOOD,  Henry  L.,  the  son  of  William 
and  Electa  (Stetson)  Boltwood,  was  born  at  Am- 
herst,  Mass..  Jan.  17,  1831;  fitted  for  college  at 
Amherst  Academy  and  graduated  from  Amherst 
College  in  1853.  While  in  college  he  taught 
school  every  winter,  commencing  on  a  salary  of 
$4  i>er  week  and  "boarding  round"  among  the 
scholars.  After  graduating  he  taught  in  acad- 
emies at  Limerick.  Me.,  and  at  Pembroke  and 


56 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Deny,  N.  H.,  and  in  the  high  school  at  Law- 
rence, Mass. ;  also  served  as  School  Commissioner 
for  Rockingham  County,  N.  H.  In  1864  he  went 
into  the  service  of  the  Sanitary  Commission  in 
the  Department  of  the  Gulf,  remaining  until  the 
close  of  the  war;  was  also  ordained  Chaplain  of  a 
colored  regiment,  but  was  not  regularly  mustered 
in.  After  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  employed 
as  Superintendent  of  Schools  at  Griggsville,  111., 
for  two  years,  and,  while  there,  in  1867,  organ- 
ized the  first  township  high  school  ever  organized 
in  the  State,  where  he  remained  eleven  years.  He 
afterwards  organized  the  township  high  school  at 
Ottawa,  remaining  there  five  years,  after  which, 
in  1883,  he  organized  and  took  charge  of  the 
township  high  school  at  Evanston,  where  he  has 
since  been  employed  in  his  profession  as  a  teacher. 
Professor  Boltwood  has  been  a  member  of  the  State 
Board  of  Education  and  has  served  as  President 
of  the  State  Teachers'  Association.  As  a  teacher 
he  has  given  special  attention  to  English  language 
and  literature,  and  to  history,  being  the  author 
of  an  English  Grammar,  a  High  School  Speller 
and  "Topical  Outlines  of  General  History," 
besides  many  contributions  to  educational  jour- 
nals. He  has  done  a  great  deal  of  institute  work, 
both  in  Illinois  and  Iowa,  and  has  been  known 
somewhat  as  a  tariff  reformer. 

BOND,  Lester  L..  lawyer,  was  born  at  Raven- 
na, Ohio,  Oct.  27,  1829 ;  educated  in  the  common 
schools  and  at  an  academy,  meanwhile  laboring 
in  local  factories ;  studied  law  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1853,  the  following  year  coming  to 
Chicago,  where  he  has  given  his  attention  chiefly 
to  practice  in  connection  with  patent  laws.  Mr. 
Bond  served  several  terms  in  the  Chicago  City 
Council,  was  Republican  Presidential  Elector  in 
1868,  and  served  two  terms  in  the  General  Assem- 
bly—1866-70. 

BOND,  Shadrach,  first  Territorial  Delegate  in 
Congress  from  Illinois  and  first  Governor  of  the 
State,  was  born  in  Maryland,  and,  after  being 
liberally  educated,  removed  to  Kaskaskia  while 
Illinois  was  a  part  of  the  Northwest  Territory. 
He  served  as  a  member  of  the  first  Territorial 
Legislature  (of  Indiana  Territory)  and  was  the 
first  Delegate  from  the  Territory  of  Illinois  in 
Congress,  serving  from  1812  to  1814.  In  the 
latter  year  he  was  appointed  Receiver  of  Public 
Moneys;  he  also  held  a  commission  as  Captain  in 
the  War  of  1812.  On  the  admission  of  the  State, 
in  1818,  he  was  elected  Governor,  and  occupied 
the  executive  chair  until  1822.  Died  at  Kaskas- 
kia, April  13, 1832.— Shadrach  Bond,  Sr.,  an  uncle 
of  the  preceding,  came  to  Illinois  in  1781  and  was 


elected  Delegate  from  St.  Clair  County  (then 
comprehending  all  Illinois)  to  the  Territorial 
Legislature  of  Northwest  Territory,  in  1799,  and, 
in  1804,  to  the  Legislative  Council  of  the  newly 
organized  Territory  of  Indiana. 

BOND  COUNTY,  a  small  county  lying  north- 
east from  St.  Louis,  having  an  area  of  380  square 
miles  and  a  population  1900)  of  16,078.  The 
first  American  settlers  located  here  in  1807,  com- 
ing from  the  South,  and  building  Hill's  and 
Jones's  forts  for  protection  from  the  Indians. 
Settlement  was  slow,  in  1816  there  being  scarcely 
twenty-five  log  cabins  in  the  county.  The 
county-seat  is  Greenville,  where  the  first  cabin 
was  erected  in  1815  by  George  Davidson.  The 
county  was  organized  in  1818,  and  named  in 
honor  of  GOT.  Shadrach  Bond.  Its  original 
limits  included  the  present'  counties  of  Clinton, 
Fayette  and  Montgomery.  The  first  court  was 
held  at  Perryville,  and,  in  May,  1817,  Judge. 
Jesse  B.  Thomas  presided  over  the  first  Circuit 
Court  at  Hill's  Station.  The  first  court  house 
was  erected  at  Greenville  in  1822.  The  county 
contains  good  timber  and  farming  lands,  and  at 
some  points,  coal  is  found  near  the  surface. 

BONNEY,  Charles  Carroll,  lawyer  and  re- 
former, was  born  in  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  4, 
1831 ;  educated  at  Hamilton  Academy  and  settled 
in  Peoria,  111.,  in  1850,  where  he  pursued  the 
avocation  of  a  teacher  while  studying  law ;  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1852,  but  removed  to  Chi- 
cago in  1860,  where  he  has  since  been  engaged  in 
practice;  served,  as  President  of  the  National 
Law  and  Order  League  in  New  York  in  1885, 
being  repeatedly  re-elected,  and  has  also  been 
President  of  the  Illinois  State  Bar  Association,  as 
well  as  a  member  of  the  American  Bar  Associa- 
tion. Among  the  reforms  which  he  has  advo- 
cated are  constitutional  prohibition  of  special 
legislation;  an  extension  of  equity  practice  to 
bankruptcy  and  other  law  proceedings;  civil  serv- 
ice pensions ;  State  Boards  of  labor  and  capital, 
etc.  He  has  also  published  some  treatises  in  book 
form,  chiefly  on  legal  questions,  besides  editing 
a  volume  of  "Poems  by  Alfred  W.  Arlington, 
with  a  sketch  of  his  Character"  (1869. )  As  Presi- 
dent of  the  World's  Congresses  Auxiliary,  in  1893, 
Mr.  Bonney  contributed  largely  to  the  success  of 
that  very  interesting  and  important  feature  of 
the  great  Columbian  Exposition  in  Chicago. 

BOONE,  Lev!  I).,  M.  D.,  early  physician,  was 
bom  near  Lexington,  Ky.,  December,  1808 — a 
descendant  of  the  celebrated  Daniel  Boone;  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  Transylvania 
University  and  came  to  Edwardsville,  111. ,  at  an 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


57 


early  day,  afterwards  locating  at  Hillsboro  and 
taking  part  in  the  Black  Hawk  War  as  Captain  of 
a  cavalry  company ;  came  to  Chicago  in  1836  and 
engaged  in  the  insurance  business,  later  resuming 
the  practice  of  his  profession;  served  several 
terms  as  Alderman  and  was  elected  Mayor  in 
1855  by  a  combination  of  temperance  men  and 
Know-Nothings ;  acquired  a  large  property  by 
operations  in  real  estate.  Died,  February, 
1882 

BOONE  COUNTY,  the  smallest  of  the  "north- 
ern tier"  of  counties,  having  an  area  of  only  290 
square  miles,  and  a  population  (1900)  of  15,791. 
Its  surface  is  chiefly  rolling  prairie,  and  the 
principal  products  are  oats  and  corn.  The  earli- 
est settlers  came  from  New  York  and  New  Eng- 
land, and  among  them  were  included  Medkiff, 
Dunham,  Caswell,  Cline,  Towner,  Doty  and 
Whitney.  Later  (after  the  Pottawattomies  had 
evacuated  the  country),  came  the  Shattuck 
brothers,  Maria  Hollenbeck  and  Mrs.  Bullard, 
Oliver  Hale,  Nathaniel  Crosby,  Dr.  Whiting,  H. 
C.  Walker,  and  the  Neeley  and  Mahoney  families. 
Boone  County  was  cut  off  from  Winnebago,  and 
organized  in  1837,  being  named  in  honor  of  Ken- 
tucky's pioneer.  The  first  frame  house  in  the 
county  was  erected  by  S.  F.  Doty  and  stood  for 
fifty  years  in  the  village  of  Belvidere  on  the  north 
side  of  the  Kishwaukee  River.  The  county-seat 
(Belvidere)  was  platted  in  1837,  and  an  academy 
built  soon  after.  The  first  Protestant  church 
was  a  Baptist  society  under  the  pastorate  of  Rev. 
Dr.  King. 

BOURBONN  AIS,  a  village  of  Kankakee  County, 
on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  5  miles  north  of 
Kankakee.  Population  (1890),  510;  (1900).  595. 

BOUTELL,  Henry  Sherman,  lawyer  and  Con- 
gressman, was  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  March  14, 
1856,  graduated  from  the  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity at  Evanston,  111.,  in  1874,  and  from  Harvard 
in  1876;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Illinois  in 
1879,  and  to  that  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  in  1885.  In  1884  Mr.  Boutell  was 
elected  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  Thirty-fourth 
General  Assembly  and  was  one  of  the  "103"  who, 
in  the  long  struggle  during  the  following  session, 
participated  in  the  election  of  Gen.  John  A. 
Logan  to  the  United  States  Senate  for  the  last 
time.  At  a  special  election  held  in  the  Sixth 
Illinois  District  in  November,  1897,  he  was 
elected  Representative  in  Congress  to  fill  the 
vacancy  caused  by  the  sudden  death  of  his  pred- 
ecessor, Congressman  Edward  D.  Cooke,  and  at 
the  regular  election  of  1898  was  re-elected  to  the 
same  position,  receiving  a  plurality  of  1,116  over 


his  Democratic  competitor  and  a  majority  of  719 
over  all. 

BOUTON,  Nathaniel  S.,  manufacturer,  was 
born  in  Concord,  N.  H.,  May  14,  1828;  in  his 
youth  farmed  and  taught  school  in  Connecticut, 
but  in  1852  came  to  Chicago  and  was  employed 
in  a  foundry  firm,  of  which  he  soon  afterwards 
became  a  partner,  in  the  manufacture  of  car- 
wheels  and  railway  castings.  Later  he  became 
associated  with  the  American  Bridge  Company's 
works,  which  was  sold  to  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad  Company  in  1857,  when  he  bought  the 
Union  Car  Works,  which  ho  operated  until  1863. 
He  then  became  the  head  of  the  Union  Foundry 
Works,  which  having  been  consolidated  with 
the  Pullman  Car  Works  in  1886,  he  retired, 
organizing  the  Bouton  Foundry  Company.  Mr. 
Bouton  is  a  Republican,  was  Commissioner  of 
Public  Works  for  the  city  of  Chicago  two  terms 
before  the  Civil  War,  and  served  as  Assistant 
Quartermaster  in  the  Eighty-eighth  Illinois 
Infantry  (Second  Board  of  Trade  Regiment) 
from  1862  until  after  the  battle  of  Chickamauga. 

BOYD,  Thomas  A.,  was  born  in  Adams  County, 
Pa.,  June  25,  1830,  and  graduated  at  Marshall 
College,  Mercersburg,  Pa.,  at  the  age  of  18; 
studied  law  at  Chambersburg  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  at  Bedford  in  his  native  State,  where 
he  practiced  until  1856.  when  he  removed  to  Illi- 
nois. In  1861  he  abandoned  his  practice  to  enlist 
in  the  Seventeenth  Illinois  Infantry,  in  which  he 
held  the  position  of  Captain.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  he  returned  to  his  home  at  Lewistown,  and, 
in  1866,  was  elected  State  Senator  and  re-elected 
at  the  expiration  of  his  term  in  1870,  serving  in 
the  Twenty-fifth,  Twenty-sixth  and  Twenty- 
seventh  General  Assemblies.  He  was  also  a 
Republican  Representative  from  his  District  in 
the  Forty-fifth  and  Forty-sixth  Congresses 
(1877-81).  Died,.at  Lewistown,  May  28,  1897. 

BRACEVILLE,  a  town  In  Grundy  County,  61 
miles  by  rail  southwest  of  Chicago.  Coal  mining 
is  the  principal  industry.  The  town  has  two 
banks,  two  churches  and  good  public  schools. 
Population  (1890),  2,150;  (1900).  1,669. 

BBADFORD,  village  of  Stark  County,  on  Buda 
and  Rushville  branch  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  Railway ;  is  in  excellent  farming  region 
and  has  large  grain  and  live-stock  trade,  excel- 
lent high  school  building,  fine  churches,  good 
hotels  and  one  newspaper.  Pop.  (1900),  773. 

HRAItSBY.  William  H.,  pioneer  and  Judge, 
was  born  in  Bedford  County,  Va.,  July  12,  1787. 
He  removed  to  Illinois  early  in  life,  and  was  the 
first  postmaster  in  Washington  County  (at  Cov- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


ington),  the  first  school-teacher  and  the  first 
Circuit  and  County  Clerk  and  Recorder.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  he  was  Probate  and  County 
Judge.  Besides  being  Clerk  qf  all  the  courts,  he 
was  virtually  County  Treasurer,  as  he  had  cus- 
tody of  all  the  county's  money.  For  several 
years  he  was  also  Deputy  United  States  Surveyor, 
and  in  that  capacity  surveyed  much  of  the  south 
part  of  the  State,  as  far  east  as  Wayne  and  Clay 
Counties.  Died  at  Nashville,  111  ,  August  21, 
1839. 

BRADWELL,  James  Bolesworth,  lawyer  and 
editor,  was  born  at  Lougliborough.  England,  April 
16.  1888,  and  brought  to  America  in  infancy,  his 
parents  locating  in  1829  or  '30  at  Utica,  N.  Y.  In 
1833  they  emigrated  to  Jacksonville,  111.,  but  the 
following  year  removed  to  Wheeling,  Cook 
County,  settling  on  a  farm,  where  the  younger 
Bradwell  received  his  first  lessons  in  breaking 
prairie,  splitting  rails  and  tilling  the  soil.  His 
first  schooling  was  obtained  in  a  country  log- 
school-house,  but.  later,  he  attendeil  the  Wilson 
Academy  in  Chicago,  where  he  had  Judge  Lo- 
renzo Sawyer  for  an  instructor.  He  also  took  a 
course  in  Knox  College  at  Galesburg,  then  a 
manual-labor  school,  supporting  himself  by  work- 
ing in  a  wagon  and  plow  shop,  sawing  wood, 
etc.  In  May,  1852,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Myra 
Colby,  a  teacher,  with  whom  he  went  to  Mem- 
phis, Tenn..  the  same  year,  where  they  engaged 
in  teaching  a  select  school,  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  meanwhile  devoting  some  attention  to 
reading  law.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  there, 
inn  after  a  stay  of  less  than  two  years  in  Mem- 
phis, returned  to  Chicago  and  began  practice. 
In  1861  he  was  elected  County  Judge  of  Cook 
County,  and  re-elected  four  years  later,  but 
declined  a  re-election  in  1869.  The  first  half  of 
his  term  occurring  during  the  progress  of  the 
Civil  War,  he  had  the  opportunity  of  rendering 
some  vigorous  decisions  which  won  for  him  the 
reputation  of  a  man  of  courage  and  inflexible 
independence,  as  well  as  an  incorruptible  cham- 
pion of  justice.  In  1872  he  was  elected  to  the 
lower  branch  of  the  Twenty-eighth  General 
Assembly  from  Cook  County,  and  re-elected  in 
1874.  He  was  again  a  candidate  in  1882,  and  by 
many  believed  to  have  been  honestly  elected, 
though  his  opponent  received  the  certificate.  He 
made  a  contest  for  the  seat,  and  the  majority  of 
the  Committee  on  Elections  reported  in  his 
favor ;  but  he  was  defeated  through  the  treach- 
ery and  suspected  corruption  of  a  professed  polit- 
ical friend.  He  is  the  author  of  the  law  making 
women  eligible  to  school  offices  in  Illinois  and 


allowing  them  to  become  Notaries  Public,  and 
has  always  been  a  champion  for  equal  rights  for 
women  in  the  professions  and  as  citizens.  'He 
was  a  Second  Lieutenant  of  the  One  Hundred  and 
Fifth  Regiment,  Illinois  Militia,  in  1848;  presided 
over  the  American  Woman's  Suffrage  Associa- 
tion at  its  organization  in  Cleveland;  has  been 
President  of  the  Chicago  Press  Club,  of  the  Chi- 
cago Bar  Association,  and,  for  a  number  of  years, 
the  Historian  of  the  latter;  one  of  the  founders 
and  President  of  the  Union  League  Club,  besides 
l*ing  associated  with  many  other  social  and 
business  organizations.  At  present  (1899)  he  is 
editor  of  "The  Chicago  Legal  News,"  founded  by 
his  wife  thirty  years  ago,  and  with  which  he  has 
been  identified  in  a  business  capacity  from  its 
establishment.— Myra  Colby  (Bradwell),  the  wife 
of  Judge  Bradwell.  was  born  at  Manchester,  Vt., 
Feb.  12,  1831 — being  descended  on  her  mother's 
side  from  the  Chase  family  to  which  Bishop 
Philander  Chase  and  Salmon  P.  Chase,  the  latter 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  and  Chief  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  by  appointment  of  Abraham 
Lincoln,  belonged.  In  infancy  she  was  brought 
to  Portage,  N.  Y. ,  where  she  remained  until  she 
was  twelve  years  of  age,  when  her  family  re- 
moved west.  She  attended  school  in  Kenosha. 
Wis.,  and  a  seminary  at  Elgin,  afterwards  being 
engaged  in  teaching.  On  May  18,  1852,  she  was 
married  to  Judge  Bradwell,  almost  immediately 
going  to  Memphis,  Tenn.,  where,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  her  husband,  she  conducted  a  select  school 
for  some  time,  also  teaching  in  the  public  schools, 
when  they  returned  to  Chicago.  In  the  early 
part  of  the  Civil  War  she  took  a  deep  interest  in 
the  welfare  of  the  soldiers  in  the  field  and  their 
families  at  home,  becoming  President  of  the 
Soldiers'  Aid  Society,  and  was  a  leading  spirit  in 
the  Sanitary  Fairs  held  in  Chicago  in  1863  and  in 
1865.  After  the  war  she  commenced  the  study 
of  law  and,  in  1868,  began  the  publication  of 
"The  Chicago  Legal  News,"  with  which  she  re- 
mained identified  until  her  death — also  publishing 
biennially  an  edition  of  the  session  laws  after 
each  session  of  the  General  Assembly.  After 
passing  a  most  creditable  examination,  applica- 
tion was  made  for  her  admission  to  the  bar  in 
1871,  but  denied  in  an  elaborate  decision  rendered 
by  Judge  C.  B.  Lawrence  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  State,  on  the  sole  ground  of  sex,  as 
was  also  done  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  in  1873,  on  the  latter  occasion 
Chief  Justice  Chase  dissenting.  She  was  finally 
admitted  to  the  bar  on  March  28,  1892,  and  was 
the  first  lady  member  of  the  State  Bar  Associ- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


ation.  Other  organizations  with  which  she  was 
identified  embraced  the  Illinois  State  Press 
Association,  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  Sol- 
diers' Home  (in  war  time),  the  "Illinois  Industrial 
School  for  Girls"  at  Evanston,  the  Washingtonian 
Home,  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition,  and  Chairman  of 
the  Woman's  Committee  on  Jurisprudence  of  the 
World's  Congress  Auxiliary  of  1893.  Although 
much  before  the  public  during  the  latter  years  of 
her  life,  she  never  lost  the  refinement  and  graces 
which  belong  to  a  true  woman.  Died,  at  her 
home  in  Chicago,  Feb.  14,  1894. 

BRAIDWOOD,  a  city  in  Will  County,  incorpo- 
rated in  1860;  is  58  miles  from  Chicago,  on  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad;  an  important  coal- 
mining point,  and  in  the  heart  of  a  ricli 
agricultural  region.  It  has  a  bank  and  a  weekly 
newspaper.  Population  (1890).  4,641 ;  ( 1900),  3,279. 

BRANSON,  Nathaniel  W..  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Jacksonville,  111.,  May  29,  1837;  was  educated  in 
the  private  and  public  schools  of  that  city  and  at 
Illinois  College,  graduating  from  the  latter  in 
1857;  studied  law  with  David  A.  Smith,  a  promi- 
nent and  able  lawyer  of  Jacksonville,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  January,  1860,  soon  after 
establishing  himself  in  practice  at  Petersburg, 
Menard  County,  where  he  has  ever  since  resided. 
In  1867  Mr.  Branson  was  appointed  Register  in 
Bankruptcy  for  the  Springfield  District  —  a  po- 
sition which  he  held  thirteen  years.  He  was  also 
elected  Representative  in  the  General  Assembly 
in  1872,  by  re-election  in  1874  serving  four  years 
in  the  stormy  Twenty-eighth  and  Twenty-ninth 
General  Assemblies ;  was  a  Delegate  from  Illinois 
to  the  National  Republican  Convention  of  1876. 
and  served  for  several  years  most  efficiently  as  a 
Trustee  of  the  State  Institution  for  the  Blind  at 
Jacksonville,  part  of  the  time  as  President  of  the 
Board.  Politically  a  conservative  Republican, 
and  in  no  sense  an  office-seeker,  the  official  po- 
sitions which  he  has  occupied  have  come  to  him 
unsought  and  in  recognition  of  his  fitness  and 
capacity  for  the  proper  discharge  of  their  duties. 

BRAYMAN,  Mason,  lawyer  and  soldier,  was 
born  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  May  23,  1813;  brought  up 
as  a  farmer,  became  a  printer  and  edited  "The 
Buffalo  Bulletin,"  1834-35;  studied  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1836;  removed  west  in 
1837,  was  City  Attorney  of  Monroe,  Mich.,  in  1838 
and  became  editor  of  "The  Louisville  Adver- 
tiser" in  1841.  In  1842  he  opened  a  law  office  in 
Springfield,  111.,  and  the  following  year  was 
appointed  by  Governor  Ford  a  commissioner  to 
adjust  the  Mormon  troubles,  in  which  capacity 


he  rendered  valuable  service.  In  1844-45  he  was 
appointed  to  revise  the  statutes  of  the  State. 
Later  he  devoted  much  attention  to  railroad 
enterprises,  being  attorney  of  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad.  1851-53;  then  projected  the  construe 
tion  of  a  railroad  from  Bird's  Point,  opposite 
Cairo,  into  Arkansas,  which  was  partially  com- 
pleted before  the  war,  and  almost  wholly  de- 
stroyed during  that  period.  In  1861  he  entered 
the  service  as  Major  of  the  Twenty -ninth  Illinois 
Volunteers,  taking  part  in  a  number  of  the  early 
battles,  including  Fort  Donelson  and  Shiloh; 
was  promoted  to  a  colonelcy  for  meritorious  con- 
duct at  the  latter,  and  for  a  time  served  as 
Adjutant-General  on  the  staff  of  General  McCler- 
nand;  was  promoted  Brigadier-General  in  Sep- 
teml>er,  1862,  at  the  close  of  the  war  receiving 
the  brevet  rank  of  Major-General.  After  the 
close  of  the  war  he  devoted  considerable  atten- 
tion to  reviving  his  railroad  enterprises  in  the 
South;  edited  "The  Illinois  State  Journal," 
187273;  removed  to  Wisconsin  and  was  ap- 
pointed Governor  of  Idaho  in  1876,  serving  four 
years,  after  which  he  returned  to  Ripon,  WLs. 
Died,  in  Kansas  City,  Feb.  27,  1895. 

BRKESK,  a  village  in  Clinton  County,  on 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  S.  W.  Railway,  39  miles  east  of 
St.  Louis;  lias  coal  mines,  water  system,  bank  and 
weekly  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890).  80S.  (1900),  1,571. 

BREESE.  Sidney,  statesman  and  jurist,  was 
born  at  Whitesboro,  N  Y..  (according  to  the 
generally  accepted  authority)  July  15,  1800. 
Owing  to  a  certain  sensitiveness  about  his  age  in 
his  later  years,  it  has  been  exceedingly  difficult 
to  secure  authentic  data  on  the  subject;  but  his 
arrival  at  Kaskaskia  in  1818,  after  graduating  at 
Union  College,  and  his  admission  to  the  bar  in 
1820,  have  induced  many  to  believe  that  the  date 
of  his  birth  should  be  placed  somewhat  earlier. 
He  was  related  to  some  of  the  most  prominent 
families  in  New  York,  including  the  Livingstons 
and  the  Morses,  and,  after  his  arrival  at  Kaskas- 
kia, began  the  study  of  law  with  his  friend  Elias 
Kent  Kane,  afterwards  United  States  Senator. 
Meanwhile,  having  served  as  Postmaster  at  Kas- 
kaskia, he  became  Assistant  Secretary  of  State, 
and,  in  December,  1820,  superintended  the  re- 
moval of  the  archives  of  that  office  to  Vandalia. 
the  new  State  capital.  Later  he  was  appointed 
Prosecuting  Attorney,  serving  in  that  position 
from  1822  till  1827,  when  he  became  United 
States  District  Attorney  for  Illinois.  He  was 
the  first  official  reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
issuing  its  first  volume  of  decisions;  served  as 
Lieutenant-Colonel  of  volunteers  during  the 


60 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


Black  Hawk  War  (1832);  in  1835  was  elected  to 
the  circuit  bench,  and,  in  1841,  was  advanced  to 
the  Supreme  bench,  serving  less  than  two  years, 
when  he  resigned  to  accept  a  seat  in  the  United 
States  Senate,  to  which  he  was  elected  in  1843  as 
the  successor  of  Richard  M.  Young,  defeating 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  in  the  first  race  of  the  latter 
for  the  office.  While  in  the  Senate  (1843-49)  he 
served  as  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Public 
Lands,  and  was  one  of  the  first  to  suggest  the 
construction  of  a  transcontinental  railway  to  the 
Pacific.  He  was  also  one  of  the  originators  and 
active  promoters  in  Congress  of  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral Railroad  enterprise.  He  was  Speaker  of  the 
Illinois  House  of  Representatives  in  1851 ,  again 
became  Circuit  Judge  in  1855  and  returned  to 
the  Supreme  bench  in  1857  and  served  more  than 
one  term  as  Chief  Justice,  the  last  being  in 
1873-74.  His  home  during  most  of  his  public  life 
in  Illinois  was  at  Carlyle.  His  death  occurred 
at  Pinckneyville,  June  28,  1878. 

II R  K\T \  >"( »,  Lorenzo,  was  born  at  Mannheim, 
in  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Baden,  Germany,  Nov. 
14,  1813;  was  educated  at  the  Universities  ol 
Heidelberg  and  Freiburg,  receiving  the  degree  of 
I.L.I).,  and  attaining  high  honors,  both  profes- 
sional and  political.  He  was  successively  a 
member  of  the  Baden  Chamber  of  Deputies  and 
of  the  Frankfort  Parliament,  and  always  a  leader 
of  the  revolutionist  party.  In  1849  he  became 
President  of  the  Provisional  Republican  Gov- 
ernment of  Baden,  but  was,  before  long,  forced 
to  find  an  asylum  in  the  United  States.  He  first 
settled  in  Kalamazoo  County,  Mich.,  as  a  farmer, 
but,  in  1859,  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  was 
admitted  to  the  Illinois  bar,  but  soon  entered  the 
field  of  journalism,  becoming  editor  and  part 
proprietor  of  "The  Illinois  Staats  Zeitung."  He 
held  various  public  offices,  being  elected  to  the 
Legislature  in  1862,  serving  five  years  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Education,  was  a 
Republican  Presidential  Elector  in  1868,  and 
United  States  Consul  at  Dresden  in  1872  (a  gen- 
eral amnesty  having  been  granted  to  the 
participants  in  the  revolution  of  1848),  and 
Representative  in  Congress  from  1877  to  1879. 
Died,  in  Chicago,  Sept.  17,  1891. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  town  of  Lawrence  County, 
on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  Railroad, 
14  miles  west  of  Vincennes,  Ind.  It  has  a  bank 
and  one  weekly  paper.  Population  (1900),  487. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  former  suburb  (now  a  part  of 
the  city)  of  Chicago,  located  at  the  junction  of 
the  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal  with  the  South 
Branch  of  the  Chicago  River.  It  is  now  the 


center  of  the  large  slaughtering  and  packing 
industry. 

BRIDGEPORT  &  SOUTH  CHICAGO  RAIL- 
WAY. (See  Chicago  &  Northern  Pacific  Railroad.) 

BRIGHTON,  a  village  of  Macoupin  County,  at 
the  intersection  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  and  the 
Rock  Island  and  St.  Louis  branch  of  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  Railways;  coal  is  mined 
here;  has  a  newspaper.  Population  (1880),  691; 
(1890),  697;  (1900),  660. 

BKIM FIELD,  a  town  of  Peoria  County,  on  the 
Buda  and  Rushville  branch  of  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington &  Quincy  Railway,  38  miles  south  of 
Buda;  coal-mining  and  farming  are  the  chief 
industries.  It  has  one  weekly  paper  and  a  bank. 
Population  (1880),  832;  (1890),  719;  (1900),  677. 

BRISTOL,  Frank  Milton,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Orleans  County,  N.  Y. ,  Jan.  4,  1851;  came 
to  Kankakee,  111.,  in  boyhood,  and  having  lost 
his  father  at  12  years  of  age,  spent  the  following 
years  in  various  manual  occupations  until  about 
nineteen  years  of  age,  when,  having  been  con- 
verted, he  determined  to  devote  his  life  to  the 
ministry.  Through  the  aid  of  a  benevolent  lady, 
he  was  enabled  to  get  two  years'  (1870-72)  instruc- 
tion at  the  Northwestern  University,  at  Evans- 
ton,  afterwards  supporting  himself  by  preaching 
at  various  points,  meanwhile  continuing  his 
studies  at  the  University  until  1877.  After  com- 
pleting his  course  he  served  as  pastor  of  some  of 
the  most  prominent  Methodist  churches  in  Chi- 
cago, his  last  charge  in  the  State  being  at  Evans- 
ton.  In  1897  he  was  transferred  to  Washington 
'  City,  becoming  pastor  of  the  Metropolitan  M.  E. 
Church,  attended  by  President  McKinley.  Dr. 
Bristol  is  an  author  of  some  repute  and  an  orator 
of  recognized  ability. 

BROA  DWELL,  Norman  M.,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Morgan  County,  111.,  August  1,  1825;  was  edu- 
cated in  the  common  schools  and  at  McKendree 
and  Illinois  Colleges,  but  compelled  by  failing 
health  to  leave  college  without  graduating ;  spent 
some  time  in  the  book  business,  then  began  the 
study  of  medicine  with  a  view  to  benefiting  his 
own  health,  but  finally  abandoned  this  and,  about 
1850,  commenced  the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of 
Lincoln  &  Heradon  at  Springfield.  Having  been 
admitted  to  the  bar,  he  practiced  for  a  time  at 
Pekin,  but,  in  1854,  returned  to  Springfield, 
where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In  1860 
he  was  elected  as  a  Democrat  to  the  House  of 
Representatives  from  Sangamon  County,  serving 
in  the  Twenty -second  General  Assembly.  Other 
offices  held  by  him  included  those  of  County 
Judge  (1863-65)  and  Mayor  of  the  city  of  Spring- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


61 


field,  to  which  last  position  he  was  twice  elected 
(1867  and  again  in  1869).  Judge  Broadwell  was 
one  of  the  most  genial  of  men,  popular,  high- 
minded  and  honorable  in  all  his  dealings.  Died, 
in  Springfield,  Feb.  28,  1893. 

BROOKS,  John  Flavcl,  educator,  was  born 
in  Oneida  County,  New  York,  Dec.  3,  1801; 
graduated  at  Hamilton  College,  1838;  studied 
three  years  in  the  theological  department  of  Yale 
College;  was  ordained  to  the  Presbyterian  min- 
istry in  1831,  and  came  to  Illinois  in  the  service 
of  the  American  Home  Missionary  Society. 
After  preaching  at  Collinsville,  Belleville  and 
other  points,  Mr.  Brooks,  who  was  a  member  of 
the.  celebrated  "Yale  Band,"  in  1837  assumed  the 
principalship  of  a  Teachers'  Seminary  at  Waverly, 
Morgan  County,  but  three  years  later  removed  to 
Springfield,  where  he  established  an  academy  for 
both  sexes.  Although  finally  compelled  to 
abandon  this,  he  continued  teaching  with  some 
interruptions  to  within  a  few  years  of  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  1886.  He  was  one  of  the  Trus- 
tees of  Illinois  College  from  its  foundation  up  to 
his  death. 

BBOSS,  William,  journalist,  was  born  in  Sus- 
sex County,  N.  J.,  Nov.  14,  1813,  and  graduated 
with  honors  from  Williams  College  in  1838,  hav- 
ing previously  developed  his  physical  strength 
by  much  hard  work  upon  the  Delaware  and 
Hudson  Canal,  and  in  the  lumbering  trade.  For 
five  years  after  graduating  he  was  a  teacher,  and 
settled  in  Chicago  in  1848.  Th  sre  he  first  engaged 
in  bookselling,  but  later  embarked  in  journalism. 
His  first  publication  was  "The  Prairie  Herald,"  a 
religious  paper,  which  was  discontinued  after 
two  years.  In  1852,  in  connection  with  John  L. 
Scripps,  he  founded  "The  Democratic  Press," 
which  was  consolidated  with  "The  Tribune"  in 
1858,  Mr.  Bross  retaining  his  connection  with  the 
new  concern.  He  was  always  an  ardent  free- 
soiler,  and  a  firm  believer  in  the  great  future  of 
Chicago  and  the  Northwest.  He  was  an  enthusi- 
astic Republican,  and,  in  1856  and  1860,  served  as 
an  effective  campaign  orator.  In  1864  he  was 
the  successful  nominee  of  his  party  for  Lieuten- 
ant-' Jovernor.  This  was  his  only  official  position 
outside  of  a  membership  in  the  Chicago  Common 
Council  in  1855.  As  a  presiding  officer,  he  was 
dignified  yet  affable,  and  his  impartiality  was 
shown  by  the  fact  that  no  appeals  were  taken 
from  his  decisions.  After  quitting  public  life  he 
devoted  much  time  to  literary  pursuits,  deliver- 
ing lectures  in  various  parts  of  the  country. 
Among  his  best  known  works  are  a  brief  "His- 
tory of  Chicago,"  "History  of  Camp  Douglas," 


and  "Tom  Quick."    Died,  in  Chicago,  Jan.  27. 
1890. 

BROWN,  Henry,  lawyer  and  historian,  was 
born  at  Hebron,  Tolland  County,  Conn.,  May  13. 
1789 — the  son  of  a  commissary  in  the  army  of 
General  Greene  of  Revolutionary  fame;  gradu 
ated  at  Yale  College,  and,  when  of  age,  removed 
to  New  York,  later  studying  law  at  Albany, 
Canandaigua  and  Batavia,  and  being  admitted  to 
the  bar  about  1813,  when  he  settled  down  in 
practice  at  Cooperstown ;  in  1816  was  appointed 
Judge  of  Herkimer  County,  -remaining  on  the 
bench  until  about  1834.  He  then  resumed  prac- 
tice at  Cooperstown.  continuing  until  1836,  when 
he  removed  to  Chicago.  The  following  year  he 
was  elected  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  serving  two 
years,  and,  in  1842,  became  Prosecuting  Attorney 
of  Cook  County.  During  this  period  he  was 
engaged  in  writing  a  "History  of  Illinois,"  which 
was  published  in  New  York  in  1844  This  was 
regarded  at  the  time  as  the  most  voluminous  and 
best  digested  work  on  Illinois  history  that  had  as 
yet  been  published.  In  1846,  on  assuming  the 
Presidency  of  the  Chicago  Lyceum,  he  delivered 
an  inaugural  entitled  "Chicago,  Present  and 
Future,"  which  is  still  preserved  as  a  striking 
prediction  of  Chicago's  future  greatness.  Origi- 
nally a  Democrat,  he  became  a  Freesoiler  in  1848. 
Died  of  cholera,  in  Chicago,  May  16,  1849. 

BROWN,  James  B.,  journalist,  was  born  in 
Gilmanton,  Belknap  County,  N.  H.,  Sept.  1, 
1833 — his  father  being  a  member  of  the  Legisla- 
ture and  Selectman  for  his  town.  The  son  was 
educated  at  Gilmanton  Academy,  after  which  he 
studied  medicine  for  a  time,  but  did  not  gradu- 
ate. In  1857  he  removed  West,  first  settling  at 
Dunleith,  Jo  Daviess  County,  111.,  where  he 
became  Principal  of  the  public  schools;  in  1861 
was  elected  County  Superintendent  of  Schools 
for  Jo  Daviess  County,  removing  to  Galena  two 
years  later  and  assuming  the  editorship  of  "The 
Gazette"  of  that  city.  Mr.  Brown  also  served  as 
Postmaster  of  Galena  for  several  years.  Died, 
Feb.  13,  1896. 

BROWN,  James  N.,  agriculturist  and  stock- 
man, was  born  in  Fayette  County,  Ky.,  Oct.  1, 
1806;  came  to  Sangamon  County,  111.,  in  1833, 
locating  at  Island  Grove,  where  he  engaged 
extensively  in  farming  and  stock-raising.  He 
served  as  Representative  in  the  General  Assem- 
blies of  1840,  '42,  '46,  and  '52,  and  in  the  last  was 
instrumental  in  securing  the  incorporation  of  the 
Illinois  State  Agricultural  Society,  of  which  he 
was  chosen  the  first  President,  being  re-elected  in 
1854.  He  was  one  of  the  most  enterprising  grow- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


era  of  blooded  cattle  in  the  State  and  did  much  to 
introduce  them  in  Central  Illinois ;  was  also  an 
earnest  and  influential  advocate  of  scientific 
education  for  the  agricultural  classes  and  an 
efficient  colaborer  with  Prof.  J.  B.  Turner,  of 
Jacksonville,  in  securing  the  enactment  by  Con- 
gress, in  1862.  of  the  law  granting  lands  for  the 
endowment  of  Industrial  Colleges,  out  of  which 
grew  the  Illinois  State  University  and  institu- 
tions of  like  character  in  other  States.  Died, 
Nov.  16,  1868. 

BROWN,  William,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was  born 
June  1,  1819,  in  Cumberland,  England,  his  par- 
ents emigrating  to  this  country  when  he  was 
eight  years  old,  and  settling  in  Western  New 
York.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Rochester, 
in  October,  1845,  and  at  once  removed  to  Rock- 
ford,  111.,  where  he  commenced  practice.  In  1852 
he  was  elected  State's  Attorney  for  the  Four- 
teenth Judicial  Circuit,  and,  in  1837,  was  chosen 
Mayor  of  Rockford.  In  1870  he  was  elected  to 
the  bench  of  the  Circuit  Court  as  successor  to 
Judge  Sheldon,  later  was  promoted  to  the  Su- 
preme Court,  and  was  re-elected  successively  in 
1873,  in  '79  and  .'85.  Died,  at  Rockford,  Jan.  15, 
1891. 

BROWN,  William  H.,  lawyer  and  financier, 
was  born  in  Connecticut,  Dec.  20,  1796;  spent 
his  boyhood  at  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  studied  law,  and, 
in  1818,  came  to  Illinois  with  Samuel  D.  Lock- 
wood  (afterwards  a  Justice  of  the  State  Supreme 
Court),  descending  the  Ohio  River  to  Shawnee- 
town  in  a  flat-boat.  Mr.  Brown  visited  Kaskas- 
kia  and  was  soon  after  appointed  Clerk  of  the 
United  States  District  Court  by  Judge  Nathaniel 
Pope,  removing,  in  1820,  to  Vandalia,  the  new 
State  capital,  where  he  remained  until  1835.  He 
then  removed  to  Chicago  to  accept  the  position  of 
Cashier  of  the  Chicago  branch  of  the  State  Bank 
of  Illinois,  which  he  continued  to  fill  for  many 
years.  He  served  the  city  as  School  Agent  for 
thirteen  years  (1840-53),  managing  the  city's 
school  fund  through  a  critical  period  with  great 
discretion  and  success.  He  was  one  of  the  group 
of  early  patriots  who  successfully  resisted  the 
attempt  to  plant  slavery  in  Illinois  in  1823-24; 
was  also  one  of  the  projectors  of  the  Chicago  & 
Oalena  Union  Railroad,  was  President  of  the 
Chicago  Historical  Society  for  seven  years  and 
connected  with  many  other  local  enterprises. 
He  was  an  ardent  personal  friend  of  President 
Lincoln  and  served  as  Representative  in  the 
Twenty-second  General  Assembly  (1860-62). 
While  making  a  tour  of  Europe  lie  died  of  paraly- 
sis at  Amsterdam,  June  17,  1867. 


BROWN  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  western 
part  of  the  State,  with  an  area  of  300  square 
miles,  and  a  population  (1890)  of  11,951 ;  was  cut 
off  from  Schuyler  and  made  a  separate  county  in 
May,  1839,  being  named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Jacob 
Brown.  Among  the  pioneer  settlers  were  the 
Vandeventers  and  Hambaughs,  John  and  David 
Six,  William  McDaniel,  Jeremiah  Walker, 
Willis  O'Neil,  Harry  Lester,  John  Ausmus  apd 
Robert  H.  Curry.  The  county-seat  is  Mount 
Sterling,  a  town  of  no  little  attractiveness. 
Other  prosperous  villages  are  Mound  Station  and 
Ripley.  The  chief  occupation  of  the  people  is 
farming,  although  there  is  some  manufacturing 
of  lumber  and  a  few  potteries  along  the  Illinois 
River.  Population  (1900),  11,557. 

BROWNE,  Francis  Fisher,  editor  and  author, 
was  born  in  South  Halifax,  Vt.,  Dec.  1,  1843,  the 
son  of  William  Goldsmith  Browne,  who  was  a 
teacher,  editor  and  author  of  the  song  "A  Hun- 
dred Years  to  Come."  In  childhood  he  was 
brought  by  his  parents  to  Western  Massachusetts, 
where  he  attended  the  public  schools  and  learned 
the  printing  trade  in  his  father's  newspaper 
office  at  Chicopee,  Mass.  Leaving  school  in  1862. 
he  enlisted  in  the  Forty-sixth  Regiment  Massa- 
chusetts Volunteers,  in  which  he  served  one 
year,  chiefly  in  North  Carolina  and  in  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac.  On  the  discharge  of  his  regi- 
ment he  engaged  in  the  study  of  law  at  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.,  entering  the  law  department  of  the 
University  of  Michigan  in  1866,  but  abandoning 
his  intenton  of  entering  the  legal  profession, 
removed  to  Chicago  in  1867,  where  he  engaged  in 
journalistic  and  literary  pursuits.  Between  1869 
and  '74  he  was  editor  of  "The  Lakeside  Monthly,  " 
when  he  became  literary  editor  of  "The  Alliance. " 
but,  in  1880,  he  established  and  assumed  the 
editorship  of  "The  Dial,"  a  purely  literary  pub 
liration  which  has  gained  a  high  reputation,  and 
of  which  he  has  remained  in  control  continuously 
ever  since,  meanwhile  serving  as  the  literary 
adviser,  for  many  years,  of  the  well-known  pub 
lishing  house  of  McClurg  &  Co.  Besides  his 
journalistic  work,  Mr.  Browne  has  contributed 
to  the  magazines  and  literary  anthologies  a  num- 
ber of  short  lyrics,  and  is  the  author  of  "The 
Everyday  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln"  (1886),  and 
a  volume  of  poems  entitled,  "Volunteer  Grain" 
(1893).  He  also  compiled  and  edited  "Golden 
Poems  by  British  and  American  Authors"  (1881) ; 
"The  Golden  Treasury  of  Poetry  and  Prose" 
(1886),  and  the  "Laurel  Crowned"series  of  stand- 
ard poetry  (1891-92).  Mr.  Browne  was  Chairman 
of  the  Committee  of  the  Congress  of  Authors  in 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


63 


the  "World's  Congress  Auxiliary  held  in  con- 
nection with  The  Columbian  Exposition  in 
1893. 

BROWNE,  Thomas  C.,  early  jurist,  was  born  in 
Kentucky,  studied  law  there  and,  coming  to 
Shawneetown  in  1812,  served  in  the  lower  branch 
of  the  Second  Territorial  Legislature  (1814-16) 
and  in  the  Council  (1816-18),  being  the  first  law- 
yer to  enter  that  body.  In  1815  he  was  appointed 
Prosecuting  Attorney  and,  on  the  admission  of 
Illinois  as  a  State,  was  promoted  to  the  Supreme 
bench,  being  re-elected  by  joint  ballot  of  the 
Legislature  in  1825,  and  serving  continuously 
until  the  reorganization  of  the  Supreme  Court 
under  the  Constitution  of  1848,  a  period  of  over 
thirty  years.  Judge  Browne's  judicial  character 
and  abilities  have  been  differently  estimated. 
Though  lacking  in  industry  as  a  student,  he  is 
represented  by  the  late  Judge  John  D.  Caton, 
who  knew  him  personally,  as  a  close  thinker  and 
a  good  judge  of  men.  While  seldom,  if  ever, 
accustomed  to  argue  questions  in  the  conference 
room  or  write  out  his  opinions,  he  had  a  capacity 
for  expressing  himself  in  short,  pungent  sen- 
tences, which  indicated  that  he  was  a  man  of  con- 
siderable ability  and  had  clear  and  distinct  views 
of  his  own.  An  attempt  was  made  to  impeach 
him  before  the  Legislature  of  1843  "for  want  of 
capacity  to  discharge  the  duties  of  his  office," 
but  it  failed  by  an  almost  unanimous  vote.  He 
was  a  Whig  in  politics,  but  had  some  strong  sup- 
porters among  Democrats.  In  1822  Judge  Browne 
was  one  of  the  four  candidates  for  Governor — in 
the  final  returns  standing  third  on  the  list  and,  by 
dividing  the  vote  of  the  advocates  of  a  pro-slavery 
clause  in  the  State  Constitution,  contributing  to 
the  election  of  Governor  Coles  and  the  defeat  of 
the  pro-slavery  party.  (See  Coles,  Edward,  and 
Slavery  and  Slave  Laws. )  In  the  latter  part  of 
his  official  term  Judge  Browne  resided  at  Ga- 
lena, but,  in  1853,  removed  with  his  son-in-law, 
ex-Congressman  Joseph  P.  Hoge,  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.,  where  he  died  a  few  years  later — 
probably  about  1856  or  1858. 

BROWNING,  Orvillc  Hlckman,  lawyer,  United 
States  Senator  and  Attorney-General,  was  born 
in  Harrison  County,  Ky.,  in  1810.  After  receiv- 
ing a  classical  education  at  Augusta  in  his  native 
State,  he  removed  to  Quincy,  111.,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1831.  In  1832  he  served 
in  the  Black  Hawk  War,  and  from  1836  to  1843, 
was  a  member  of  the  Legislature,  serving  in  both 
houses.  A  personal  friend  and  political  adherent 
of  Abraham  Lincoln,  he  aided  in  the  organization 
of  the  Republican  party  at  the  memorable 


Bloomington  Convention  of  1856.  As  a  delegate 
to  the  Chicago  Convention  in  1860,  he  aided  in 
securing  Mr.  Lincoln's  nomination,  and  was  a 
conspicuous  supporter  of  the  Government  in  the 
Civil  War.  In  1861  he  was  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Yates  United  States  Senator  to  till  Senator 
Douglas'  unexpired  term,  serving  until  1863.  In 
1866  he  became  Secretary  of  the  Interior  by  ap- 
pointment of  President  Johnson,  also  for  a  time 
discharging  the  duties  of  Attorney-General. 
Returning  to  Illinois,  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1869-70,  which 
was  his  last  participation  in  public  affairs,  his 
time  thereafter  being  devoted  to  his  profession. 
He  died  at  his  home  in  Quincy,  111.,  August  10, 
1881. 

BRYAX,  Silas  Lillanl.  legislator  and  jurist, 
born  in  Culpepper  County,  Va.,  Nov.  4,  1822;  was 
left  an  orphan  at  an  early  age,  and  came  west  in 
1840,  living  for  a  time  with  a  brother  near  Troy, 
Mo.  The  following  year  he  came  to  Marion 
County,  111.,  where  he  attended  school  and 
worked  on  a  farm;  in  1845  entered  McKendree 
College,  graduating  in  1849,  and  two  years  later 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  supporting  himself 
meanwhile  by  teaching.  He  settled  at  Salem 
111.,  and,  in  1852,  was  elected  as  a  Democrat  to 
the  State  Senate,  in  which  lx>dy  he  served  for 
eight  years,  being  re-elected  in  1856.  In  1861  he 
was  elected  to  the  bench  of  the  Second  Judicial 
Circuit,  and  again  chosen  in  1867,  his  second 
term  expiring  in  1873.  While  serving  as  Judge, 
he  was  also  elected  a  Delegate  to  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1869-70.  He  was  an  unsuc- 
cessful candidate  for  Congress  on  the  Greeley 
ticket)in  1872.  Died  at  Salem,  March  30,  1880.— 
William  Jennings  (Bryan),  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Salem,  111.,  March  19,  1860.  The  early- 
life  of  young  Bryan  was  spent  on  his  father's 
farm,  but  at  the  age  of  ten  years  he  began  to 
attend  the  public  school  in  town :  later  spent  two 
years  in  Whipple  Academy,  .the  preparatory 
department  of  Illinois  College  at  Jacksonville, 
and,  in  1881,  graduated  from  the  college  proper  as 
the  valedictorian  of  his  class.  Then  he  devoted 
two  years  to  the  study  of  law  in  the  Union  Law 
School  at  Chicago,  meanwhile  acting  as  clerk  and 
studying  in  the  law  office  of  ex-Senator  Lyman 
Trumbull.  Having  graduated  in  law  in  1883,  he 
soon  entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  profession 
at  Jacksonville  as  the  partner  of  Judge  E.  P. 
Kirby,  a  well-known  lawyer  and  prominent 
Republican  of  that  city.  Four  years  later  (1887) 
found  him  a  citizen  of  Lincoln,  Neb.,  which  has 
since  been  his  home.  He  took  a  prominent  part 


HISTOKICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


in  the  politics  of  Nebraska,  stumping  the  State 
for  the  Democratic  nominees  in  1888  and  '89,  and 
in  1890  received  the  Democratic  nomination  for 
Congress  in  a  district  which  had  been  regarded 
as  strongly  Republican,  and  was  elected  by  a 
large  majority.  Again,  in  1892,  he  was  elected 
by  a  reduced  majority,  but  two  years  later 
declined  a  renomination,  though  proclaiming 
himself  a  free-silver  candidate  for  the  United 
States  Senate,  meanwhile  officiating  as  editor  of 
"The  Omaha  World-Herald."  In  July,  1896,  he 
received  the  nomination  for  President  from  the 
Democratic  National  Convention  at  Chicago,  on 
a  platform  declaring  for  the  "free  and  unlimited 
coinage  of  silver"  at  the  ratio  of  sixteen  of  silver 
(in  weight)  to  one  of  gold,  and  a  few  weeks  later 
was  nominated  by  the  "Populists'"  at  St.  Louis 
for  the  same  office — l«ing  the  youngest  man  ever 
put  in  nomination  for  the  Presidency  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  Government.  He  conducted  an 
active  personal  campaign,  speaking  in  nearly 
every  Northern  and  Middle  Western  State,  but 
was  defeated  by  his  Republican  opponent,  Maj. 
William  McKinley.  Mr.  Bryan  is  an  easy  and 
fluent  speaker,  possessing  a  voice  of  unusual 
compass  and  power,  and  is  recognized,  even  by 
his  political  opponents',  as  a  man  of  pure  personal 
character. 

BRYAN,  Thomas  Harbour,  lawyer  and  real 
estate  operator,  was  born  at  Alexandria,  Va., 
Dec.  22,  1828,  being  descended  on  the  maternal 
side  from  the  noted  Barbour  family  of  that 
State ;  graduated  in  law  at  Harvard,  and,  at  the 
age  of  twenty-one,  settled  in  Cincinnati.  In 
1852  he  came  to  Chicago,  where  he  acquired  ex- 
tensive .  real  estate  interests  and  built  Bryan 
Hall,  which  became  a  popular  place  for  en- 
tertainments. Being  a  gifted  speaker,  as  well 
as  a  zealous  Unionist,  Mr.  Bryan  was  chosen 
to  deliver  the  address  of  welcome  to  Senator 
Douglas,  when  that  statesman  returned  to 
Chicago  a  few  weeks  before  his  death  in  1861. 
During  the  progress  of  the  war  he  devoted  his 
time  and  his  means  most  generously  to  fitting  out 
soldiers  for  the  field  and  caring  for  the  sick  and 
wounded.  His  services  as  President  of  the  great 
Sanitary  Fair  in  Chicago  (1865),  where  some 
$300,000  were  cleared  for  disabled  soldiers,  were 
especially  conspicuous.  At  this  time  he  became 
the  purchaser  (at  $3.000)  of  the  original  copy  of 
President  Lincoln's  Emanci]>ation  Proclamation, 
which  had  been  donated  to  the  cause.  He  also 
rendered  valuable  service  after  the  fire  of  1871, 
though  a  heavy  sufferer  from  that  event,  and  was 
a  leading  factor  in  securing  the  location  of  the 


World's  Columbian  Exposition  in  Chicago  ip  1890, 
later  becoming  Vice -President  of  the  Board  of 
Directors  and  making  a  visit  to  Europe  in  the 
interest  of  the  Fair.  After  the  war  Mr.  Bryan 
resided  in  Washington  for  some  time,  and,  by 
appointment  of  President  Hayes,  served  as  Com- 
missioner of  the  District  of  Columbia.  Possessing 
refined  literary  and  artistic  tastes,  he  has  done 
much  for  the  encouragement  of  literature  and 
art  in  Chicago.  His  home  is  in  the  suburban 
village  of  Elmhurst. — Charles  Page  (Bryan),  son 
of  the  preceding,  lawyer  and  foreign  minister, 
was  born  in  Chicago,  Oct.  2,  1855,  and  educated 
at  the  University  of  Virginia  and  Columbia  Law 
School;  was  admitted  to  practice  in  1878,  and 
the  following  year  removed  to  Colorado,  where 
he  remained  four  years,  while  there  serving  in 
both  Houses  of  the  State  Legislature.  In  1883  he 
returned  to  Chicago  and  became  a  member  of  the 
First  Regiment  of  the  Illinois  National  Guard, 
serving  upon  the  staff  of  both  Governor  Oglesby 
and  Governor  Fifer;  in  1890,  was  elected  to  the 
State  Legislature  from  Cook  County,  being  re- 
elected  in  1892,  and  in  1894;  was  also  the  first 
Commissioner  to  visit  Europe  in  the  interest  of 
the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  on  his  return 
serving  as  Secretary  of  the  Exposition  Commis- 
sioners in  1891-92.  In  the  latter  part  of  1897  he 
was  appointed  by  President  McKinley  Minister 
to  China,  but  before  being  confirmed,  early  in 
1898,  was  assigned  to  the  United  States  mission  to 
the  Republic  of  Brazil,  where  he  now  is,  Hon. 
E.  H.  Conger  of  Iowa,  who  had  previously  been 
appointed  to  the  Brazilian  mission,  being  trans- 
ferred to  Pekin. 

BRYANT,  John  Howard,  pioneer,  brother  of 
William  Cullen  Bryant,  the  poet,  was  born  in 
Cummington,  Mass.,  July  22,  1807,  educated  at 
the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  in  Troy, 
N.  Y. ;  removed  to  Illinois  in  1831,  and  held  vari- 
ous offices  in  Bureau  Comity,  including  that  of 
Representative  in  the  General  Assembly,  to  which 
he  was  elected  in  1842,  and  again  in  1858.  A 
practical  and  enterprising  farmer,  he  was  identi- 
fied with  the  Illinois  State  Agricultural  Society 
in  its  early  history,  as  also  with  the  movement 
which  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  industrial 
colleges  in  the  various  States.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Republican  party  and  a  warm 
personal  friend  of  President  Lincoln,  being  a 
member  of  the  first  Republican  State  Convention 
at  Bloomington  in  1856,  and  serving  as  Collector 
of  Internal  Revenue  by  appointment  of  Mr.  Lin- 
coln in  1862-64.  In  1872  Mr.  Bryant  joined  in  the 
Liberal  Republican  movement  at  Cincinnati,  two 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


65 


years  later  was  identified  with  the  "Independent 
Reform"  party,  but  has  since  cooperated  with 
the  Democratic  party.  He  has  produced  two 
volumes  of  poems,  published,  respectively,  in  1855 
and  1885,  besides  a  number  of  public  addresses. 
His  home  is  at  Princeton,  Bureau  County. 

BUCK,  Hiram,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Steu- 
ben  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1818;  joined  the  Illinois 
Methodist  Episcopal  Conference  in  1843,  and  con- 
tinued in  its  service  for  nearly  fifty  years,  being 
much  of  the  time  a  Presiding  Elder.  At  his 
death  he  bequeathed  a  considerable  sum  to  the 
endowment  funds  of  the  Wesleyan  University  at 
Bloomington  and  the  Illinois  Conference  College 
at  Jacksonville  Died  at  Decatur,  111.,  August 
23,  1892. 

lit'  l»A,a  village  in  Bureau  County,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  main  line  with  the  Buda  and  Rush- 
ville  branch  of  the  Chicago.  Burlington  &  Quincy 
Railroad,  and  the  Sterling  and  Peoria  branch  of 
the  Chicago  &  Northwestern,  12  miles  southwest 
of  Princeton  and  117  miles  west-southwest  of 
Chicago:  has  excellent  water-works,  electric- 
light  plant,  brick  and  tile  factory,  fine  churches, 
graded  school,  a  bank  and  one  newspaper 
Dairying  is  carried  on  quite  extensively  and  a 
good-sized  creamery  is  located  here.  Population 
(1890).  990;  (1900),  873. 

BUFORD,  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  banker  and 
soldier,  was  born  in  Woodford  County,  Ky.,  Jan. 
13,  1807 ;  graduated  at  West  Point  Military  Acad- 
emy, 1827,  and  served  for  some  time  as  Lieutenant 
of  Artillery;  entered  Harvard  Law  School  in 
1831,  served  as  Assistant  Professor  of  Natural  and 
Experimental  Philosophy  there  (1834-35),  then 
resigned  his  commission,  and,  after  some  service 
as  an  engineer  upon  public  works  in  Kentucky, 
established  himself  as  an  iron-founder  and  banker 
at  Rock  Island,  111.,  in  1857  becoming  President 
of  the  Rock  Island  &  Peoria  Railroad.  In  1861 
he  entered  the  volunteer  service,  as  Colonel  of 
the  Twenty-seventh  Illinois,  serving  at  various 
points  in  Western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  as 
also  in  the  siege  of  Vicksburg,  and  at  Helena, 
Ark.,  where  he  was  in  command  from  Septem- 
ber, 1863,  to  March,  1865.  In  the  meantime,  by 
promotion,  he  attained  to  the  rank  of  Major- 
General  by  brevet,  being  mustered  out  in  August. 
1865.  He  subsequently  held  the  post  of  Special 
United  States  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs 
(1868),  and  that  of  Inspector  of  the  Union  Pacific 
Railroad  (1807 -09).  Died.  March  28,  1883. 

BULKLEY,  (Rev.)  Justus,  educator,  was  born 
at  Leicester,  Livingston  County,  N.  Y.,  July  2:?, 
1819,  taken  to  Allegany  County,  N.  Y.,  at  3 


years  of  age,  where  he  remained  until  17,  attend 
ing  school  in  a  log  school-house  in  the  winter  and 
working  on  a  farm  in  the  summer.  His  family 
then  removed  to  Illinois,  finally  locating  at 
Barry,  Pike  County.  In  1842  he  entered  the 
preparatory  department  of  Shurtleff  College  at 
Upper  Alton,  graduating  there  in  1847.  He  was 
immediately  made  Principal  of  the  preparatory 
department,  remaining  two  years,  when  he  was 
ordained  to  the  Baptist  ministry  and  became 
pastor  of  a  church  at  Jerseyville.  Four  years 
later  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Mathematics 
in  Shurtleff  College,  but  remained  only  two 
years,  when  he  accepted  the  pastorship  of  a 
church  at  Carrollton,  which  he  continued  to  fill 
nine  years,  when,  in  1864,  he  was  called  to  a 
church  at  Upper  Alton.  At  the  expiration  of 
one  year  he  was  again  called  to  a  professorship 
in  Shurtleff  College,  this  time  taking  the  chair  of 
Church  History  and  Church  Polity,  which  he 
continued  to  fill  for  a  period  of  thirty-four  years; 
also  serving  for  a  time  as  Acting  President  dur 
ing  a  vacancy  in  that  office.  During  this  period 
he  was  frequently  called  upon  to  preside  as  Mod- 
erator at  General  Associations  of  the  Baptist 
Church,  and  he  became  widely  known,  not  only 
in  that  denomination,  but  elsewhere.  Died  at 
Upper  Alton,  Jan.  16,  1899. 

BULL,  Lorenzo,  banker,  Quincy,  III,  was  born 
in  Hartford,  Conn,,  March  21,  1819,  being  the 
eldest  son  of  Lorenzo  and  Elizabeth  Goodwin 
Bull.  His  ancestors  on  both  sides  were  of  the 
party  who,  under  Thomas  Hooker,  moved  from 
the  vicinity  of  Boston  and  settled  Hartford  in 
1634.  Leaving  Hartford  in  the  spring  of  1833,  he 
arrived  at  Quincy,  111.,  entirely  without  means, 
but  soon  after  secured  a  position  with  Judge 
Henry  H.  Snow,  who  then  held  most  of  the 
county  offices,  being  Clerk  of  the  County  Com- 
missioners' Court.  Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court, 
Recorder,  Judge  of  Probate.  Notary  Public  and 
Justice  of  the  Peace.  Here  the  young  clerk 
made  himself  acquainted  with  the  people  of  the 
county  (at  {liat  time  few  in  number),  with  the 
land-system  of  the  country  and  with  the  legal 
forms  and  methods  of  procedure  in  the  courts. 
He  remained  with  Judge  Snow  over  two  years, 
receiving  for  his  services,  the  first  year,  six  dol- 
lars per  month,  and.  for  the  second,  ten  dollars 
per  month,  besides  his  board  in  Judge  Snow's 
family.  He  next  accepted  a  situation  with 
Messrs.  Holmes,  Brown  &  Co.,  then  one  of  the 
most  prominent  mercantile  houses  of  the  city, 
remaining  through  various  changes  of  the  firm 
until  1844,  when  he  formed  a  partnership  with 


66 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


his  brother  under  the  firm  name  of  L.  &  C.  II. 
Bull,  and  opened  a  store  for  the  sale  of  hardware 
and  crockery,  which  was  the  first  attempt  made 
in  Quincy  to  separate  the  mercantile  business 
into  different  departments.  Disposing  of  their 
business  in  1861,  the  firm  of  L.  &  C.  H.  Bull 
embarked  in  the  private  banking  business,  which 
they  continued  in  one  location  for  about  thirty 
years,  when  they  organized  the  State  Savings 
Loan  &  Trust  Company,  in  which  he  held  the 
position  of  President  until  1898,  when  he  retired. 
Mr.  Bull  has  always  been  active  in  promoting  the 
improvement  and  growth  of  the  city ,  was  one  of 
the  five  persons  who  built  most  of  the  horse  rail- 
roads in  Quincy,  and  was,  for  about  twenty  years, 
President  of  the  Company.  The  Quincy  water- 
works are  now  (1898)  owned  entirely  by  himself 
and  his  son.  He  has  never  sought  or  held  political 
office,  but  at  one  time  was  the  active  President  of 
five  distinct  business  corporations.  He  was  also 
for  some  five  years  one  of  the  Trustees  of  Illinois 
College  at  Jacksonville.  He'  was  married  in  1844 
to  Miss  Margaret  H.  Benedict,  daughter  of  Dr. 
Wm.  M.  Benedict,  of  Milbury,  Mass.,  and  they 
have  five  children  now  living.  In  politics  he  is  a 
Republican,  and  his  religious  associations  are  with 
the  Congregational  Church.  —  Charles  Henry 
(Bull),  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
Hartford,  Conn.,  Dec.  16.  1822.  and  removed 
to  Quincy,  111.,  in  June,  1837.  He  commenced 
business  as  a  clerk  in  a  general  store,  where 
he  remained  for  seven  years,  when  he  entered 
into  partnership  with  his  brother,  Lorenzo  Bull, 
in  the  hardware  and  crockery  business,  to 
which  was  subsequently  added  dealing  in 
agricultural  implements.  This  business  was 
continued  until  the  year  1861.  when  it  was 
sold  out,  and  the  brothers  established  them- 
selves as  private  bankers  under  the  same  firm 
name.  A  few  years  later  they  organized  the 
Merchants'  and  Farmers'  National  Bank,  which 
was  mainly  owned  and  altogether  managed  by 
them.  Five  or  six  years  later  this  bank  was 
wound  up,  when  they  returned  to  private  bank- 
ing, continuing  in  this  business  until  1891,  when 
it  was  merged  in  the  State  Savings  Loan  & 
Trust  Company,  organized  under  the  laws  of 
Illinois  with  a  capital  of  $300,000,  held  equally 
by  Lorenzo  Bull,  Charles  H.  Bull  and  Edward  J. 
Parker,  respectively,  as  President,  Vice-Presi- 
dent  and  Cashier.  Near  the  close  of  1898  the 
First  National  Bank  of  Quincy  was  merged  into 
the  State  Savings  Loan  &  Trust  Company  with 
J.  H.  Warfield,  the  President  of  the  former,  as 
President  of  the  consolidated  concern.  Mr.  Bull 


was  one  of  the  parties  who  originally  organized 
the  Quincy.  Missouri  &  Pacific  Railroad  Com- 
pany in  1869  —a  road  intended  to  be  built  from 
Quincy,  111.,  across  the  State  of  Missouri  to 
Brownsville,  Neb.,  and  of  which  he  is  now 
(1898)  the  President,  the  name  having  been 
changed  to  the  Quincy,  Omaha  &  Kansas  City 
Railway.  He  was  also  identified  with  the  con- 
struction of  the  system  of  street  railways  in 
Quincy,  and  continued  active  in  their  manage- 
ment for  about  twenty  years.  He  has  been 
active  in  various  other  public  and  private  enter- 
prises, and  has  done  much  to  advance  the  growth 
and  prosperity  of  the  city. 

BUNKER  HILL, H  city  of  Macoupin  County,  on 
the  Cleveland.  Cincinnati,  Chicago  Jt  St.  Louis 
Railroad,  37  miles  northeast  of  St.  Louis:  has 
electric-lighting  plant,  telephone  service,  cxwl 
mine,  flouring  mill,  wagon  and  various  other 
manufactories,  two  lianks,  two  newspapers,  oj>era 
house,  numerous  churches,  public  library,  a  mili- 
tary academy  and  fine  public  schools,  ami  many 
handsome  residences;  is  situated  on  high  ground 
in  a  rich  agricultural  anil  dairying  region  and  an 
important  shipping-point.  Pop.  (1900),  1J279. 

Itl  N \.  Jacob,  banker  and  manufacturer,  was 
born  in  Hunterdon  County,  N.  J.,  in  1814;  came 
to  Springfield  in  1836,  and,  four  years  later,  began 
business  as  a  grocer,  to  which  he  afterwards 
added  that  of  private  banking,  continuing  until 
1878.  During  a  part  of  this  time  his  bank  was 
one  of  the  best  known  and  widely  regarded  as 
one  of  the  most  solid  institutions  of  its  kind  in 
the  State.  Though  crippled  by  the  financial 
revulsion  of  1873-74  and  forced  investments  in 
depreciated  real  estate,  he  paid  dollar  for  dollar. 
After  retiring  from  banking  in  1878,  he  assumed 
charge  of  the  Springfield  Watch  Factory,  in 
which  he  was  a  large  stockholder,  and  of  which 
he  became  the  President.  Mr.  Bunn  was,  be- 
tween 1866  and  1870,  a  principal  stockholder  in 
"The  Chicago  Republican"  (the  predecessor  of 
'•The  Inter-Ocean''),  and  was  one  of  the  bankers 
who  came  to  the  aid  of  the  State  Government  with 
financial  assistance  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War.  Died  at  Springfield.  Oct.  16,  1S97.— John  W. 
(Bunn),  brother  of  the  preceding  and  successor 
to  the  grocery  business  of  J.  &  J.  W.  Bunn,  lias 
been  a  prominent  business  man  of  Springfield, 
and  served  as  Treasurer  of  the  State  Agricultural 
Board  from  1858  to  1898.  and  of  the  Illinois  Uni- 
versity from  its  establishment  to  1893. 

BUNSEN,  George,  German  patriot  and  educa- 
tor, was  born  at  Frankfort-on-the-Maine,  Ger- 
many, Fell  18,  1794,  and  educated  in  his  native 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


city  and  at  Berlin  University;  while  still  a 
student  took  part  in  the  Peninsular  War  which 
resulted  in  the  downfall  of  Napoleon,  but  resum- 
ing his  studies  in  1816.  graduated  three  years 
later.  He  then  founded  a  boys'  school  at  Frank- 
fort, which  he  maintained  fourteen  years,  when, 
having  been  implicated  in  the  republican  revolu 
tion  of  1833,  he  was  forced  to  leave  the  country, 
locating  the  following  year  on  a  farm  in  St.  Clair 
County,  111.  Here  he  finally  became  a  teacher  in 
the  public  schools,  served  in  the  State  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1847,  was  elected  School 
Commissioner  of  St.  Clair  County,  and,  having 
removed  to  Belleville  in  1855,  there  conducted  a 
private  school  for  the  instruction  of  teachers 
while  discharging  the  duties  of  his  office-,  later 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  first  State  School 
Board,  serving  until  1860,  and  taking  part  in  the 
establishment  of  the  Illinois  State  Normal  Urn 
versity,  of  which  he  was  a  zealous  advocate.  He 
was  also  a  contributor  to  "The  Illinois  Teacher," 
and,  for  several  years  prior  to  his  death,  served 
as  Superintendent  of  Schools  at  Belleville  without 
compensation.  Died,  November,  1872. 

BUBCHARD,  Horatio  C.,  ex -Congressman,  was 
born  at  Marshall,  Oneida  County.  N.  Y.,  Sept.  22, 
1825;  graduated  at  Hamilton  College,  N.  Y.,  in 
1850,  and  later  removed  to  Stephenson  County, 
111.,  making  his  home  at  Freeport.  By  profes- 
sion he  is  a  lawyer,  but  he  has  been  also  largely 
interested  in  mercantile  pursuits.  From  1857  to 
1860  he  was  School  Commissioner  of  Stephenson 
County ;  from  1863  to  1866  a  member  of  the  State 
Legislature,  and  from  1869  to  1879  a  Representa- 
tive in  Congress,  being  each  time  elected  as  a 
Republican,  for  the  first  time  as  the  successor  of 
E.  B.  Washburne.  After  retiring  from  Congress, 
he  served  for  six  years  (1879-85)  as  Director  of  the 
United  States  Mint  at  Philadelphia,  with  marked 
ability.  During  the  World's  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion at  Chicago  (1893),  Mr.  Burchard  was  in 
charge  of  the  Bureau  of  Awards  in  connection 
with  the  Mining  Department,  afterwards  resum- 
'  ing  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Freeport. 

BURDETTE,  Robert  Jones,  journalist  and 
humorist,  was  born  in  Greensborough,  Pa. ,  July 
80,  1844,  and  taken  to  Peoria,  111.,  in  early  life, 
where  he  was  educated  in  the  public  schools.  In 
1862  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Forty -seventh 
Illinois  Volunteers  and  served  to  the  end  of  the 
war ;  adopted  journalism  in  1869,  being  employed 
upon  "The  Peoria  Transcript"  and  other  papers 
of  that  city.  Later  he  became  associated  with 
"The  Burlington  (Iowa)  Hawkeye,"  upon  which 
he  gained  a  wide  reputation  as  a  genial  humor- 


ist. Several  volumes  of  his  sketches  have  been 
published,  but  in  recent  years  he  has  devoted  hi; 
attention  chiefly  to  lecturing,  with  occasional 
contributions  to  the  literary  press. 

BUREAU  COUNTY,  set  off  from  Putnam 
County  in  1837,  near  the  center  of  the  northern 
half  of  the  State,  Princeton  being  made  the 
county-seat.  Coal  had  been  discovered  in  1834, 
there  being  considerable  quantities  mined  at 
Mineral  and  Selby.  Sheffield  also  has  an  impor- 
tant coal  trade.  Public  lands  were  offered  for  sale 
as  early  as  1835.  and  by  1844  had  been  nearly  all 
sold.  Princeton  was  platted  in  1832,  and.  in  1890. 
contained  a  population  of  3,396.  The  county  has 
an  area  of  870  square  miles,  and,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900,  a  population  of  41.112.  The  pio- 
neer settler  was  Henry  Thomas,  who  erected  the 
first  cabin,  in  Bureau  township,  in  1828.  He  was 
soon  followed  by  the  Ament  brothers  (Edward. 
Justus  and  John  L. ) ,  and  for  a  time  settlers  came 
in  rapid  succession,  among  the  earliest  being 
Amos  Leonard.  Daniel  Dimmick,  John  Hall. 
William  Hoskins,  Timothy  Perkins,  Leonard 

Roth,  Bull x ma  and  John  Dixon.  Serious 

Indian  disturbances  in  1831  caused  a  hegira  of 
the  settlers,  some  of  whom  never  returned.  In 
1833  a  fort  was  erected  for  the  protection  of  the 
whites,  and,  in  1836,  there  began  a  new  and  large 
influx  of  immigrants.  Among  other  early  set- 
tlers were  John  H.  and  Arthur  Bryant,  brothers 
of  the  poet,  William  Cullen  Bryant. 

BUREAU  OF  LABOR  STATISTICS,  estab- 
lished in  1879,  being  an  outgrowth  of  the  agitation 
and  discontent  among  the  laboring  classes,  which 
culminated  in  1877-78.  The  Board  consists  of 
five  Commissioners,  who  serve  for  a  nominal 
compensation,  their  term  of  office  being  two 
years.  They  are  nominated  by  the  Executive 
and  confirmed  by  the  Senate.  The  law  requires 
that  three  of  them  shall  be  manual  laborers  and 
two  employers  of  manual  labor.  The  Bureau  is 
charged  with  the  collection,  compilation  and 
tabulation  of  statistics  relative  to  labor  in  Illi- 
nois, particularly  in  its  relation  to  the  commer- 
cial, industrial,  social,  educational  and  sanitary 
conditions  of  the  working  classes.  The  Com- 
mission is  required  to  submit  biennial  reports. 
Those  already  published  contain  much  informa- 
tion of  value  concerning  coal  and  lead  mines, 
convict  labor,  manufactures,  strikes  and  lock- 
outs, wages,  rent,  cost  of  living,  mortgage 
indebtedness,  and  kindred  topics. 

BURGESS,  Alexander,  Protestant  Episcopal 
Bishop  of  the  diocese  of  Quincy,  was  born  at 
Providence,  R.  I.,  Oct.  31,  1819.  He  graduated 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


from  Brown  University  in  1838  and  from  the 
General  Theological  Seminary  (New  York)  in 
1841.  He  was  made  a  Deacon,  Nov.  3,  1842.  and 
ordained  a  priest,  Nov.  1,  1843.  Prior  to  his  ele- 
vation to  the  episcopate  he  was  rector  of  various 
parishes  in  Maine,  at  Brooklyn,  N.  V  ,  and  at 
Springfield,  Mass.  He  represented  the  dioceses 
of  Maine,  Long  Island  and  Massachusetts  in  the 
General  Conventions  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  from  1844  to  1877,  and,  in  the  latter  year, 
was  President  of  the  House  of  Deputies.  Upon 
the  death  of  his  brother  George,  Bishop  of  Maine, 
he  was  chosen  by  the  clergy  of  the  diocese  to  suc- 
ceed him  but  declined  When  the  diocese  of 
Quincy  111.  was  created,  he  was  elected  its  first 
Bishop,  and  consecrated  ut  Christ  Church,  Spring 
field,  Mass  .  on  May  15,  1N78.  Besides  publishing 
a  memoir  of  his  brother.  Bishop  Burgess  is  the 
author  of  several  Sunday-school  question  books, 
carols  and  hymns,  anil  lias  been  a  contributor  to 
periodical  church  literature.  His  residence  is  at 
Peoria. 

IM'lt I. KV.  Arthur  (iiliiiHii,  merchant,  was  born 
at  Exeter,  N.  H..  Oct.  4.  1K12,  received  his  edu- 
cation in  the  local  schools,  and,  in  1835,  came 
West,  locating  in  Chicago.  For  some  two  years 
he  served  as  clerk  in  the  boot,  shoe  and  clothing 
store  of  John  Holbrook.  after  which  he  accepted 
a  position  with  his  half-brother,  Stephen  F.  Gale, 
the  proprietor  of  the  first  book  and  stationery 
store  in  Chicago.  In  1838  he  invested  his  savings 
in  a  bankrupt  stock  of  crockery,  purchased  from 
the  old  State  Bank,  and  entered  upon  a  business 
career  which  was  continued  uninterruptedly  for 
nearly  sixty  years.  In  that  time  Mr.  Burley 
huilt  up  a  business  which,  for  its  extent  and 
success,  was  unsurpassed  in  its  time  in  the  West. 
His  brother  in-law,  Mr.  John  Tyrrell,  became  a 
member  of  the  firm  in  1832.  the  business  there- 
after being  conducted  under  the  name  of  Burley 
&  Tyrrell,  with  Mr.  Burley  as  President  of  the 
Company  until  his  death,  which  occurred,  August 

37,  1897.— Augustus  Harris  (Hurley),  brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Exeter,  N.  H.,  March 

38,  1819 ;  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  his  native 
State,  and,  in  his  youth,  was  employed    for  a 
time  as  a  clerk  in  Boston.     In  1837  he  came  to 
Chicago  and  took  a  position  as  clerk  or  salesman 
in  the  book  and  stationery  store  of  his  half- 
brother,  Stephen  F.  Gale,  subsequently  became  a 
partner,  and,  on   the  retirement  of   Mr    Gale  a 
few  years  later,  succeeded  to  the  control  of  the 
business.     In  1857  he  disposed  of  his  book  and 
stationery  business,   and  about    the  same  time 
became  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Merchants' 


Loan  and  Trust  Company,  with  which  he  has 
been  connected  as  a  Director  ever  since.  Mr. 
Burley  was  a  member  of  the  volunteer  fire  depart- 
ment organized  in  Chicago  in  1841  Among  the 
numerous  public  positions  held  by  him  may  be 
mentioned,  member  of  the  Board  of  Public  Works 
(1867-70),  the  first  Superintendent  of  Lincoln  Park 
(1869),  Representative  from  Cook  County  in  the 
Twenty-seventh  General  Assembly  (1870-72),  City 
Comptroller  during  the  administration  of  Mayor 
Medill  (1872-73),  and  again  undar  Mayor  Roche 
(1887),  and  member  of  the  City  Council  (1881-82). 
Politically,  Mr.  Burley  has  been  a  zealous  Repub- 
lican and  served  on  the  Chicago  Union  Defense 
Committee  in  the  first  year  of  the  Civil  War,  and 
was  a  delegate  from  the  State  aMarge  to  the 
National  Republican  Convention  at  Baltimore  in 
1864,  which  nominated  Abraham  Lincoln  for  the 
Presidency  a  second  time. 

BURNHAM,  Daniel  Hudson,  architect,  was 
l>orn  at  Henderson,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  4,  1846;  came  to 
Chicago  at  9  years  of  age;  attended  private 
schools  and  the  Chicago  High  School,  after  which 
he  spent  two  years  at  Waltham.  Mass..  receiving 
special  instruction;  returning  to  Chicago  in  1867. 
he  was  afterwards  associated  with  various  firms. 
About  1873  he  formed  a  business  connection  with 
J.  W.  Root,  architect,  which  extended  to  the 
death  of  the  latter  in  1891.  The  firm  of  Burnham 
&  Root  furnished  the  plans  of  a  large  number  of 
the  most  conspicuous  business  buildings  in  Chi- 
cago, but  won  their  greatest  distinction  in  con- 
nection with  the  construction  of  buildings  for  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition,  of  which  Mr. 
Root  was  Supervising  Architect  previous  to  his 
death,  while  Mr.  Burnham  was  made  Chief  of 
Construction  and,  later  Director  of  Works.  In 
this  capacity  his  authority  was  almost  absolute, 
but  was  used  with  a  discretion  that  contributed 
greatly  to  the  success  of  the  enterprise. 

BURR,  Albert  6.,  former  Congressman,  was 
born  in  Genesee  County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  8,  1829: 
came  to  Illinois  about  1832  with  his  widowed 
mother,  who  settled  in  Springfield.  In  early  life 
he  became  a  citizen  of  Winchester,  where  he  read 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  also,  for  a  time, 
following  the  occupation  of  a  printer.  Here  he 
was  twice  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  (1860  and  1862),  meanwhile  serving 
as  a  member  of  the  State  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion of  1862.  Having  removed  to  Carrollton. 
Greene  County,  he  was  elected  as  a  Democrat  to 
the  Fortieth  and  Forty-first  Congresses  (1866  and 
1868).  serving  until  March  4.  1871.  In  August, 
1877,  he  was  elected  Circuit  Judge  to  fill  a 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


69 


vacancy  and  was  re-elected  for  the  regular  term 
in  June,  1879,  but  died  in  office,  June  10,  1882. 

BUBBELL,  Orlando,  member  of  Congress,  was 
born  in  Bradford  County,  Pa. ;  removed  with  his 
parents  to  White  County,  111.,  in  1834,  growing 
up  on  a  farm  near  Carmi;  received  a  common 
school  education;  in  1850  went  to  California, 
driving  an  ox-team  across  the  plains.  Soon  after 
the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  (1861)  he  raised  a 
company  of  cavalry,  of  which  he  was  elected 
Captain,  and  which  became  a  part  of  the  First 
Regiment  Illinois  Cavalry;  served  as  County 
Judge  from  1873  to  1881,  and  was  elected  Sheriff 
in  1886.  In  1894  he  was  elected  Representative 
in  Congress  as  a  Republican  from  the  Twentieth 
District,  composed  of  counties  which  formerly 
constituted  a  large  part  of  the  old  Nineteenth 
District,  and  which  had  uniformly  been  repre- 
sented by  a  Democrat.  He  suffered  defeat  as  a 
candidate  for  re-election  in  1896. 

BUBROU6HS,  John  Curtis,  clergyman  and 
educator,  was  born  in  Stamford,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  7, 
1818;  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1842,  and 
Madison  Theological  Seminary  in  1846.  After 
five  years  spent  as  pastor  of  Baptist  churches  at 
Waterford  and  West  Troy,  N.  Y.,  in  1852  he 
assumed  the  pastorate  of  the  First  Baptist  Church 
of  Chicago;  about  1856  was  elected  to  the  presi- 
dency of  the  Chicago  University,  then  just 
established,  having  previously  declined  the 
presidency  of  Shurtleff  College  at  Upper  Alton. 
Resigning  his  position  in  1874,  he  soon  after 
became  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Edu- 
cation, and,  in  1884,  was  elected  Assistant  Super- 
intendent of  Public  Schools  of  that  city,  serving 
until  his  death,  April  21,  1892. 

IM'SF.V,  Samuel  T.,  banker  and  ex-Congress- 
man, was  born  at  Greencastle,  Ind.,  Nov.  16, 
1835;  in  infancy  was  brought  by  his  parents  to 
Urbana,  III.,  where  he  was  educated  and  has 
since  resided.  From  1857  to  1859  he  was  engaged 
in  mercantile  pursuits,  but  during  1860-61 
attended  a  commercial  college  and  read  law.  In 
1862  he  was  chosen  Town  Collector,  but  resigned 
to  enter  the  Union  Army,  being  commissioned^ 
Second  Lieutenant  by  Governor  Yates,  and 
assigned  to  recruiting  service.  Having  aided  in 
the  organization  of  the  Seventy-sixth  Illinois 
Volunteers,  he  was  commissioned  its  Lieutenant- 
Colonel,  August  12,  1862 ;  was  afterward  promoted 
to  the  colonelcy,  and  mustered  out  of  service  at 
Chicago,  August  6,  1865,  with  the  rank  of  Brevet 
Brigadier-General.  In  1866  he  was  an  unsuccess- 
ful candidate  for  the  General  Assembly  on  the 
Democratic  ticket,  and  for  Trustee  of  tho  State 


University  in  1888.  From  1880  to  1889  he  was 
Mayor  and  President  of  the  Board  of  Education 
of  Urbana.  In  1867  lie  opened  a  private  bank, 
which  he  conducted  for  twenty-one  years.  In 
1890  he  was  elected  to  Congress  from  the  Fif- 
teenth Illinois  District,  defeating  Joseph  G.  Can 
non.  Republican,  by  whom  he  was  in  turn 
defeated  for  the  same  office  in  1892. 

BCSHNELL,  a  nourishing  city  and  manufac- 
turing center  in  McDonough  County,  11  miles 
northeast  nf  Macomb.  at  the  junction  of  two 
branches  of  the  Chicago.  Burlington  &  Quincy 
with  the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western  Railroads;  has 
numerous  manufactories,  including  wooden 
puni|>s.  flour,  agricultural  implements,  wagons 
and  cariiages,  tank  and  fence-work,  rural  mail- 
boxes, mattresses,  brick,  besides  egg  and  poultry 
packing  houses:  also  has  water-works  and  elec- 
tric lights,  grain  elevators,  three  banks,  several 
churches,  graded  public  and  high  schools,  two 
newnpai>ers  and  a  public  library.  Pop.  (1900),  2,490. 

HI  SIINKI.I..  Nrhemiah,  lawyer,  was  horn  in 
the  town  of  Westbrook,  C'onn.,  Oct.  9,  1813; 
graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1835,  studied  law 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1837,  coming  in 
December  of  the  same  year  to  Quincy,  111. ,  where, 
for  a  time,  he  assisted  in  editing  "The  Whig" 
of  that  city,  later  forming  a  partnership  with 
O.  H.  Browning,  which  was  never  fully  broken 
until  his  death.  In  his  practice  he  gave  much 
attention  to  land  titles  in  the  "Military  Tract" ; 
in  1851  was  President  of  the  portion  of  the  North- 
ern Cross  Railroad  between  Quincy  and  Gales- 
burg  (now  a  part  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  ft 
Quincy),  and  later  of  the  Quincy  Bridge  Company 
and  the  Quincy  &  Palmyra  (Mo.)  Railroad.  In 
1872  he  was  elected  by  the  Republicans  the 
"minority"  Representative  from  Adams  County 
in  the  Twenty-eighth  General  Assembly,  but 
died  during  the  succeeding  session,  Jan.  31,  1873. 
He  was  able,  high-minded  and  honorable  in  public 
and  private  life. 

BCSHNELL,  Washington,  lawyer  and  Attor- 
ney-General, was  born  in  Madison  County,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  30,  1825;  in  1837  came  with  his  father  to 
Lisbon,  Kendall  County,  111.,  where  he  worked  on 
a  farm  and  taught  at  times ;  studied  law  at  Pough- 
keepsie.  N.  Y..  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and 
established  himself  in  practice  at  Ottawa,  111. 
The  public  positions  held  by  him  were  those  of 
State  Senator  for  La  Salle  County  (1861-69)  and 
Attorney -General  (1869-73) ;  was  also  a  member 
of  the  Republican  National  Convention  of  1864, 
liesides  being  identified  with  various  business 
enterprises  at  Ottawa.  Died.  June  30,  1885. 


70 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


BUTLER,  William,  State  Treasurer,  was  born 
in  A. lair  County,  Ky.,  Dec.  15,  1797;  during  the 
war  of  1812,  at  the  age  of  16  years,  served  as  the 
messenger  of  the  Governor  of  Kentucky,  carrying 
dispatches  to  Gen.  William  Henry  Harrison  in 
the  field;  removed  to  Sangamon  County,  111.,  in 
1828,  and,  in  1836,  was  appointed  Clerk  of  the 
Circuit  Court  by  Judge  Stephen  T.  Logan.  In 
1859  he  served  as  foreman  of  the  Grand  Jury 
which  investigated  the  "canal  scrip  frauds" 
charged  against  ex-Governor  Matteson,  and  it 
was  largely  through  his  influence  that  the  pro- 
ceedings of  that  body  were  subsequently  pub- 
lished in  an  official  form.  During  the  same  year 
Governor  Bissell  appointed  him  State  Treasurer 
to  fill  a  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of 
James  Miller,  and  he  was  elected  to  the  same 
office  in  1860.  Mr.  Butler  was  an  ardent  sup- 
porter of  Abraham  Lincoln,  whom  he  efficiently 
befriended  in  the  early  struggles  of  the  latter 
in  Springfield.  He  died  in  Springfield,  Jan.  11, 
1876. 

BUTTERFIELD,  Justin,  early  lawyer,  was 
born  at  Keene,  N.  II  .  in  1790.  He  studied  at 
Williams  College,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
at  Watertown,  N.  Y.,  in  1812.  After  some  years 
devoted  to  practice  at  Adams  and  at  Sackett's 
Harbor,  N.  Y. ,  he  removed  to  New  Orleans,  where 
he  attained  a  high  rank  at  the  bar.  In  1835  he 
settled  in  Chicago  and  soon  became  a  leader  in 
his  profession  there  also.  In  1841  he  was  appointed 
by  President  Harrison  United  States  District  At- 
torney for  the  District  of  Illinois,  and,  in  1849,  by 
President  Taylor  Commissioner  of  the  General 
Land  Office,  one  of  his  chief  competitors  for  the 
latter  place  being  Abraham  Lincoln.  This  dis- 
tinction he  probably  owed  to  the  personal  influ- 
ence of  Daniel  Webster,  then  Secretary  of  State, 
of  whom  Mr.  Butterfield  was  a  personal  friend 
and  warm  admirer.  While  Commissioner,  he 
rendered  valuable  service  to  the  State  in  securing 
the  canal  land  grant.  As  a  lawyer  he  was  logical 
and  resourceful,  as  well  as  witty  and  quick  at 
repartee,  yet  his  chief  strength  lay  before  the 
Court  rather  than  the  jury.  Numerous  stories 
are  told  of  his  brilliant  sallies  at  the  bar  and 
elsewhere.  One  of  the  former  relates  to  his 
address  before  Judge  Nathaniel  Pope,  of  the 
United  States  Court  at  Springfield,  in  a  habeas- 
corpus  case  to  secure  the  release  of  Joseph  Smith, 
the  Mormon  prophet,  who  was  under  arrest  under 
the  charge  of  complicity  in  an  attempt  to  assassin- 
ate Governor  Boggs  of  Missouri.  Rising  to  begin 
his  argument,  Mr.  Butterfield  said:  "I  am  to 
address  the  Pope"  (bowing  to  the  Court),  "sur- 


rounded by  angels"  (bowing  still  lower  to  a  party 
of  ladies  in  the  audience),  "in  the  presence  of 
the  holy  apostles,  in  behalf  of  the  prophet  of 
the  Lord."  On  another  occasion,  being  asked  if 
he  was  opposed  to  the  war  with  Mexico,  he 
replied.  "I  opposed  one  war" — meaning  his 
opposition  as  a  Federalist  to  the  War  of  1812 — 
"but  learned  the  folly  of  it.  Henceforth  I  am  for 
war,  pestilence  and  famine."  He  died,  Oct.  25, 
1855. 

BYFORD,  William  II.,  physician  and  author, 
was  born  at  Eaton.  Ohio,  March  20,  1817 ;  in  1830 
came  with  his  widowed  mother  to  Crawford 
County,  111.,  and  began  learning  the  tailor's 
trade  at  Palestine;  later  studied  medicine  at 
Vincennes  and  practiced  at  different  points  in 
Indiana.  Meanwhile,  having  graduated  at  the 
Ohio  Medical  College,  Cincinnati,  in  1850,  he 
assumed  a  professorship  in  a  Medical  College  at 
Evansville,  Ind.,  also  editing  a  medical  journal. 
In  1857  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  ac- 
cepted a  chair  in  Rush  Medical  College,  but  two 
years  later  became  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Chicago  Medical  College,  where  he  remained 
twerty  years.  He  then  (1879)  returned  to  Rush, 
assuming  the  chair  of  Gynecology.  In  1870  he 
assisted  in  founding  the  Woman's  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Chicago,  remaining  President  of  the 
Faculty  and  Board  of  Trustees  until  his  death, 
May  21,  1890.  He  published  a  number  of  medical 
works  which  are  regarded  as  standard  by  the 
profession,  besides  acting  as  associate  of  Dr.  N.  S. 
Davis  in  the  editorship  of  "The  Chicago  Medical 
Journal"  and  as  editor-in-chief  of  "The  Medical 
Journal  and  Examiner,"  the  successor  of  the 
former.  Dr.  Byford  was  held  in  the  highest 
esteem  as  a  physician  and  a  man,  both  by  the 
general  public  and  his  professional  associates. 

BYRON,  a  village  of  Ogle  County,  in  a  pictur- 
esque region  on  Rock  River,  at  junction  of  the 
Chicago  Great  Western  and  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee &  St.  Paul  Railways.  83  miles  west-north- 
west from  Chicago;  is  in  rich  farming  and  dairy- 
ing district:  has  two  banks  and  two  weekly 
papers.  Population  (1890),  698;  (1900).  1,015. 

CABLE,  a  town  in  Mercer  County,  on  the  Rock 
Island  &  Peoria  Railroad,  26  miles  south  by  east 
from  Rock  Island.  Coal-mining  is  the  principal 
industry,  but  there  are  also  tile  works,  a  good 
quality  of  clay  for  manufacturing  purposes  being 
found  in  abundance.  Population  (1880),  572; 
(1890),  1,276;  (1900).  697. 

CABLE,  Benjamin  T.,  capitalist  and  politician, 
was  born  in  Georgetown.  Scott  County,  Ky.. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


71 


August  11,  1853.  When  he  was  three  years  old 
his  father's  family  removed  to  Rock  Island,  111., 
where  he  has  since  resided.  After  passing 
through  the  Rock  Island  public  schools,  he  matric- 
ulated at  the  University  of  Michigan,  graduating 
in  June,  1876.  He  owns  extensive  ranch  and 
manufacturing  property,  and  is  reputed  wealthy ; 
is  also  an  active  Democratic  politician,  and  influ- 
ential in  his  party,  having  been  a  member  of  both 
the  National  and  State  Central  Committees.  In 
1890  he  was  elected  to  Congress  from  the  Eleventh 
Illinois  District,  but  since  1893  has  held  no  public 
office. 

CABLE,  Ransom  R..  railway  manager,  was 
born  in  Athens  County,  Ohio,  Sept.  23,  1834. 
His  early  training  was  mainly  of  the  practical 
sort,  and  by  the  time  he  was  17  years  old  he  was 
actively  employed  as  a  lumberman.  In  1857  he 
removed  to  Illinois,  first  devoting  his  attention 
to  coal  mining  in  the  neighborhood  of  Rock 
Island.  Later  he  became  interested  in  the  pro- 
jection and  management  of  railroads,  being  in 
turn  Superintendent,  Vice-President  and  Presi- 
dent of  the  Rock  Island  &  Peoria  Railroad.  His 
next  position  was  that  of  General  Manager  of  the 
Rockford,  Rock  Island  &  St.  Louis  Railroad.  His 
experience  in  these  positions  rendered  him  famil- 
iar with  both  the  scope  and  the  details  of  railroad 
management,  while  his  success  brought  him  to 
the  favorable  notice  of  those  who  controlled  rail- 
way interests  all  over  the  country.  In  1876  he 
was  elected  a  Director  of  the  Chicago,  Rock 
Island  &  Pacific  Railway.  In  connection  with 
this  company  he  has  held,  successively,  the 
offices  of  Vice-President,  Assistant  to  the  Presi- 
dent, General  Manager  and  President,  being  chief 
executive  officer  since  1880.  (See  Chicago,  Rock 
Island  (fc  Pacific  Railiray.) 

CAHOKIA,  the  first  permanent  white  settle- 
ment in  Illinois,  and,  in  French  colonial  times, 
one  of  its  principal  towns.  French  Jesuit  mis- 
.sionaries  established  the  mission  of  the  Tamaroas 
here  in  1700,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of 
"Sainte  Famille  de  Caoquias,"  antedating  the 
settlement  at  Kaskaskia  of  the  same  year  by  a 
fejv  months.  Cahokia  and  Kaskaskia  were 
jointly  made  the  county -seats  of  St.  Clair  County, 
when  that  county  was  organized  by  Governor  St. 
Clair  in  1790.  Five  years  later,  when  Randolph 
County  was  set  off  from  St.  Clair,  Cahokia  was 
continued  as  the  county-seat  of  the  parent 
county,  so  remaining  until  the  removal  of  the 
seat  of  justice  to  Belleville  in  1814.  Like  its 
early  rival,  Kaskaskia,  it  has  dwindled  in  impor- 
tance until,  in  1890.  its  population  was  estimated 


at  100.  Descendants  of  the  early  French  settlers 
make  up  a  considerable  portion  of  the  present 
population.  The  site  of  the  old  town  is  on  the 
line  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  Rail- 
road, about  four  miles  from  East  St.  Louis. 
Some  of  the  most  remarkable  Indian  mounds  in 
the  Mississippi  Valley,  known  as  "the  Cahokia 
Mounds, "  are  located  in  the  vicinity.  (See  Mound- 
Builders,  Works  of  the.) 

CAIRXES,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Kentucky,  in 
1816  settled  in  that  part  of  Crawford  County,  III, 
which  was  embraced  in  Lawrence  County  on  the 
organization  of  the  latter  in  1821.  Mr.  Cairnes 
was  a  member  of  the  House  for  Crawford  County 
in  the  Second  General  Assembly  (1820-22),  and 
for  Lawrence  County  in  the  Third  (1822-24),  in 
the  latter  voting  against  the  pro-slavery  Conven- 
tion scheme.  He  removed  from  Lawrence 
County  to  some  point  on  the  Mississippi  River  in 
1826,  but  further  details  of  his  history  are  un- 
known. 

CAIRO,  the  county-seat  of  Alexander  County, 
and  the  most  important  river  point  between  St. 
Louis  and  Memphis.  Its  first  charter  was  ob- 
tained from  the  Territorial  Legislature  by  Shad 
rach  Bond  (afterwards  Governor  of  Illinois),  John 
G.  Corny ges  and  others,  who  incorporated  the 
"City  and  Bank  of  Cairo. "  The  company  entered 
about  1,800  acres,  but  upon  the  death  of  Mr.  Corny- 
ges,  the  land  reverted  to  the  Government.  The 
forfeited  tract  was  re-entered  in  1835  by  Sidney 
Breese  and  others,  who  later  transferred  it  to  the 
"Cairo  City  and  Canal  Company,?'  a  corporation 
chartered  in  1837,  which,  by  purcliase,  increased 
its  holdings  to  10,000  acres.  Peter  Stapleton  is 
said  to  have  erected  the  first  house,  and  John 
Hawley  the  second,  within  the  town  limits.  In 
consideration  of  certain  privileges,  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  has  erected  around  the  water 
front  a  substantial  levee,  eighty  feet  wide.  Dur- 
ing the  Civil  War  Cairo  was  an  important  base 
for  military  operations.  Its  population,  according 
to  the  census  of  1900,  was  12,568.  (See  also  Alex- 
ander County.) 

CAIRO  BRIDGE,  THE,  one  of  the  triumphs  of 
modern  engineering,  erected  by  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral Railroad  Company  across  the  Ohio  River, 
opposite  the  city  of  Cairo.  It  is  the  longest 
metallic  bridge  across  a  river  in  the  world,  being 
thirty-three  feet  longer  than  the  Tay  Bridge,  in 
Scotland.  The  work  of  construction  was  begun. 
July  1.  1S87,  and  uninterruptedly  prosecuted  for 
twenty -seven  months,  being  completed,  Oct.  29. 
iss'.i  The  first  train  to  cross  it  was  made  up  of 
ten  locomotives  coupled  together.  The  ap- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF    ILLINOIS. 


proaches  from  both  the  Illinois  and  Kentucky 
shores  consist  of  iron  viaducts  and  well-braced 
timber  trestles.  The  Illinois  viaduct  approach 
consists  of  seventeen  spans  of  150  feet  each,  and 
one  span  of  106  !^  feet.  AH  these  rest  on  cylin- 
der piers  filled  with  concrete,  and  are  additionally 
1  supported  by  piles  driven  within  the  cylinders. 
The  viaduct  on  the  Kentucky  shore  is  of  similar 
general  construction.  The  total  number  of  spans 
is  twenty -two — twenty -one  being  of  150  feet  each, 
and  one  of  KM>'+  feet.  The  total  length  of  the 
metal  work,  from  end  to  end,  is  10,650  feet, 
including  that  of  the  bridge  proper,  which  is 
4.644  feet.  The  latter  consists  of  nine  through 
.spans  and  three  deck  spans.  The  through  spans 
rest  on  ten  first-class  masonry  piers  on  pneumatic 
foundations.  The  total  length  of  the  bridge, 
including  the  timber  trestles,  is  20,461  feet — about 
3#  miles.  [Four-fifths  of  the  Illinois  trestle 
work  has  been  filled  in  with  earth,  while  that  on 
the  southern  shore  has  been  virtually  replaced  by 
an  embankment  since  the  completion  of  the 
bridge.  The  bridge  proper  stands  104.42  feet  in 
the  clear  above  low  water,  and  from  the  deepest 
foundation  to  the  top  of  the  highest  iron  work  is 
248.94  feet.  The  total  cost  of  the  work,  including 
the  filling  and  embankment  of  the  trestles,  has 
been  (1895)  between  $3,250,000  and  $3,500,000. 

CAIRO,  VINCEOES  &  CHICAGO  RAIL- 
ROAD,  a  division  of  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati, 
Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railway,  extending  from 
Danville  to  Cairo  (261  miles),  with  "a  branch  nine 
miles  in  length  from  St.  Francisville,  111.,  to  Vin- 
rennes,  Ind.  It  «'a.s  chartered  as  the  Cairo  & 
Vincennes  Railroad  in  1867,  completed  in  1872, 
placed  in  the  hands  <>f  a  receiver  in  1874,  sold 
under  foreclosure  in  January,  1880,  and  for  some 
time  operated  as  the  Cairo  Division  of  the 
Wabash,  St.  Louis  &  Pacific  Railway.  In  1889, 
having  been  surrendered  by  the  Wabash,  St. 
Louis  &  Pacific  Railway,  it  was  united  with  the 
Danville  &  Southwestern  Railroad,  reorganized  as 
the  Cairo,  Vincennes  &  Chicago  Railroad,  and, 
in  1890,  leased  to  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chi- 
cago &  St.  Louis  Railway,  of  which  it  is  known 
as  the  "Cairo  Division."  (See  Cleveland,  Cincin- 
nati, Chicago  <t  St.  Louix  Railway.) 

CAIRO  &  ST.  LOUIS  RAILROAD.  (See  St. 
Louis  &  Cairo  Railroad  and  Mobile  &  Ohio  Rail- 
teay. ) 

CAIRO  \  VINCENNES  RAILROAD.  (See 
Cairo,  Vincennes  <t  Chicago  Railroad.) 

CALDWELL,  (Dr.)  George,  early  physician 
and  legislator  (the  name  is  spelled  both  Cadwell 
and  Caldwell  in  the  early  records),  was  born  at 


Wethersfield,  Conn..  Feb.  21,  1773,  and  received 
his  literary  education  at  Hartford,  and  his  pro- 
fessional at  Rutland,  Vt.  He  married  a  daughter 
of  Hon.  Matthew  Lyon,  who  was  a  native  of 
Ireland,  and  who  served  two  terms  in  Congress 
from  Vermont,  four  from  Kentucky  (1803-11), 
and  was  elected  the  first  Delegate  in  Congress 
from  Arkansas  Territory,  but  died  before  taking 
his  seat  in  August,  1822.  Lyon  was  also  a  resi- 
dent for  a  time  of  St.  Louis,  and  was  a  candidate 
for  Delegate  to  Congress  from  Missouri  Territory, 
but  defeated  by  Edward  Hempstead  (see  Hemp- 
stead,  Edward).  Dr.  Caldwell  descended  the 
Ohio  River  in  1799  in  company  with  Lyon's 
family  and  his  brother-in-law,  John  Messinger 
(see  Messinger,  John),  who  afterwards  became  a 
prominent  citizen  of  St.  Clair  County,  the  party 
locating  at  Eddyville,  Ky.  In  1802,  Caldweil 
and  Messinger  removed  to  Illinois,  landing  near 
old  Fort  Chartres,  and  remained  some  time  in 
the  American  Bottom.  The  former  finally 
located  on  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  a  few 
miles  above  St.  Louis,  where  he  practiced  his 
profession  and  held  various  public  offices,  includ- 
ing those  of  Justice  of  the  Peace  and  County 
Judge  for  St.  Clair  County,  as  also  for  Madison 
County  after  the  organization  of  the  latter.  He 
served  as  State  Senator  from  Madison  County 
in  the  First  and  Second  General'  Assemblies 
(1818-22),  and,  having  removed  in  1820  within  the 
limits  of  what  is  now  Morgan  County  (but  still 
earlier  embraced  in  Greene),  in  1822  was  elected 
to  the  Senate  for  Greene  and  Pike  Counties — 
the  latter  at  that  time  embracing  all  the  northern 
and  northwestern  part  of  the  State,  including 
the  county  of  Cook.  During  the  following  ses- 
sion of  the  Legislature  he  was  a  sturdy  opponent 
of  the  scheme  to  make  Illinois  a  slave  State.  Hi.s 
home  in  Morgan  County  was  in  a  locality  known 
as  "Swinerton's  Point,"  a  few  miles  west  of 
Jacksonville,  where  he  died,  August  1,  1826. 
(See  Slavery  and  Slave  Lam.)  Dr.  Caldwell  (or 
Cadwell,  as  he  was  widely  known)  commanded 
a  high  degree  of  respect  among  early  residents  of 
Illinois.  Governor  Reynolds,  in  his  "Pioneer 
History  of  Illinois,"  says  of  him:  "He  was 
moral  and  correct  in  his  public  and  private  life. 
.  .  .  was  a  respectable  physician,  and  always 
maintained  an  unblemished  character." 

CALHOUN,  John,  pioneer  printer  and  editor, 
was  born  at  Watertown,  X.  Y.,  April  14,  1HOX; 
learned  the  printing  trade  and  practiced  it  in  his 
native  town,  also  working  in  a  type-foundry  in 
Albany  and  as  a  compositor  in  Troy.  In  the  fall 
of  1833  he  came  to  Chicago,  bringing  with  him 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


an  outfit  for  the  publication  of  a  weekly  paper, 
and,  on  Nov.  26,  began  the  issue  of  "The  Chicago 
Democrat" — the  first  paper  ever  published  in  that 
city.  Mr.  Calhoun  retained  the  management  of 
the  paper  three  years,  transferring  it  in  Novem- 
ber, 1836,  to  John  Wentworth,  who  conducted  it 
until  its  absorption  by  "The  Tribune"  in  July, 
4861.  Mr.  Calhoun  afterwards  served  as  County 
Treasurer,  still  later  as  Collector,  and,  finally,  as 
agent  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  in  procur- 
ing right  of  way  for  the  construction  of  its  lines. 
Died  in  Chicago,  Feb.  20,  1859. 

(  A  I.IIOl" N ,  John,  surveyor  and  politician,  was 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  14,  1806;  removed  to 
Springfield,  111.,  in  1830,  served  in  the  Black 
Hawk  War  and  was  soon  after  appointed  County 
Surveyor.  It  was  under  Mr.  Calhoun,  and  by  his 
appointment,  that  Abraham  Lincoln  served  for 
some  time  as  Deputy  Surveyor  of  Sangamon 
County.  In  1838  Calhoun  was  chosen  Represent- 
ative in  the  General  Assembly,  but  was  defeated 
in  1840,  though  elected  Clerk  of  the  House  at  the 
following  session.  He  was  a  Democratic  Presi- 
dential Elector  in  1844,  was  an  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  the  nomination  for  Governor  in 
1846,  and,  for  three  terms  (1849,  '50  and  '51). 
served  as  Mayor  of  the  city  of  Springfield.  In 
1852  he  was  defeated  by  Richard  Yates  (after- 
wards Governor  and  United  States  Senator) ,  as  a 
candidate  for  Congress,  but  two  years  later  was 
appointed  by  President  Pierce  Surveyor-General 
of  Kansas,  where  be  became  discreditably  con- 
spicuous by  his  zeal  in  attempting  to  carry  out 
the  policy  of  the  Buchanan  administration  for 
making  Kansas  a  slave  State — especially  in  con- 
nection with  the  Lecompton  Constitutional  Con- 
vention, with  the  election  of  which  he  had  much 
to  do,  and  over  which  he  presided.  Died  at  St. 
Joseph.  Mo.,  Oct.  25,  1859. 

CALHOUX,  William  J.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Oct.  .5,  1847.  After  residing  at 
various  points  in  that  State,  his  family  removed 
to  Ohio,  where  he  worked  on  a  farm  until  1864, 
when  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Nineteenth 
Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry,  serving  to  the  end  of 
the  war.  He  participated  in  a  number  of  severe 
battles  while  with  Sherman  on  the  march  against 
Atlanta,  returning  with  General  Thomas  to  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.  During  the  last  few  months  of  the 
war  he  served  in  Texas,  being  mustered,  out  at 
San  Antonio  in  that  State,  though  receiving  his 
final  discharge  at  Columbus,  Ohio.  After  the 
war  he  entered  the  Poland  Union  Seminary, 
where  he  became  the  intimate  personal  friend  of 
Maj  William  McKinley,  who  was  elected  to  the 


Presidency  in  1896.  Having  graduated  at  the 
seminar^-,  he  came  to  Arcola,  Douglas  County, 
111  .  and  began  the  study  of  law,  later  taking  a 
course  in  a  law  school  in  Chicago,  after  which  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  (1875)  and  established 
himself  in  practice  at  Danville  as  the  partner  of 
the  Hon.  Joseph  B.  Maun.  In  1882  Mr.  Calhoun 
was  elected  as  a  Republican  to  the  lower  branch 
of  the  Thirty-third  General  Assembly  and,  during 
the  following  session,  proved  himself  one  of  the 
ablest  members  of  that  body.  In  Hay,  1897,  Mr. 
Calhoun  was  appointed  by  President  McKinley  a 
special  envoy  to  investigate  the  circumstances 
attending  the  death  of  Dr.  Ricardo  Ruiz,  a  nat- 
uralized citizen  of  the  United  States  who  had 
died  while  a  prisoner  in  the  liandsof  the  Spaniards 
during  the  rebellion  then  in  progress  in  Cuba. 
In  1898  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Inter- 
State  Commerce  Commission  to  succeed  William 
R.  Morrison,  whose  term  had  expired. 

CALHOUN  COUNTY,  situated  between  the 
Mississippi  and  Illinois  Rivers,  just  above  their 
junction.  It  has  an  area  of  260  square  miles, 
with  a  population  (1900)  of  8,917;  was  organized 
in  1825  and  named  for  John  C.  Calhoun.  Origi- 
nally, the  county  was  well  timbered  and  the 
early  settlers  were  largely  engaged  in  lumbering, 
which  tended  to  give  the  population  more  or  less 
of  a  migratory  character.  Much  of  the  timber 
has  been  cleared  off,  and  the  principal  business 
in  later  years  has  been  agriculture,  although  coal 
is  found  and  mined  in  paying  quantities  along 
Silver  Creek.  Tradition  lias  it  that  the  aborig- 
ines found  the  precious  metals  in  the  bed  of  this 
stream.  It  was  originally  included  within  the 
limits  of  the  Military  Tract  set  apart  for  the 
veterans  of  the  War  of  1812.  The  physical  con- 
formation of  the  county's  surface  exhibits  some 
peculiarities.  Limestone  bluffs,  rising  some- 
times to  the  height  of  200  feet,  skirt  the  banks  of 
both  rivers,  while  through  the  center  of  the 
county  runs  a  ridge  dividing  the  two  watersheds. 
The  side  valleys  and  the  top  of  the  central  ridge 
are  alike  fertile.  The  bottom  lands  are  very 
rich,  but  are  liable  to  inundation.  The  county- 
seat  and  principal  town  is  Hardin,  with  a  popula- 
tion (1890)  of  311. 

CALLAHAN,  Ethelbert,  lawyer  and  legislator, 
was  born  near  Newark,  Ohio,  Dec.  17,  1829; 
came  to  Crawford  County,  III.,  in  1849,  where  he 
farmed,  taught  school  and  edited,  at  different 
times,  "The  Wabash  Sentinel"  and  "The  Marshall 
Telegraph."  He  early  identified  himself  with 
the  Republican  party,  and,  in  1864,  was  the 
Republican  candidate  for  Congress  in  his  dis- 


T4 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


trict ;  became  a  member  of  the  first  State  Board 
of  Equalization  by  appointment  of  Governor 
Oglesby  in  1867 ;  served  in  the  lower  house  of  the 
General  Assembly  during  the  sessions  of  1875,  '91, 
'93  and  '95,  and,  in  1893-95,  on  a  Joint  Committee 
to  revise  the  State  Revenue  Lawd.  He  was  also 
Presidential  Elector  in  1880,  and  again  in  1888. 
Mr.  Callahan  was  admitted  to  the  bar  when  past 
30  years  of  age,  and  was  President  of  the  State 
Bar  Association  in  1889.  His  home  is  at  Robinson. 

CALUMET  RIVER,  a  short  stream  the  main 
body  of  which  is  formed  by  the  union  of  two 
branches  which  come  together  at  the  southern 
boundary  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  and  which  flows 
into  Lake  Michigan  a  short  distance  north  of  the 
Indiana  State  line.  The  eastern  branch,  known 
as  the  Grand  Calumet,  flows  in  a  westerly  direc- 
tion from  Northwestern  Indiana  and  unites  with 
the  Little  Calumet  from  the  west,  :i  .',2  miles  from 
the  mouth  of  the  main  stream.  From  the  south- 
ern limit  of  Chicago  the  general  course  of  the 
stream  is  north  between  Lake  Calumet  and  Wolf 
Lake,  which  it  serves  to  drain.  At  its  mouth, 
Calumet  Harbor  has  been  constructed,  which 
admits  of  the  entrance  of  vessels  of  heavy 
draught,  and  is  a  shipping  and  receiving 
point  of  importance  for  heavy  freight  for 
the  Illinois  Steel  Works,  the  Pullman  Palace 
Car  Works  and  other  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  that  vicinity.  The  river  is  regarded  as 
a  navigable  stream,  and  lias  been  dredged  by  the 
General  Government  to  a  depth  of  twenty  feet 
and  300  feet  wide  for  a  distance  of  two  miles, 
with  a  depth  of  sixteen  feet  for  the  remainder  of 
the  distance  to  the  forks.  The  Calumet  feeder 
for  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  extends  from 
the  west  branch  (or  Little  Calumet)  to  the  canal 
in  the  vicinity  of  Willow  Springs.  The  stream 
was  known  to  the  early  French  explorers  as  "the 
Calimic,"  and  was  sometimes  confounded  by 
them  with  the  Chicago  River. 

CALUMET  RIVER  RAILROAD,  a  short  line, 
4.43  miles  in  length,  lying  wholly  within  Cook 
,  County.  The  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company 
is  the  lessee,  but  the  line  is  not  operated  at  present 
(1898).  Its  outstanding  capital  stock  is  $68,700. 
It  has  no  funded  debt,  but  has  a  floating  debt  of 
$116,357,  making  a  total  capitalization  of  §165,087. 
This  road  extends  from  One  Hundredth  Street  in 
Chicago  to  Hegewisch.  and  was  chartered  in  1883. 
(See  Pennsylvania  Railroad.) 

CAMBRIDGE,  the  county-seat  of  Henry 
County,  about  160  miles  southwest  of  Chicago, 
on  the  Rock  Island  &  Peoria  Railroad.  It  is  situ- 
ated in  a  fertile  region  chiefly  devoted  to 


agriculture  and  stock-raising.  The  city  is  a  con- 
siderable grain  market  and  has  some  manufac- 
tories. Some  coal  is  also  mined.  It  has  a  public 
library,  two  newspapers,  three  banks,  good 
schools,  and  handsome  public  (county)  buildings. 
Population  (1880),  1,203;  (1890),  United  States 
census  report,  940;  (1900),  1,345. 

CAMERON,  James,  Cumberland  Presbyterian 
minister  and  pioneer,  was  born  in  Kentucky  in 
1791,  came  to  Illinois  in  1815,  and,  in  1818,  settled 
in  Sangamon  County.  In  1829  he  is  said  to  have 
located  where  the  town  of  New  Salem  (after- 
wards associated  with  the  early  history  of  Abra- 
ham Lincoln)  was  built,  and  of  which  he  and 
James  Rutledge  were  the  founders.  He  is  also 
said  to  have  officiated  at  the  funeral  of  Ann 
Rutledge,  with  whose  memory  Mr.  Lincoln's 
name-  has  been  tenderly  associated  by  his  biog- 
raphers. Mr.  Cameron  subsequently  removed 
successively  to  Fulton  County,  111.,  to  Iowa  and 
to  California,  dying  at  a  ripe  old  age,  in  the  latter 
State,  about  1878. 

CAMP  DOUGLAS,  a  Federal  military  camp 
established  at  Chicago  early  in  the  War  of  the 
Rebellion,  located  between  Thirty-first  Street  and 
College  Place,  and  Cottage  Grove  and  Forest 
Avenues.  It  was  [originally  designed  and  solely 
used  as  a  camp  of  instruction  for  new  recruits. 
Afterwards  it  was  utilized  as  a  place  of  confine- 
ment for  Confederate  prisoners  of  war.  (For 
plot  to  liberate  the  latter,  together  with  other 
similar  prisoners  in  Illinois,  see  Camp  Douglas 
Conspiracy.) 

CAMP  DOUGLAS  CONSPIRACY,  a  plot  formed 
in  1864  for  the  liberation  of  the  Confederate 
prisoners  of  war  at  Chicago  (in  Camp  Douglas), 
Rock  Island,  Alton  and  Springfield.  It  was  to  be 
but  a  preliminary  step  in  the  execution  of  a 
design  long  cherished  by  the  Confederate  Gov- 
ernment, viz.,  the  seizing  of  the  organized  gov- 
ernments of  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois,  and  the 
formation  of  a  Northwestern  Confederacy, 
through  the  cooperation  of  the  "Sons  of  Lib- 
erty." (See  Secret  Treasonable  Societies. )  Three 
peace  commissioners  (Jacob  Thompson,  C.  C. 
Clay  and  J.  P.  Holcomb),  who  had  been  sent 
from  Richmond  to  Canada,  held  frequent 
conferences  with  leaders  of  the  treasonable 
organizations  in  the  North,  including  Clement  L. 
Vallandigham,  Bowles,  of  Indiana,  and  one 
Charles  Walsh,  who  was  head  of  the  movement 
in  Chicago,  with  a  large  number  of  allies  in  that 
city  and  scattered  throughout  the  States.  The 
general  management  of  the  affair  was  entrusted 
to  Capt.  Thomas  H.  Hines,  who  had  been  second 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


in  command  to  the  rebel  Gen.  John  Morgan  dur- 
ing his  raid  north  of  the  Ohio  River,  while  Col. 
Vincent  Marmaduke,  of  Missouri,  and  G.  St.  Leger 
Grenfell  (an  Englishman)  were  selected  to 
carry  out  the  military  program.  Hines  followed 
out  his  instructions  with  great  zeal  and  labored 
indefatigably.  Thompson's  duty  was  to  dis- 
seminate incendiary  treasonable  literature,  and 
strengthen  the  timorous  "Sons  of  Liberty"  by 
the  use  of  argument  and  money,  both  he  and  his 
agents  being  lavishly  supplied  with  the  latter. 
There  was  to  be  a  draft  in  July,  1864,  and  it  was 
determined  to  arm  the  "Sons  of  Liberty"  for 
resistance,  the  date  of  uprising  being  fixed  for 
July  20.  This  part  of  the  scheme,  however,  was 
finally  abandoned.  Captain  Hines  located  him- 
self at  Chicago,  and  personally  attended  to  the 
distribution  of  funds  and  the  purchase  of  arms. 
The  date  finally  fixed  for  the  attempt  to  liberate 
the  Southern  prisoners  was  August  29,  1864,  when 
the  National  Democratic  Convention  was  to 
assemble  at  Chicago.  On  that  date  it  was 
expected  the  city  would  be  so  crowded  that  the 
presence  of  the  promised  force  of  "Sons"  would 
not  excite  comment.  The  program  also  included 
an  attack  on  the  city  by  water,  for  which  pur- 
pose reliance  was  placed  upon  a  horde  of  Cana- 
dian refugees,  under  Capt.  John  B.  Castleman. 
There  were  some  26,500  Southern  prisoners  in  the 
State  at  this  time,  of  whom  about  8,000  were  at 
Chicago,  6,000  at  Rock  Island,  7,500  at  Spring- 
field, and  5,000  at  Alton.  It  was  estimated  that 
there  were  4,000  "Sons  of  Liberty"  in  Chicago, 
who  would  be  largely  reenforced.  With  these 
and  the  Canadian  refugees  the  prisoners  at  Camp 
Douglas  were  to  be  liberated,  and  the  army  thus 
formed  was  to  march  upon  Rock  Island,  Spring- 
field and  Alton.  But  suspicions  were  aroused, 
and  the  Camp  was  reenforced  by  a  regiment  of 
infantry  and  a  battery.  The  organization  of  the 
proposed  assailing  force  was  very  imperfect,  and 
the  great  majority  of  those  who  were  to  compose 
it  were  lacking  in  courage.  Not  enough  of  the 
latter  reported  for  service  to  justify  "an  attack, 
and  tlie  project  was  postponed.  In  the  meantime 
a  preliminary  part  of  the  plot,  at  least  indirectly 
connected  with  the  Camp  Douglas  conspiracy, 
and  which  contemplated  the  release  of  the  rebel 
officers  confined  on  Johnson's  Island  in  Lake 
Erie,  had  been  "nipped  in  the  bud"  by  the  arrest 
of  Capt.  C.  H.  Cole,  a  Confederate  officer  in  dis- 
guise, on  the  19th  of  September,  just  as  he  was 
on  the  point  of  putting  in  execution  a  scheme  for 
seizing  the  United  States  steamer  Michigan  at 
Snndusky.  and  putting  on  board  of  it  a  Confeder- 


ate crew.  November  8  was  the  date  next  selected 
to  carry  out  the  Chicago  scheme — the  day  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln's  second  election.  The  same  pre- 
liminaries were  arranged,  except  that  no  water 
attack  was  to  be  made.  But  Chicago  was  to  be 
burned  and  flooded,  and  its  banks  pillaged. 
Detachments  were  designated  to  apply  the  torch, 
to  open  fire  plugs,  to  levy  arms,  and  to  attack 
banks.  But  representatives  of  the  United  States 
Secret  Service  had  been  initiated  into  the  "Sons 
of  Liberty,"  and  the  plans  of  Captain  Hines  and 
his  associates  were  well  known  to  the  authori- 
ties. An  efficient  body  of  detectives  was  put 
upon  their  track  by  Gen.  B.  J.  Sweet,  the  com- 
mandant at  Camp  Douglas,  although  some  of  the 
most  valuable  service  in  running  down  the  con- 
spiracy and  capturing  its  agents,  was  rendered 
by  Dr.  T.  Winslow  Ayer  of  Chicago,  a  Colonel 
Langhorne  (an  ex-Confederate  who  had  taken 
the  oath  of  allegiance  without  the  knowledge  of 
some  of  the  parties  to  the  plot),  and  Col.  J.  T. 
Shanks,  a  Confederate  prisoner  who  was  known 
as  "The  Texan."  Both  Langhorne  and  Shanks 
were  appalled  at  the  horrible  nature  of  the  plot 
as  it  was  unfolded  to  them,  and  entered  with 
zeal  into  the  effort  to  defeat  it.  Shanks  was 
permitted  to  escape  from  Camp  Douglas,  thereby 
getting  in  communication  with  the  leaders  of  the 
plot  who  assisted  to  conceal  him,  while  he  faith- 
fully apprised  General  Sweet  of  their  plans.  On 
the  night  of  Nov.  6 — or  rather  after  midnight  on 
the  morning  pf  the  7th — General  Sweet  caused 
simultaneous  arrests  of  the  leaders  to  be  made  at 
their  hiding-places.  Captain  Hines  was  not 
captured,  but  the  following  conspirators  were 
taken  into  custody:  Captains  Cant  rill  and  Trav- 
erse; Charles  Walsh,  the  Brigadier-General  of 
the  "Sons  of  Liberty,"  who  was  sheltering  them, 
and  in  whose  barn  and  house  was  found  a  large 
quantity  of  arms  and  military  stores:  Cols.  St. 
Leger  Grenfell,  W.  R.  Anderson  and  J.  T. 
Shanks;  R.  T.  Semmes,  Vincent  Marmaduke, 
Charles  T.  Daniel  and  Buckner  S.  Morris,  the 
Treasurer  of  the  order.  They  were  tried  by 
Military  Commission  at  Cincinnati  for  conspir- 
acy. Marmaduke  and  Morris  were  acquitted: 
Anderson  committed  suicide  during  the  trial; 
Walsh,  Semmes  and  Daniels  were  sentenced  to 
the  penitentiary,  and  Grenfell  was  sentenced  to 
be  hung,  although  his  sentence  was  afterward 
commuted  to  life  imprisonment  at  the  Dry  Tortu- 
gas,  where  he  mysteriously  disappeared  some 
years  afterward,  but  whether  he  escaped  or  was 
drowned  in  the  attempt  to  do  so  has  never  been 
known.  The  British  Government  had  made 


-  • 


re 


• 


i 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


repeated  attempts  to  secure  his  release,  a  brother 
of  his  being  a  General  in  the  British  Army. 
Daniels  managed  to  escape,  and  was  never  recap- 
tured, while  Walsh  and  Semmes,  after  under- 
going brief  terms  of  imprisonment,  were 
pardoned  by  President  Johnson.  The  subsequent 
history  of  Shanks,  who  played  so  prominent  a 
part  in  defeating  the  scheme  of  wholesale  arson, 
pillage  and  assassination,  is  interesting.  While 
in  prison  he  had  been  detailed  for  service  as  a 
clerk  in  one  of  the  offices  under  the  direction  of 
General  Sweet,  and,  while  thus  employed,  made 
the  acquaintance  of  a  young  lady  member  of  a 
loyal  family,  whom  he  afterwards  married. 
After  the  exposure  of  the  contemplated  uprising, 
the  rebel  agents  in  Canada  offered  a  reward  of 
$1,000  in  gold  for  the  taking  of  his  life,  and  he 
was  bitterly  persecuted.  The  attention  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  was  called  to  the  service  rendered 
by  him,  and  sometime  during  1865  he  received  a 
commission  as  Captain  and  engaged  in  fighting 
the  Indians  upon  the  Plains.  The  efficiency 
shown  by  Colonel  Sweet  in  ferreting  out  the  con- 
spiracy and  defeating  its  consummation  won  for 
him  the  gratitude  of  the  people  of  Chicago  and 
the  whole  nation,  and  was  recognized  by  the 
Government  in  awarding  him  a  commission  as 
Brigadier-General.  (See  Benjamin  J.  Sweet, 
Camp  Douglas  and  Secret  Treasonable  Societies. ) 

CAMPBELL,  Alexander,  legislator  and  Con- 
gressman, was  born  at  Concord,  Pa.,  Oct.  4,  1814. 
After  obtaining  a  limited  education  in  the  com- 
mon schools,  at  an  early  age  he  secured  employ- 
ment as  a  clerk  in  an  iron  manufactory.  He  soon 
rose  to  the  position  of  superintendent,  managing 
iron-works  in  Pennsylvania,  Kentucky  and  Mis- 
souri, until  1850,  when  he  removed  to  Illinois, 
settling  at  La  Salle.  He  was  twice  (1852  and 
1 853)  elected  Mayor  of  that  city,  and  represented 
his  county  in  the  Twenty-first  General  Assembly 
(1859).  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  State 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1862,  and  served 
one  term  (1875-77)  as  Representative  in  Congress, 
being  elected  as  an  Independent,  but,  in  1*78,  was 
defeated  for  re-election  by  Philip  C.  Hayes, 
Republican.  Mr.  Campbell  was  a  zealous  friend 
of  Abraham  Lincoln,  and,  in  1858,  contributed 
liberally  to  the  expenses  of  the  latter  in  making 
the  tour  of  the  State  during  the  debate  with 
Douglas.  He  broke  with  the  Republican  party 
in  1874  on  the  greenback  issue,  which  won  for 
him  the  title  of  "Father  of  the  Greenback."  His 
death  occurred  at  La  Salle,  August  9,  1898. 

CAMPBELL,  Antrim,  early  lawyer,  was  born 
in  New  Jersey  in  1814;  came  to  Springfield,  111., 


in  1838;  was  appointed  Master  in  Cliancery  for 
Sangamon  County  in  IM'.i.  and,  in  1861,  to  a 
similar  position  by  the  United  States  District 
Court  for  that  district.  Died,  August  11,  1868. 

CAMPBELL,  James  R.,  Congressman  and  sol- 
dier, was  born  in  Hamilton  County,  111.,  May  4. 
1853,  his  ancestors  being  among  the  first  settlers 
in  that  section  of  the  State;  was  educated  at 
Notre  Dame  University,  Ind.,  read  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1877 ; 
in  1878  purcliased  "The  McLeansboro  Times." 
which  he  has  since  conducted ;  was  elected  to  the 
lower  house  of  the  General  Assembly  in  1884,  and 
again  in  '86,  advanced  to  the  Senate  in  1888,  and 
re-elected  in  '92.  During  his  twelve  years' 
experience  in  the  Legislature  he  participated,  as 
a  Democrat,  in  the  celebrated  Logan-Morrison 
contest  for  the  United  States  Senate,  in  1885,  and 
assisted  in  the  election  of  Gen.  John  M.  Palmer 
to  the  Senate  in  1H91.  At  the  close  of  his  last 
term  in  the  Senate  (1.H96)  he  wad  elected  to  Con- 
gress from  the  Twentieth  District,  receiving  a 
plurality  of  2,851  over  Orlando  Burrell,  Repub- 
lican, who  had  been  elected  in  1894.  On  the 
second  call  for  troops  issued  by  the  President 
during  the  Spanish- American  War,  Mr.  Camp- 
bell organized  a  regiment  which  was  mustered  in 
as  the  Ninth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers,  of 
which  he  was  commissioned  Colonel  and  assigned 
to  the  corps  of  Gen.  Fitzhugh  Lee  at  Jackson- 
ville, Flu.  Although  his  regiment  saw  no  active 
service  during  the  war,  it  was  held  in  readiness 
for  that  purpose,  and,  on  the  occupation  of  Cuba 
in  December,  189H,  it  became  a  part  of  the  army 
of  occupation.  As  Colonel  Campbell  remained 
with  his  regiment,  he  took  no  part  in  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  last  term  of  the  Fifty-fifth  Con- 
gress, and  was  not  a  candidate  for  re-election  in 
1898. 

CAMPBELL,  Thompson,  Secretary  of  State 
and  Congressman,  was  born  in  Chester  County, 
Pa.,  in  1811 ;  removed  in  childhood  to  the  western 
part  of  the  State  and  was  educated  at  Jefferson 
College,  afterwards  reading  law  at  Pittsburg. 
Soon  after  being  admitted  to  the  bar  he  removed 
to  Galena.  111.,  where  he  had  acquired  some  min- 
ing interests,  and,  in  1843,  was  appointed  Secre 
tary  of  State  by  Governor  Ford,  but  resigned  in 
1846,  and  became  a  Delegate  to  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1S47;  in  1850  was  elected  as  a 
Democrat  to  Congress  from  the  Galena  District, 
but  defeated  for  re-election  in  1852  by  E.  B. 
Washburne.  He  was  then  appointed  by  President 
Pierce  Commissioner  to  look  after  certain  land 
grants  by  the  Mexican  Government  in  California, 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


77 


removing  to  that  State  in  1853,  but  resigned  this 
ixjsition  about  1855  to  engage  in  general  practice. 
In  1859  he  made  an  extended  visit  to  Europe 
with  his  family,  and,  on  his  return,  located  in 
Chicago,  the  following  year  becoming  a  candidate 
for  Presidential  Elector-at-large  on  the  Breckin- 
ridge  ticket ;  in  1861  returned  to  California,  and, 
on  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War,  became  a 
zealous  champion  of  the  Union  cause,  by  his 
speeches  exerting  a  powerful  influence  upon  the 
destiny  of  the  State.  He  also  served  in  the  Cali- 
fornia Legislature  during  the  war,  and,  in  1864, 
was  a  member  of  the  Baltimore  Convention 
which  nominated  Mr.  Lincoln  for  the  Presidency 
a  second  time,  assisting  most  ably  in  the  subse- 
quent campaign  to  carry  the  State  for  the  Repub- 
lican ticket.  Died  in  San  Francisco,  Dec.  6,  1868. 

CAMPBELL,  William  J.,  lawyer  and  politi- 
cian, was  born  in  Philadelphia  in  1850.  When 
he  was  two  years  old  his  father  removed  to 
Illinois,  settling  in  Cook  County.  After  passing 
through  the  Chicago  public  schools,  Mr.  Camp- 
bell attended  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  for 
two  years,  after  which  he  studied  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1875.  From  that  date  he 
was  in  active  practice  and  attained  prominence 
at  the  Chicago  bar.  In  1878  he  was  elected  State 
Senator,  and  was  re-elected  in  1882,  serving  in  all 
eight  years.  At  the  sessions  of  1881,  '83  and  '85 
he  was  chosen  President  pro  tempore  of  the 
Senate,  and,  on  Feb.  6,  1883,  he  became  Lieuten- 
ant-Governor  upon  the  accession  of  Lieutenant- 
Go  vernor  Hamilton  to  the  executive  office  to 
succeed  Shelby  M.  Cullom,  who  had  been  elected 
United  States  Senator.  In  1888  he  represented 
the  First  Illinois  District  in  the  National  Repub- 
lican Convention,  and  was  the  same  year  chosen 
a  member  of  the  Republican  National  Committee 
for  Illinois  and  was  re-elected  in  1882.  Died  in 
Chicago,  March  4,  1896.  For  several  years 
immediately  preceding  his  death,  Mr.  Campbell 
was  the  chief  attorney  of  the  Armour  Packing 
Company  of  Chicago. 

CAMP  POINT,  a  village  in  Adams  County,  at 
the  intersection  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  and  the  Wabash  Railroads,  22  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Quincy.  It  is  a  grain  center,  has 
one  flour  mill,  two  feed  mills,  one  elevator,  a 
pressed  brick  plant,  two  banks,  four  churches,  a 
high  school,  and  one  newspaper.  Population 
(1890),  1,150;  (1900),  1,260. 

CANAL  SCRIP  FRAUD.  During  the  session 
of  the  Illinois  General  Assembly  of  1859,  Gen. 
Jacob  Fry,  who,  as  Commissioner  or  Trustee,  had 
been  associated  with  the  construction  of  the 


Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal  from  1837  to  1845. 
had  his  attention  called  to  a  check  purporting  to 
have  been  issued  by  the  Commissioners  in  1839, 
which,  upon  investigation,  he  became  convinced 
was  counterfeit,  or  haj  been  fraudulently  issued. 
Having  communicated  his  conclusions  to  Hon. 
Jesse  K.  Dubois,  the  State  Auditor,  in  charge  of 
the  work  of  refunding  the  State  indebtedness,  an 
inquiry  was  instituted  in  the  office  of  the  Fund 
Commissioner — a  position  attached  to  the  Gov- 
ernor's office,  but  in  the  charge  of  a  secretary — 
which  developed  the  fact  that  a  large  amount  of 
these  evidences  of  indebtedness  had  been  taken 
up  through  that  office  and  bonds  issued  therefor 
by  the  State  Auditor  under  the  laws  for  funding 
the  State  debt.  A  subsequent  investigation  by  the 
Finance  Committee  of  the  State  Senate,  ordered 
by  vote  of  that  body,  resulted  in  the  discovery 
that,  in  May  and  August,  1839,  two  series  of 
canal  "scrip"  (or  checks)  had  been  issued  by  the 
Canal  Board,  to  meet  temporary  demands  in  the 
work  of  construction  —  the  sum  aggregating 
$269,059— of  which  all  but  $316  had  been  redeemed 
within  a  few  years  at  the  Chicago  branch  of  the 
Illinois  State  Bank.  The  bank  officers  testified 
that  this  scrip  (or  a  large  part  of  it)  had,  after 
redemption,  been  held  by  them  in  the  bank  vaults 
without  cancellation  until  settlement  was  had 
with  the  Canal  Board,  when  it  was  packed  in 
boxes  and  turned  over  to  the  Board.  After  liav- 
ing  lain  in  the  canal  office  for  several  years  in 
this  condition,  and  a  new  "Trustee"  (as  the 
officer  in  charge  was  now  called)  having  come 
into  the  canal  office  in  1853,  this  scrip,  with  other 
papers,  was  repacked  in  a  shoe-box  and  a  trunk 
and  placed  in  charge  of  Joel  A.  Matteson,  then 
Governor,  to  be  taken  by  him  *o  Springfield  and 
deposited  there.  Nothing  further  was  known  of 
these  papers  until  October,  1854,  when  $300  of  the 
scrip  was  presented  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Fund 
Commissioner  by  a  Springfield  banker,  and  bond 
issued  thereon.  This  was  followed  in  1856  and 
1857  by  larger  sums,  until,  at  the  time  the  legis- 
lative investigation  was  instituted,  it  was  found 
that  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $223,182.66  had  been 
issued  on  account  of  principal  and  interest. 
With  the  exception  of  the  $300  first  presented,  it- 
was  shown  that  all  the  scrip  so  funded  had  been 
presented  by  Governor  Matteson,  either  while  in 
office  or  subsequent  to  his  retirement,  and  the 
bonds  issued  therefor  delivered  to  him — although 
none  of  the  persons  in  whose  names  the  issue  was 
made  were  known  or  ever  afterward  discovered. 
The  developments  made  by  the  Senate  Finance 
Committee  led  to  an  offer  from  Matteson  to 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


indemnify  the  State,  in  which  he  stated  that  he 
had  "unconsciously  and  innocently  been  made 
the  instrument  through  whom  a  gross  fraud  upon 
the  State  had  been  attempted."  He  therefore 
gave  to  the  State  mortgages  and  an  indemnifying 
bond  for  the  sum  shown  to  have  been  funded  by 
him  of  this  class  of  indebtedness,  upon  which  the 
State,  on  foreclosure  a  few  years  later,  secured 
judgment  for  $255,000,  although  the  property  on 
being  sold  realized  only  $238,000.  A  further 
investigation  by  the  Legislature,  in  1861,  revealed 
the  fact  that  additional  issues  of  bonds  for  similar 
scrip  had  been  made  amounting  to  $165,340,  for 
which  the  State  never  received  any  compensa- 
tion. A  search  through  the  State  House  for  the 
trunk  and  box  placed  in  the  hands  of  Governor 
Matteson  in  1853,  while  the  official  investigation 
was  in  progress,  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  the 
trunk  in  a  condition  showing  it  had  been  opened, 
but  the  box  was  never  found.  The  fraud  was 
made  the  subject  of  a  protracted  investigation 
by  the  Grand  Jury  of  Sangamon  County  in  May, 
1859,  and,  although  the  jury  twice  voted  to  indict 
Governor  Matteson  for  larceny,  it  as  often  voted 
to  reconsider,  and,  on  a  third  ballot,  voted  to 
"ignore  the  bill." 

CANBY,  Richard  Sprigg,  jurist,  was  born  in 
(ireen  County,  Ohio.  Sept.  :!(),  1808;  was  educated 
at  Miami  University  and  admitted  to  the  bar, 
afterwards  serving  as  Prosecuting  Attorney, 
member  of  the  Legislature  and  one  term  (1847-49) 
in  Congress.  In  1863  he  removed  to  Illinois, 
locating  at  Olney,  was  elected  Judge  of  the 
Twenty-fifth  Judicial  Circuit  in  1867,  resuming 
practice  at  the  expiration  of  his  term  in  1873. 
Died  in  Richland  County,  July  27,  1895.  Judge 
C'anby  was  a  relative  of  Gen.  Edward  Richard 
Spriggs  Canby,  who  was  treacherously  killed  by 
the  Modocs  in  California  in  1873. 

CANNON,  Joseph  G.,  Congressman,  was  born 
at  Guilford,  N.  C.,  May  7,  1836,  and  removed  to 
Illinois  in  early  youth,  locating  at  Danville,  Ver- 
milion County.  By  profession  he  is  a  lawyer, 
and  served  as  State's  Attorney  of  Vermilion 
County  for  two  terms  (1861-68).  Incidentally, 
he  is  conducting  a  large  banking  business  at 
.  Danville.  In  1872  he  was  elected  as  a  Republican 
to  the  Forty-third  Congress  for  the  Fifteenth  Dis- 
trict, and  has  been  re-elected  biennially  ever 
(  since,  except  in  1890,  when  he  was  defeated  for 
the  Fifty-second  Congress  by  Samuel  T.  Busey. 
his  Democratic  opponent.  He  is  now  (1898) 
serving  his  twelfth  term  as  the  Representative 
for  the  Twelfth  Congressional  District,  and  has 
been  re-elected  for  a  thirtepnth  term  in  the  Fifty- 


sixth  Congress  ( 1899-1901 ) .  Mr.  Cannon  has  been 
an  influential  factor  in  State  and  National  poli- 
tics, as  shown  by  the  fact  that  he  has  been  Chair- 
man of  the  House  Committee  on  Appropriations 
during  the  important  sessions  of  the  Fifty-fourth 
and  Fifty-fifth  Congresses. 

CANTON,  a  flourishing  city  in  Fulton  County, 
12  miles  from  the  Illinois  River,  and  28  miles 
southwest  of  Peoria.  It  is  the  commercial  me- 
tropolis of  one  of  the  largest  and  richest  counties 
in  the  "corn  belt";  also  lias  abundant  supplies 
of  timber  and  clay  for  manufacturing  purposes. 
There  are  coal  mines  within  the  municipal  limits, 
and  various  manufacturing  establishments. 
Among  the  principal  outputs  are  agricultural 
implements,  flour,  brick  and  tile,  cigars,  cigar 
boxes,  foundry  and  machine-shop  products,  fire- 
arms, brooms,  and  marble.  The  city  is  lighted 
by  gas  and  electricity,  has  water-works,  fire  de- 
partment, a  public  library,  six  ward  schools  and 
one  high  schoo'.,  and  three  newspapers.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  5,604;  (1900),  6,564. 

C.VPI'S,  Jabez,  pioneer,  was  born  in  London, 
England,  Sept.  9,  1796 ;  came  to  the  United  States 
in  1817,  and  to  Sangamon  County,  111.,  in  1819. 
For  a  time  he  taught  school  in  what  is  now 
called  Round  Prairie,  in  the  present  County  of 
Sangamon,  and  later  in  Calhoun  (the  original 
name  of  a  part  of  the  city  of  Springfield),  having 
among  his  pupils  a  number  of^  those  who  after- 
wards became  prominent  citizens  of  Central 
Illinois.  In  1836,  in  conjunction  with  two  part- 
ners, he  laid  out  the  town  of  Mount  Pulaski,  the 
original  county-seat  of  Logan  County,  where  he 
continued  to  live  for  the  remainder  of  hia  life, 
and  where,  during  its  later  period,  he  served  as 
Postmaster  some  fifteen  years.  He  also  served  as 
Recorder  of  Logan  County  four  years.  Died, 
April  1,  1896,  in  the  100th  year  of  his  age. 

CARBONDALE,  a  city  in  Jackson  County, 
founded  in  1852,  57  miles  north  of  Cairo,  and  91 
miles  from  St.  Louis.  Three  lines  of  railway 
center  here.  The  chief  industries  are  coal-min- 
ing, farming,  stock-raising,  fruit-growing  and 
lumbering.  It  has  two  preserving  plants, 'eight 
churches,  two  weekly  papers,  and  four  public 
schools,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  Southern  Illinois 
Normal  University.  Pop.  (1890),  2,382;  (1900),  3,318. 

CARBONDALE  &  SHAWNEETOWN  RAIL- 
ROAD, a  short  line  17  V  miles  in  length,  ex- 
tending from  Marion  to  Carbondale.  and  operated 
by  the  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute  Railroad 
Company,  as  lessee.  It  was  incorporated  as  the 
Murphysboro  &  Shawneetown  Railroad  in  1867 : 
its  name  changed  in  1869  to  The  Carbondale  & 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Shawneetown,  was  opened  for  business,  Dec.  31, 
1871,  and  leased  in  1886  for  980  years  to  the  St. 
Louis  Southern,  through  which  it  passed  into  the 
hands  of  the  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute  Rail- 
road, and  by  lease  from  the  latter,  in  1896,  became 
apart  of  the  Illinois  Central  System  (which  see). 

CAREY,  William,  lawyer,  was  born  in  the  town 
of  Turner,  Maine,  Dec.  29,  1826 ;  studied  law  with 
General  Fessenden  and  at  Yale  Law  School,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Maine  in  1856,  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois  in 
1857,  and  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States,  on  motion  of  Hon.  Lyinan  Trumbull,  in 
1873.  Judge  Carey  was  a  member  of  the  State 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1869-70  from  Jo 
Daviess  County,  and  the  choice  of  the  Republicans 
in  that  body  for  temporary  presiding  officer; 
was  elected  to  the  next  General  Assembly  (the 
Twenty -seventh),  serving  as  Chairman  of  the 
House  Judiciary  Committee  through  its  four  ses- 
sions; from  1873  to  1876  was  United  States  Dis- 
trict Attorney  for  Utah,  still  later  occupying 
various  offices  at  Deadwood,  Dakota,  and  in  Reno 
County,  Kan.  The  first  office  fteld  by  Judge 
Carey  in  Illinois  (that  of  Superintendent  of 
Schools  for  the  city  of  Galena)  was  conferred 
upon  him  through  the  influence  of  John  A.  Raw- 
lins,  afterwards  General  Grant's  chief-of-staff 
during  the  war,  and  later  Secretary  of  War — 
although  at  the  time  Mr.  Rawlins  and  he  were 
politically  opposed.  Mr.  Carey's  present  resi- 
dence is  in  Chicago. 

CARUN,  Thomas,  former  Governor,  was  born 
of  Irish  ancestry  in  Fayette  County,  Ky.,  July 
18,  1789;  emigrated  to  Illinois  in  1811,  and  served 
as  a  private  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  as  a  Captain 
in  the  Black  Hawk  War.  While  not  highly  edu- 
cated, he  was  a  man  of  strong  common  sense, 
high  moral  standard,  great  firmness  of  character 
and  unfailing  courage.  In  1818  he  settled  in 
Greene  County,  of  which  he  was  the  first  Sheriff ; 
was  twice  elected  State  Senator,  and  was  Regis- 
ter of  the  Land  Office  at  Quincy,  when  he  was 
elected  Governor  on  the  Democratic  ticket  in 
1838.  An  uncompromising  partisan,  he  never- 
theless commanded  the  respect  and  good-will  of 
his  political  opponents.  Died  at  his  home  in 
Carrollton,  Feb.  14,  1852. 

CARLIN,  William  Passmoro,  soldier,  nephew  of 
Gov.  Thomas  Carlin,  was  born  at  Rich  Woods, 
Greene  County,  111.,  Nov.  24,  1829.  At  the  age 
of  21  he  graduated  from  the  United  States  Mili- 
tary Academy  at  West  Point,  and,  in  1855,  was 
attached  to  the  Sixth  United  States  Infantry  as 
Lieutenant.  After  several  years  spent  in  Indian 


fighting,  he  was  ordered  to  California,  where  he 
was  promoted  to  a  captaincy  and  assigned  to 
recruiting  duty.  On  August  15,  1861,  he  was 
commissioned  Colonel  of  the  Thirty -eighth  Illi- 
nois Volunteers.  His  record  during  the  war  was 
an  exceptionally  brilliant  one.  He  defeated  Gen. 
Jeff.  Thompson  at  Fredericktown,  Mo.,  Oct.  21, 
1861 ;  commanded  the  District  of  Southeast  Mis- 
souri for  eighteen  months ;  led  a  brigade  under 
Slocum  in  the  Arkansas  campaign ;  served  with 
marked  distinction  ia  Kentucky  and  Mississippi ; 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  battle  of  Stone 
River,  was  engaged  in  the  Tullahoma  campaign, 
at  Chattanooga,  Lookout  Mountain  and  Mission- 
ary Ridge,  and,  on  Feb.  8,  1864,  was  commis- 
sioned Major  in  the  Sixteenth  Infantry.  He  also 
took  part  in  the  Georgia  campaign,  aiding  in  the 
capture  of  Atlanta,  and  marching  with  Sherman 
to  the  sea.  For  gallant  service  in  the  assault  at 
Jonesboro,  Tenn.,  Sept.  1,  1864,  he  was  made 
Colonel  in  the  regular  army,  and,  on  March  13, 
1865,  was  brevetted  Brigadier-General  for  meritori- 
ous service  at  Bentonville,  N.  C.,  and  Major- 
General  for  services  during  the  war.  Colonel 
Carlin  was  retired  with  the  rank  of  Brigadier- 
General  in  1893.  His  home  is  at  Carrollton. 

CARLINYILLE,  the  county-seat  of  Macoupin 
County;  a  city  and  railroad  junction,  57  miles 
northeast  of  St.  Louis,  and  38  miles  southwest  of 
Springfield.  Blackburn  University  (which  see) 
ia  located  here.  Three  coal  mines  are  operated . 
and  there  are  brick  works,  tile  works,  and  one 
newspaper.  The  city  has  gas  and  electric  light 
plants  and  water-works.  Population  (1880), 
8,117,  (.1890),  3.293;  (IflOO),  3,502. 

CARLYLE,  the  county-seat  of  Clinton  County. 
48  miles  east  of  St.  Louis,  located  on  the  Kaskas- 
kia  River  and  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern 
Railroad.  The  town  has  churches,  parochial  and 
public  schools,  water-works,  lighting  plant,  and 
manufactures.  It  has  a  flourishing  seminary  for 
young  ladies,  three  weekly  papers,  and  a  public 
library  connected  with  the  high  school.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  1,784;  (1900),  1,874. 

CARMI,  the  county -seat  of  White  County,  on 
the  Little  Wabash  River,  124  miles  east  of  St. 
Louis  and  38  west  of  Evansville,  Ind.  The  sur- 
rounding country  is  fertile,  yielding  both  cereals 
and  fruit.  Flouring  mills  and  lumber  manufac- 
turing, including  the  making  of  staves,  are  the 
chief  industries,  though  the  city  has  brick  and 
tile  works,  a  plow  factory  and  foundry.  Popula- 
tion (1880),  2,512;  (1890),  2,785;  (1900),  2,939. 

CARPENTER,  Hilton,  legislator  and  State 
Treasurer ;  entered  upon  public  life  in  Illinois  as 


80 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


Representative  in  the  Nintli  General  Assembly 
(1834)  from  Hamilton  County,  serving  by  succes- 
sive re-elections  in  the  Tenth,  Eleventh  and 
Twelfth.  While  a  member  of  the  latter  (1841) 
he  was  elected  by  the  Legislature  to  the  office  of 
State  Treasurer,  retaining  this  position  until  the 
adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  1848,  when  he  was 
chosen  his  own  successor  by  popular  vote,  but 
died  a  few  days  after  the  election  in  August, 
1848.  He  was  buried  in  what  is  now  known  as 
the  "Old  Hutchinson  Cemetery"  —  a  burying 
ground  in  the  west  part  of  the  city  of  Springfield, 
long  since  abandoned — where  his  remains  still  lie 
(1897)  in  a  grave  unmarked  by  a  tombstone. 

CARPENTER,  Philo,  pioneer  and  early  drug- 
gist, was  born  of  Puritan  and  Revolutionary 
ancestry  in  the  town  of  Savoy,  Mass.,  Feb.  27, 
1805 ;  engaged  as  a  druggist's  clerk  at  Troy,  N.  Y. , 
in  1828,  and  came  to  Chicago  in  1832,  where  he 
established  himself  in  the  drug  business,  which 
was  later  extended  into  other  lines.  Soon  after 
his  arrival,  he  began  investing  in  lands,  which 
have  since  become  immensely  valuable.  Mr. 
Carpenter  was  associated  with  the  late  Rev. 
Jeremiah  Porter  in  the  organization  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Chicago,  but,  in  1851, 
withdrew  on  account  of  dissatisfaction  with  the 
attitude  of  some  of  the  representatives  of  that 
denomination  on  the  subject  of  slavery,  identify- 
ing himself  with  the  Congregationalist  Church, 
in  which  he  had  been  reared.  He  was  one  of  the 
original  founders  and  most  liberal  benefactors  of 
the  Chicago  Theological  Seminary,  to  which  he 
gave  in  contributions,  during  his  life-time,  or  in 
!»'<|iiests  after  his  death,  sums  aggregating  not 
fur  from  $100,000.  One  of  the  Seminary  build 
ings  was  named  in  his  honor.  "Carpenter  Hall." 
He  was  identified  with  various  other  organiza- 
tions, one  of  the  most  important  being  the  Relief 
and  Aid  Society,  which  did  such  useful  work 
after  the  fire  of  1871.  By  a.  life  of  probity,  liber- 
ality and  benevolence,  he  won  the  respect  of  all 
classes,  dying,  August  7.  1S^fi. 

CARPENTER,  (Mrs.)  Sarah  L.  Warren,  pio- 
neer teacher,  born  in  Fredonia.  X  Y.,  Sept.  1, 
1813:  at  the  age  of  13  she  began  teaching  at  State 
Line.  N.  Y. ;  in  1833  removed  with  her  parents 
(Mr.  and  Mrs.  Daniel  Warren)  to  Chicago,  and 
soon  after  began  teaching  in  what  was  called  the 
"Yankee"  settlement."  now  the  town  of  Lockport, 
Will  County.  She  came  to  Chicago  the  following 
year  (1834)  to  take  the  place  of  assistant  of  Gran- 
ville  T.  Sproat  in  a  school  for  boys,  and  is  said  to 
have  been  the  first  teacher  paid  out  of  the  public- 
funds  in  Chicago,  though  Miss  Eliza  Chappell 


(afterwards  Mrs.  Jeremiah  Porter)  began  teach- 
ing the  children  about  Fort  Dearborn  in  1833. 
Miss  Warren  married  Abel  E.  Carpenter,  whom 
she  survived,  dying  at  Aurora,  Kane  County, 
Jan.  10,  1897. 

CARPE>"TER8VIU,E,  a  village  of  Kane 
County  iiml  manufacturing  center,  on  Luke  Ge- 
neva branch  of  the('liioHgo&  Northwestern  Rail- 
road. 6  miles  north  of  East  Elgin  and  about  48 
miles  from  Chicago.  Pop.  (1890),  754 ;  (1900),  1,002. 

CARR,  Clark  £.,  lawyer,  politician  and  diplo- 
mat, was  horn  at  Boston,  Erie  County.  N.  Y.. 
May  20,  1836;  at  13  years  of  age  accompanied  his 
father's  family  to  Galesburg,  111. ,  where  he  spent 
several  years  at  Knox  College.  In  1857  he  gradu- 
ated from  the  Albany  Law  School,  but  on  return-  ' 
ing  to  Illinois,  soon  embarked  in  politics,  his 
affiliations  being  uniformly  with  the  Republican 
party.  His  first  office  was  that  of  Postmaster  at 
Galesburg,  to  which  he  was  appointed  by  Presi 
dent  Lincoln  in  1861  and  which  he  held  for 
twenty-four  years.  He  was  a  tried  and  valued 
assistant  of  Governor  Yates  during  the  War  of 
the  Rebellion,  serving  on  the  staff  of  the  latter 
with  the  rank  of  Colonel.  He  was  a  delegate  to 
the  National  Convention  of  his  party  at  Baltimore 
in  1864.  which  renominated  Lincoln,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  the  campaigns  of  that  year,  as  well 
as  those  of  1868  and  1873.  In  1869  he  purchased 
"The  Galesburg  Republican,"  which  he  edited 
and  published  for  two  years.  In  1880  he  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Republican  nomi- 
nation for  Governor ;  in  1884  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Republican  National  Convention,  from  the  State- 
at-large,  and,  in  1887,  a  candidate  for  the  caucus 
nomination  for  United  States  Senator,  which  was 
given  to  Charles  B.  Farwell.  In  1888  he  was 
defeated  in  the  Republican  State  Convention  as 
candidate  for  Governor  by  Joseph  W.  Fifer.  In 
1889  President  Harrison  appointed  him  Minister 
to  Denmark,  which  post  he  filled  with  marked 
ability  and  credit  to  the  country  until  his  resig 
nation  was  accepted  by  President  Cleveland, 
when  he  returned  to  his  former  home  at  Gales- 
burg. While  in  Denmark  he  did  much  to 
promote  American  trade  with  that  country, 
especially  in  the  introduction  of  American  corn 
as  an  article  of  food,  which  has  led  to  a  large 
increase  in  the  annual  exportation  of  this  com- 
modity to  Scandinavian  markets. 

CARR,  Eugene  A.,  soldier,  was  born  in  Erie 
County,  N.  Y.,  May  20,  1830,  and  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1850,  entering  the  Mounted  Rifles. 
Until  1861  he  was  stationed  in  the  Far  West,  and 
engaged  in  Indian  fighting,  earning  a  First  Lieu- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


81 


tenancy  through  his  gallantry.  In  1861  he 
entered  upon  active  service  under  General  Lyon, 
in  Southwest  Missouri,  taking  part  in  the  engage- 
ments of  Dug  Springs  and  Wilson's  Creek, 
winning  the  brevet  of  Lieutenant-Colonel.  In 
September,  1861,  he  was  commissioned  Colonel  of 
the  Third  Illinois  Cavalry.  He  served  as  acting 
Brigadier-General  in  Fremont's  hundred-day 
expedition,  for  a  time  commanding  the  Fourth 
Division  of  the  Army  of  the  Southwest.  On  the 
second  day  at  Pea  Ridge,  although  three  times 
wounded,  he  remained  on  the  field  seven  hours, 
and  materially  aided  in  securing  a  victory,  for 
his  bravery  being  made  Brigadier-General  of 
Volunteers.  In  the  summer  of  1862  he  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  Major  in  the  Regular 
Army.  During  the  Vicksburg  campaign  he  com- 
manded a  division,  leading  the  attack  at  Magnolia 
Church,  at  Port  Gibson,  and  at  Big  Black  River, 
and  winning  a  brevet  Lieutenant-Colonelcy  in 
the  United  States  Army.  He  also  distinguished 
himself  for  a  first  and  second  assault  upon  taking 
Vicksburg,  and,  in  the  autumn  of  1862.  com- 
manded the  left  wing  of  the  Sixteenth  Corps  at 
Corinth.  In  December  of  that  year  he  was 
transferred  to  the  Department  of  Arkansas, 
where  he  gained  new  laurels,  being  brevetted 
Brigadier-General  for  gallantry  at  Little  Rock, 
and  Major-General  for  services  during  the  war. 
After  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  he  was  stationed 
chiefly  in  the  West,  where  he  rendered  good  serv- 
ice in  the  Indian  campaigns.  In  1894  he  was 
retired  with  the  rank  of  Brigadier-General,  and 
has  since  resided  in  New  York. 

CARRIEL,  Henry  F.,  M.D.,  alienist,  was  born 
,\t  Cliarlestown,  N.  II. .  and  educated  at  Marlow 
Academy,  N.  H.,  and  Wesleyan  Seminary.  Vt. : 
graduated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  New  York  City,  in  1857,  and  immedi- 
ately accepted  the  position  of  Assistant  Physician 
in  the  New  Jersey  State  Lunatic  Asylum, 
remaining  until  1870.  Meanwhile,  however,  he 
visited  a  large  number  of  the  leading  hospitals 
and  asylums  of  Europe.  In  1870,  Dr.  Carriel 
received  the  appointment  of  Su]>erintendent  of 
the  Illinois  Central  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at 
Jacksonville,  a  position  which  he  continued  to 
till  until  1893,  when  he  voluntarily  tendered  to 
Governor  Altgeld  his  resignation,  to  take  effect 
July  1  of  that  year.— Mrs.  Mary  Turner  (Carriel). 
wife  of  Dr.  Carriel,  and  a  daughter  of  Prof. 
Jonathan  B.  Turner  of  Jacksonville,  was  elected 
a  Trustee  of  the  University  of  Illinois  on  the  Repub 
lican  ticket  in  1896.  receiving  a  plurality  of  148,03!) 
over  Julia  Holmes  Smith,  her  highest  competitor. 


CARROLL  COUNTY,  originally  a  part  of  Jo 
Daviess  County,  but  set  apart  and  organized  in 
1839,  named  for  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton.  The 
first  settlements  were  in  and  around  Savanna, 
Cherry  Grove  and  Arnold's  Grove.  The  first 
County  Commissioners  were  Messrs.  L.  H.  Bor 
den,  Garner  Moffett  and  S.  M.  Jersey,  who  held 
their  first  court  at  Savanna,  April  13,  1839.  In 
1843  the  county -seat  was  changed  from  Savanna 
to  Mount  Carroll,  where  it  yet  remains.  Town 
ships  were  first  organized  in  1850,  and  the 
development  of  the  county  has  steadily  pro- 
gressed since  that  date.  The  surface  of  the  land 
is  rolling,  and  at  certain  points  decidedly  pictur- 
esque. The  land  is  generally  good  for  farming. 
It  is  well  timbered,  particularly  along  the  Mis- 
sissippi. Area  of  the  county,  440  square  miles; 
population,  18,963.  Mount  Carroll  is  a  pleasant, 
prosperous,  wide-awake  town,  of  about  2,000 
inhabitants,  and  noted  for  its  excellent  public 
and  private  schools. 

CARROLLTON,  the  county-seat  of  Greene 
County,  situated  on  the  west  branch'  of  the  Chi- 
cago &  Alton  and  the  Quincy.  Carrollton  &  St. 
Louis  Kailroails.  33  miles  north-northwest  of 
Alton,  and  H4  miles  south  by  west  from  Jackson- 
ville. The  town  has  a  foundry,  carriage  and 
wagon  factory,  two  machine  shops,  two  flour 
mills,  two  banks,  six  churches,  a  high  school,  and 
two  weekly  newspa|>ei-s.  Population  (1890), 
2,258;  (1900).  2,335. 

CARTER,  Joseph  N.,  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  was  born  in  Hardin  County,  Ky..  March 
12,  1843;  came  to  Illinois  in  boyhood,  and,  after 
attending  school  at  Tuscola  four  years,  engaged 
in  teaching  until  1863,  when  he  entered  Illinois 
College,  graduating  in  1866;  in  1868  graduated 
from  the  Law  Department  of  the  University  of 
Michigan,  the  next  year  establishing  himself  in 
practice  at  Quincy,  where  he  lias  since  resided 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Thirty-first  and  Thirty- 
second  General  Assemblies  (1878-82),  and,  in 
June,  1N94.  was  elected  to  the  seat  on  the  Supreme 
Bench,  which  he  now  occupies 

CARTER,  Thomas  Henry,  United  States  Sena 
tor,  born  in  Scioto  County,  Ohio,  Oct.  30,  1854; 
in  his  fifth  year  was  brought  to  Illinois,  his 
father  locating  at  Pana,  where  he  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools;  was  employed  in  farming, 
railroading  and  teaching  several  years,  then 
studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  and.  in 
1882,  removed  to  Helena.  Mont.,  where  he  en- 
gaged in  practice;  was  elected,  as  a  Republican 
the  last  Territorial  Delegate  to  Congress  from 
Idaho  and  the  first  Representative  from  the  new 


82 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


State:  was  Commissioner  of  the  General  Land 
Office  (1891-92),  and,  in  1895,  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate  for  the  term  ending  in  1901. 
In  1892  he  was  chosen  Chairman  of  the  Repub- 
lican National  Committee,  serving  until  the  St. 
Louis  Convention  of  1896. 

CARTERVILLE,  a  city  in  Williamson  County, 
10  miles  by  rail  northwest  of  Marion.  Coal  min- 
ing is  t  in'  principal  industry.  It  has  a  bank,  five 
churches,  a  public  school,  ami  a  weekly  news- 
paper. Population  (ISSO),  092;  (1890),  969;  (1900), 
1,749;  (1904,  est.),  2,000. 

CARTHAGE,  a  city  nml  the  county-seat  of 
Hancock  County,  lii  miles  east  of  Keokuk,  Iowa, 
on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  and  the  Wa- 
basli  Railroads;  lias  water-works,  electric  lights, 
three  banks,  four  trust  companies,  four  weekly 
and  two  semi-weekly  papers,  and  is  the  seat  of  a 
Lutheran  College.  Pop.  (1890).  1.654;  (1900),  2,104. 

CARTHAGE  COLLEGE,  at  Carthage.  Hancock 
County,  incorporated  in  1871;  has  a  teaching 
faculty  of  twelve  members,  and  reports  158  pupils 
—sixty-eight  men  and  ninety  women — for  1897-98. 
It  has  a  library  of  5,000  volumes  and  endowment 
of  $32,000.  Instruction  is  given  in  the  classical, 
scientific,  musical,  fine  arts  and  business  depart- 
ments, as  well  as  in  preparatory  studies.  In  1898 
this  institution  reported  a  property  valuation  of 
$41,000,  of  which  $35,000  was  in  real  estate. 

CARTHAGE  &  BURLINGTON  RAILROAD. 
(See  Chicago,  Burlington  <t  Quincy  Railroad.) 

CARTWRIGHT,  James  Henry,  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  was  born  at  Maquoketa,  Iowa, 
Deo.  1,  1842— {he  son  of  a  frontier  Methodist 
clergyman;  was  educated  at  Rock  River  Semi- 
nary and  the  University  of  Michigan,  graduating 
from  the  latter  in  1867;  began  practice  in  1870  at 
Oregon,  Ogle  County,  which  is  still  his  home ;  in 
1888  was  elected  Circuit  Judge  to  succeed  Judge 
Eustace,  deceased,  and  in  1891  assigned  to  Appel- 
late Court  duty ;  in  December,  1895,  was  elected 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  to  succeed  Justice 
John  M.  Bailey,  deceased,  and  re-elected  in 
1897. 

CARTWRIGHT,  Peter,  pioneer  Methodist 
preacher,  was  born  in  Amherst  County,  Va., 
Sept.  1,  1785,  and  at  the  age  of  five  years  accom- 
panied his  father  (a  Revolutionary  veteran)  to 
Logan  County,  Ky.  The  country  was  wild  and 
unsettled,  there  were  no  schools,  the  nearest  mill 
was  40  miles  distant,  the  few  residents  wore 
homespun  garments  of  flax  or  cotton ;  and  coffee, 
tea  and  sugar  in  domestic  use  were  almost  un- 
known. Methodist  circuit  riders  soon  invaded 
the  district,  and,  at  a  camp  meeting  held  at  Cane 


Ridge  in  1801,  Peter  received  his  first  religious 
impressions.  A  few  months  later  he  abandoned 
his  reckless  life,  sold  his  race-horse  and  abjured 
gambling.  He  began  preaching  immediately 
after  his  conversion,  and,  in  1803,  was  regularly 
received  into  the  ministry  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  although  only  18  years  old.  In 
1823  he  removed  to  Illinois,  locating  in  Sangamon 
County,  then  but  sparsely  settled.  In  1828,  and 
again  in  1832,  he  was  elected  to  the  Legislature, 
where  his  homespun  wit  and  undaunted  courage 
stood  him  in  good  stead.  For  a  long  series  of 
years  he  attended  annual  conferences  (usually  as 
a  delegate),  and  was  a  conspicuous  figure  at 
camp-meetings.  Although  a  Democrat  all  his 
life,  he  was  an  uncompromising  antagonist  of 
slavery,  and  rejoiced  at  the  division  of  his 
denomination  in  1844.  He  was  also  a  zealous 
supporter  of  the  Government  during  the  Civil 
War.  In  1846  he  was  a  candidate  for  Congress 
on  the  Democratic  ticket,  but  was  defeated  by 
Abraham  Lincoln.  He  was  a  powerful  preacher, 
a  tireless  worker,  and  for  fifty  years  served  as  a 
Presiding  Elder  of  his  denomination.  On  the 
lecture  platform,  his  quaintness  and  eccentricity, 
together  with  his  inexhaustible  fund  of  personal 
anecdotes,  insured  an  interested  audience 
Numerous  stories  are  told  of  his  physical  prowess 
in  overcoming  unruly  characters  whom  he  had 
failed  to  convince  by  moral  suasion.  Inside  the 
church  he  was  equally  fearless  and  outspoken, 
and  his  strong  common  sense  did  much  to  pro- 
mote the  success  of  the  denomination  in  the 
West.  He  died  at  his  home  near  Pleasant  Plains, 
Sangamon  County,  Sept.  25,  1872.  His  principal 
published  works  are  "A  Controversy  with  the 
Devil"  (1853),  "Autobiography  of  Peter  Cart- 
wright"  (1856),  "The  Backwoods  Preacher" 
(London,  1869),  and  several  works  on  Methodism. 
CARY,  Engene,  lawyer  and  insurance  manager, 
was  born  at  Boston,  Erie  County,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  20, 
1835;  began  teaching  at  sixteen,  meanwhile 
attending  a  select  school  or  academy  at  intervals ; 
studied  law  at  Sheboygan,  Wis. ,  and  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  1855-56;  served  as  City  Attorney  and 
later  as  County  Judge,  and,  in  1861,  enlisted  in 
the  First  Regiment  Wisconsin  Volunteers,  serv- 
ing as  a  Captain  in  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland, 
and  the  last  two  years  as  Judge- Advocate  on  the 
staff  of  General  Rousseau.  After  the  war  he 
settled  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  where  he  held  the 
office  of  Judge  of  the  First  District,  but  in  1871 
he  was  elected  to  the  City  Council,  and,  in  1883, 
was  the  High-License  candidate  for  Mayor  in 
opposition  to  Mayor  Harrison,  and  believed  by 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


K3 


many  to  liave  been  honestly  elected,  but  counteil 
out  by  the  machine  methods  then  in  vogue. 

CASAD,  Anthony  Wayne,  clergyman  and  phy- 
sician ,  was  born  in  Wantage  Township,  Sussex 
County,  N.  J.,  May  2,  1791;  died  at  Summerfield, 
111.,  Dec.  16,  1857.  His  father,  Rev.  Thomas 
Casad,  was  a  Baptist  minister,  who,  with  his 
wife,  Abigail  Tingley,  was  among  the  early 
settlers  of  Sussex  County.  He  was  descended 
from  Dutch-Huguenot  ancestry,  the  family  name 
being  originally  Cossart,  the  American  branch 
having  been  founded  by  Jacques  Cossart,  who 
emigrated  from  Leyden  to  New  York  in  1663. 
At  the  age  of  19  Anthony  removed  to  Greene 
County,  Ohio,  settling  at  Fairfield,  near  the  site 
of  the  present  city  of  Dayton,  where  some  of  his 
relatives  were  then  residing.  On  Feb.  6,  1811,  he 
married  Anna,  eldest  daughter  of  Captain  Samuel 
Stites  and  Martha  Martin  Stites,  her  mother's 
father  and  grandfather  having  been  patriot  sol- 
diers in  the  War  of  the  Revolution.  Anthony 
Wayne  Casad  served  as  a  volunteer  from  Ohio  in 
the  War  of  1*12,  being  a  member  of  Captain 
Wm.  Stephenson's  Company.  In  1818  he  re- 
moved with  his  wife's  father  to  Union  Grove,  St. 
Clair  County,  111.  A  few  years  later  he  entered 
the  ministry  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
and  during  1821-23  was  stationed  at  Kaskaskia 
and  Buffalo,  removing,  in  1823,  to  Lebanon, 
where  he  taught  school.  Later  he  studied  medi- 
cine and  attained  considerable  prominence  as  a 
practitioner,  being  commissioned  Surgeon  of  the 
Forty-ninth  Illinois  Infantry  in  1835.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  McKendree  College  and  a 
liberal  contributor  to  its  support;  was  also  for 
many  years  Deputy  Superintendent  of  Schools  at 
Lebanon,  served  as  County  Surveyor  of  St. 
Clair  County,  and  acted  as  agent  for  Harper 
Brothers  in  the  sale  of  Southern  Illinois  lands. 
He  was  a  prominent  Free  Mason  and  an  influ- 
ential citizen.  His  youngest  daughter,  Amanda 
Keziah,  married  Rev.  Colin  D.  James  (which  see). 

CASEY,  a  village  of  Clark  County,  at  the  inter- 
section of  the  Vandalia  Line  and  the  Chicago  & 
Ohio  River  Railroad.  *j  miles  southwest  of  Terre 
Haute.  Population  (1890).  844;  (1900),  1,500. 

CASEY,  Zadoc,  pioneer  and  early  Congressman, 
was  born  in  Georgia,  March  17,  1796,  the  young- 
est son  of  a  soldier  of  the  Revolutionary  War  who 
removed  to  Tennessee  about  1800.  The  subject 
of  this  sketch  came  to  Illinois  in  1817,  bringing 
with  him  his  widowed  mother,  and  settling  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  present  city  of  Mount  Vernon, 
in  Jefferson  County,  where  he  acquired  great 
prominence  as  a  politician  and  became  the  head 


of  an  influential  family.  He  began  preaching  at 
an  early  age,  and  continued  to  do  so  occasionally 
through  his  political  career.  In  1819,  he  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  organization  of  Jefferson 
County,  serving  on  the  first  Board  of  County 
Commissioners;  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  the  Legislature  in  1820,  but  was  elected 
Representative  in  1822  and  re-elected  two  years 
later;  in  1826  was  advanced  to  the  Senate,  serv- 
ing until  1830,  when  lie  was  elected  Lieutenant 
Governor,  and  during  his  incumbency  took  part 
in  the  Black  Hawk  War.  On  March  1,  1833,  he 
resigned  the  Lieutenant-Governorship  to  accept 
a  seat  as  one  of  the  three  Congressmen  from 
Illinois,  to  which  he  had  been  elected  a  few 
months  previous,  being  subsequently  re-elected 
for  four  consecutive  terms.  In  1842  he  was 
again  a  candidate,  but  was  defeated  by  John  A. 
McClernand.  Other  public  positions  held  by  him 
included  those  of  Delegate  to  the  Constitutional 
Conventions  of  1847  and  1862,  Representative  in 
the  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth  General  Assem- 
blies (1848-52),  serving  as  Speaker  in  the  former. 
He  was  again  elected  to  the  Senate  in  1860,  but 
died  before  the  expiration  of  his  term,  Sept.  4. 
1862.  During  the  latter  years  of  his  life  he  was 
active  in  securing  the  right  of  way  for  the  Ohio 
&  Mississippi  Railroad,  the  original  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi division  of  the  Baltimore,  Ohio  &  South- 
western. He  commenced  life  in  poverty,  but 
acquired  a  considerable  estate,  and  was  the  donor 
of  the  ground  upon  which  the  Supreme  Court 
building  for  the  Southern  Division  at  Mount 
Vernon  was  erected. — Dr.  Newton  R.  (Casey), 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  Jefferson 
County,  III,  Jan.  27,  1826,  received  his  pri- 
mary education  in  the  local  schools  and  at  Hills 
boro  and  Mount  Vernon  Academies;  in  1842 
entered  the  Ohio  University  at  Athens  in  that 
State,  remaining  until  1845,  when  he  com- 
menced the  study  of  medicine,  taking  a  course 
of  lectures' the  following  year  at  the  Louisville 
Medical  Institute;  soon  after  began  practice, 
and,  in  Ib47,  removed  to  Benton,-IU.,  returning 
the  following  year  to  Mount  Vernon.  In 
185C-57  he  attended  a  second  course  of  lectures  at 
the  Missouri  Medical  College.  St.  Louis,  the  latter 
year  removing  to  Mound  City,  where  he  filled  a 
number  of  positions,  including  that  of  Mayor 
from  1859  to  1864,  when  he  declined  a  re-election. 
In  1860,  Dr.  Casey  served  as  delegate  from  Illi- 
nois to  the  Democratic  National  Convention  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  and,  on  the  establishment  of 
the  United  States  Government  Hospital  at  Mound 
Citv.  in  1^61.  actol  for  some  time  as  a  volunteer 


84 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


surgeon,  later  serving  as  Assistant  Surgeon.  In 
1866,  he  was  elected  Representative  in  the 
Twenty-fifth  General  Assembly  and  re-elected  in 
1868,  when  he  was  an  unsuccessful  Democratic 
candidate  for  Speaker  in  opposition  to  Hon.  S.  M. 
Cullom;  also  again  served  as  Representative  in 
the  Twenty-eighth  General  Assembly  (1872-74). 
Since  retiring  from  public  life  Dr.  Casey  has 
given  his  attention  to  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion!— Col.  Thomas  S.  (Casey),  another  son,  was 
born  in  Jefferson  County,  111.,  April  6,  1832, 
educated  in  the  common  schools  and  at  McKend- 
ree  College,  in  due  course  receiving  the  degree  of 
A.M.  from  the  latter;  studied  law  for  three 
years,  being  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1854;  in  1860, 
was  elected  State's  Attorney  for  the  Twelfth 
Judicial  District;  in  September,  1862,  was  com- 
missioned Colonel  of  the  One  Hundred  and  Tenth 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  but  was  mustered  out 
May  16,  1863,  having  in  the  meantime  taken  part 
in  the  battle  of  Stone  River  and  other  important 
engagements  in  Western  Tennessee.  By  this 
time  his  regiment,  having  been  much  reduced 
in  numbers,  was  consolidated  with  the  Sixtieth 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry.  In  1864,  he  was 
again  elected  State's  Attorney,  serving  until 
1868;  in  1870,  was  chosen  Representative,  and,  in 
1872,  Senator  for  the  Mount  Vernon  District  for 
a  term  of  four  years.  In  1879,  he  was  elected  Cir- 
cuit Judge  and  was  immediately  assigned  to 
Appellate  Court  duty,  soon  after  the  expiration  of 
liis  term,  in  1885,  removing  to  Springfield,  where 
he  died,  March  1.  1891. 

CASS  COUNTY,  situated  a  little  west  of  the 
center  of  the  State,  with  an  area  of  360  square 
miles  and  a  population  (1900)  of  17,222 — named 
for  Gen.  Lewis  Cass.  French  traders  are  believed 
to  have  made  the  locality  of  Beardstown  their 
headquarters  about  the  time  of  the  discovery  of 
the  Illinois  country.  The  earliest  permanent 
white  settlers  came  about  1820,  and  among  them 
were  Thomas  Beard,  Martin  L.  Lindsley,  John 


as  at  present  laid  out,  was  at  one  time  sold  by 
Mr.  Downing  for  twenty-five  dollars.  The 
county  was  set  off  from  Morgan  in  1837.  The 
principal  towns  are  Beardstown,  Virginia,  Chand- 
lerville,  Ashland  and  Arenzville.  The  county- 
seat,  formerly  at  Beardstown,  was  later  removed 
to  Virginia,  where  it  now  is.  Beardstown  was 
incorporated  in  1837,  with  about  700  inhabitants. 
Virginia  was  platted  in  1836,  but  not  incorporated 
.until  1842. 

CASTLE,  Orlando  Lane,  educator,  was  born  at 
Jericho,  Vt,  July  26,  1822;  graduated  at  Denison 
University,  Ohio,  1846;  spent  one  year  as  tutor 
there,  and,  for  several  years,  had  charge  of  the 
public  schools  of  Zanesville.  Ohio.  In  1858,  he 
accepted  the  chair  of  Rhetoric,  Oratory  and 
Belles-Lettres  in  Shurtleff  College,  at  Upper 
Alton,  111.,  remaining  until  his  death,  Jan.  31, 
1892.  Professor  Castle  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  Denison  University  in  1877. 

<  ATHKU WOOD,  Mary  Hartwcll,  author,  was 
born  (Hartwcll)  in  Luray,  Ohio,  Dec.  16,  1844, 
educated  at  the  Female  College,  Granville,  Ohio, 
where  she  graduated,  in  1868,  and,  in  1887,  was 
married  to  James  S.  Catherwood,  with  whom  she 
resides  at  Hoopeston,  111.  Mrs.  Catherwood  is  the 
author  of  a  number  of  works  of  fiction,  which 
have  been  accorded  a  high  rank.  Among  her 
earlier  productions  are  "Craque-o'-Doom"  (1881), 
"Rocky  Fork"  (1882),  "Old  Caravan  Days" 
(1884),  "The  Secrets  at  Roseladies"  (1888),  "The 
Romance  of  Doll»d"  and  "The  Bells  of  St. 
Anne"  (1889).  During  the  past  few  years  she 
has  shown  a  predilection  for  subjects  connected 
with  early  Illinois  history,  and  has  published 
popular  romances  under  the  title  of  "The  Story 
of  Tonty,"  "The  White  Islander,"  "The  Lady  of 
Fort  St.  John,"  "Old  Kaskaskia"  and  "The  Chase 
of  Sant  Castin  and  other  Stories  of  the  French 
in  the  New  World." 

CATO>,  John  Dean,  early  lawyer  and  jurist, 
was  born  in  Monroe  County,  N.  Y. ,  March  19, 


Cetrough  and  Archibald  Job.     As  early  as  182^_J**2.     Left  to  the  care  of  a  widowed  mother  at 


there  was  a  horse-mill  on  Indian  Creek,  and,  in 
1827,  M.  L  Lindsley  conducted  a  school  on  the 
bluffs.  Peter  Cartwright,  the  noted  Methodist 
missionary  and  evangelist,  was  one  of  the  earliest 
preachers,  and  among  the  pioneers  may  be  named 
Messrs.  Robertson,  Toplo,  McDonald,  Downing, 
Davis,  Shepherd,  Penny,  Bergen  and  Hopkins. 
Beardstown  was  the  original  county-seat,  and 
during  both  the  Black  Hawk  and  Mormon 
troubles  was  a  depot  of  supplies  and  rendezvous 
for  troops.  Here  also  Stephen  A.  Douglas  made 
his  first  political  speech.  The  site  of  the  town. 


an  early  age,  his  childhood  was  spent  in  poverty 
and  manual  labor.  At  15  he  was  set  to  learn  a 
trade,  but  an  infirmity  of  sight  compelled  him  to 
abandon  it.  After  a  brief  attendance  at  an 
academy  at  Utica,  where  he  studied  law  between 
the  ages  of  19  and  21.  in  1833  he  removed  to 
Chicago,  and  shortly  afterward,  on  a  visit  to 
Pekin,  was  examined  and  licensed  to  practice  by 
Judee  Stephen  T.  Logan.  In  1834,  he  was  elected 
Justice  of  the  Peace,  served  as  Alderman  in 
1837-38,  and  sat  upon  the  bench  of  the  Supreme 
Court  from  1842  to  1864,  when  he  resigned,  hav- 


z 
z 

PI 
X 

n 
pi 

H 
- 


X 


hr] 

o 

?3 

5 

C/5 

Z 

PI 


1 


-      gs 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


Burgeon,  later  serving  as  Assistant  Surgeon.  In 
18(j<>,  he  was  elected  Representative  in  tlte 
Twenty-lifth  General  Assembly  and  re-elected  in 
1888,  when  he  was  an  unsuccessful  Democratic 
candidate  for  Sneaker  in  o|i|H>sition  to  Hon.  S.  M. 
Cullom;  also  agaiu  served  as  Representative  in 
the  Twenty-eighth  Cent-rat  Assembly  (1*72-7-1). 
Sincn  retiring  from  public  life  Dr.  Casey  has 
given  his  attention  to  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion.— Col.  Thomas  S.  (Casey),  another  son.  was 
horn  in  Jefferson  County.  111..  April  C,  18:!2, 
educated  in  the  common  schools  and  at  McKend- 
ree  College,  in  due  course  receiving  the  degree  of 
A.M.  from  the  latter;  studied  law  for  three 
years,  being  admitted  to  the  liar  in  1S.TJ;  in  I860, 
was  elected  State's  Attorney  for  the  Twelfth 
Judicial  District,  in  Septemlier.  1802,  was  com- 
missioned Colonel  of  the  One  Hundred  and  Tenth 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  but  was  mustered  out 
May  Ifi,  180!!.  having  in  the  meantime  taken  part 
in  the  battle  of  Stone  River  and  other  important 
engagements  in  Western  Tennessee.  By  this 
lime  his  regiment,  having  Ix-en  much  reduced 
in  numbers,  was  consolidated  with  the  Sixtieth 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry.  In  18G4,  he  was 
again  elected  State's  Attorney,  serving  until 
I8IW;  in  1870.  was  chosen  Representative,  and.  in 
1872.  Senator  for  the  Mount  Vernon  District  for 
a  term  of  four  years  In  1N70.  he  waselected  Cir- 
cuit Judge  and  was  immediately  assigned  to 
\p|M-llate  Court  duty,  soon  after  the  expiration  of 
his  term,  in  1885.  removing  to  Springfield,  where 
he  died,  March  1.  I8!H. 

C.VSS  rOl'NTV,  situated  a  little  west  of  the 
center  of  the  State,  with  an  area  of  UGll  square 
miles  anil  a  |»>pulation  (t'JOO)  of  17,222— named 
for  (Jen.  Lewis  Cass.  French  traders  are  believed 
to  have  made  the  locality  of  Bcardstown  their 
headquarters  alioul  the  time  of  the  discovery  of 
ihe  Illinois  country.  The  earliest  |iermanent 
white  settlers  came  about  1821),  and  among  them 
were  Thomas  Hear, I.  Martin  I..  Lindslev.  John 
Cetrough  and  Archibald  Job.  As  early  as  1821 
there  was  a  horse  mill  on  Indian  Creek,  and.  in 
1*27.  M  :  Limlsley  conducted  a  school  on  the 
hlulN.  I'eter  Cartwright.  the  noted  Methodist 
missionary  and  evangelist.  w;ts  one  of  the  earliest 
l>rc  tellers,  anil  among  the  pioneers  may  be  named 
Messrs  Robertson,  Toplo.  McDonald,  Downing, 
Davis.  Shepherd,  Penny.  Bergen  and  Hopkins 

Hear.lstown    was   tl riginal    county  seat,    ami 

during  both  the  I 'In  I.  Hawk  and  Monuon 
troubles  was  a  depot  of  supplies  and  rendezvous 
for  troops.  Here  also  Stephen  A  Douglas  made 
his  lirst  i«>litical  S|M h  The  site  of  the  town 


as  at  present  laid  out.  was  at  one  time  sold  by 
Mr.  Downing  for  twenty  live  dollars.  The. 
county  was  set  off  from  Morgan  in  lb:!7.  The 
principal  towns  are  Beardstown.  Virginia.  Chaiul- 
lerville,  Ashland  and  Arenzville.  The  county- 
seat,  formerly  at  ISeardstovnC  was  later  removed 
to  Virginia,  where  it  now  is.  Beardstown  was 
incorporated  in  18:i7,  with  about  "(Ml  inhabitants. 
Virginia  was  platted  in  18:jG,  but  not  incorporated 
until  1842. 

CASTLE,  Orlando  Lane,  educator,  was  born  at 
Jericho,  Vt.,  July  26,  1822;  graduated  at  Denison 
University,  Ohio,  1846;  spent  one  year  as  tutor 
there,  and,  for  several  years,  had  charge  of  the 
public  schools  of  Zanesville.  Ohio.  In  18.'i8.  he 
accepted  the  chair  of  Rhetoric,  Oratory  and 
Belles-Lettres  in  Shurtletf  College,  at  Upjier 
Alton,  111.,  remaining  until  his  death.  Jan.  31, 
1892.  Professor  Castle  received  the  degree  of 
I.L.  D.  from  Denison  University  in  1H77. 

C.VTHERWOOD,  -Mary  Hartnrll,  author,  was 
born  (Hartwell)  in  Luray,  Ohio.  Dec.  1<>,  1844. 
educated  at  the  Female  College,  Grunville.  Ohio, 
where  she  graduated,  in  1808.  and.  in  1887,  was 
married  to  James  S.  Catherwood.  with  whom  she 
resides  at  Hoopeston.  III.  Mrs.  Catherwood  is  the 
author  of  u  number  of  works  of  fiction,  which 
have  l>een  accorded  u  high  rank.  Among  her 
earlier  productions  are  "Craime  o'-Doom"  (1881). 
"Rocky  Fork"  (1882).  "Old  Caravan  Days" 
<IMM.|I  "The  Secrets  at  Roseladics"  (!***!.  "Tim 
Romance  of  Dollard"  and  "The  Bells  of  St. 
Anne"  (IHM'J).  During  the  |»ist  few  years  she 
has  shown  a  predilection  for  subjects  connected 
with  early  Illinois  history,  anil  has  published 
popular  romances  under  the  title  of  "The  Story 
of  Tonty,"  "The  White  Islander,"  "The  Lady  nf 
Fort  St.  John."  "Old  Kaskaskia"  and  "The  Chase 
of  Sant  Cast  in  and  other  Stories  of  the  French 
in  the  New  World." 

('ATOM,  John  Dean,  early  lawyer  and  jurist, 
was  Uirn  in  Monroe  County.  X.  V..  March  1!). 
1*12.  I. ell  to  the  care  of  a  widowed  mother  at 
an  early  age.  his  childhood  was  sj»ent  in  jMivertv 
and  manual  lalior.  At  l-"i  he  was  set  to  learn  a 
trade,  but  an  inlirmity  of  sight  coni|iclled  him  to 
abandon  it  After  a  brief  attendance  at  an 
academy  at  I'tica,  where  lie  studied  law  U-tween 
the  ages  of  III  and  21.  in  IS:!:)  he  removed  to 
''liicago.  and  shortly  afterward,  on  a  visit  to 
I'ekin.  was  examined  and  licensed  to  practice  by 
. In. lire  Stephen  T.  Logan  In  |s:tt.  he  was  elected 
.Instiee  of  the  I'eaee.  served  as  Alderman  in 
|s:',7  :!M,  and  sat  up.;,  the  bench  of  the  Supreme 
Court  from  |X|2  to  l^il  when  he  resigned,  hav 


X 

r. 


T, 

•f. 


, 


• 

• 


I 

as 


1 


w 
J 


u 
z 


•y. 

< 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


85 


ing  served  nearly  twenty-two  years.  During 
this  period  lie  more  than  once  occupied  the  posi- 
tion of  Chief -Justice.  Being  embarrassed  by  the 
financial  stringency  of  1837-38,  in  the  latter  year 
he  entered  a  tract  of  land  near  Plainfield,  and, 
taking  his  family  with  him,  began  farming. 
Later  in  life,  while  a  resident  of  Ottawa,  he 
l>ecame  interested  in  the  construction  of  telegraph 
lines  in  the  West,  which  for  a  time  bore  his  name 
and  were  ultimately  incorporated  in  the  "West- 
ern Union,"  laying  the  foundation  of  a  large 
fortune.  On  retiring  from  the  bench,  he  devoted 
himself  for  the  remainder  of  his  life  to  his  private 
affairs,  to  travel,  and  to  literary  labors.  Among 
his  published  works  are  "The  Antelope  and  Deer 
of  America,"  "A  Summer  in  Norway,"  "Miscel- 
lanies," and  "Early  Bench  and  'Bar  of  Illinois." 
Died  in  Chicago,  July  30,  1895. 

CAT  ABLY,  Alfred  W.,  early  lawyer  and  legis- 
lator; was  born  in  Connecticut,  Sept.  15,  1793; 
served  as  a  soldier  in  the  War  of  1813,  and,  in 
1822,  came  to  Illinois,  first  settling  at  Edwards- 
ville,  and  soon  afterwards  at  Carrollton,  Greene 
County.  Here  he  was  elected  Representative  in 
the  Fifth  General  Assembly  (1826),  and  again  to 
the  Twelfth  (1840) ;  also  served  as  Senator  in  the 
Thirteenth,  Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  Assemblies 
(1842-48),  acting,  in  1845,  as  one  of  the  Commis- 
sioners to  revise  the  statutes.  In  1844,  he  was 
chosen  a  Presidential  Elector,  and,  in  1846,  was  a 
prominent  candidate  for  the  Democratic  nomi- 
nation for  Governor,  but  was  defeated  in  conven- 
tion by  Augustus  C.  French.  Mr.  Cavarly  was 
prominent  both  in  his  profession  and  in  the 
Legislature  while  a  member  of  that  body.  In 
1853,  he  removed  to  Ottawa,  where  he  resided 
until  his  death,  Oct.  25,  1876. 

CENTERYILLE  (or  Central  City),  a  village  in 
the  coal-mining  district  of  Grundy  County,  near 
Coal  City.  Population  (1880),  673;  (1900).  290. 

CENTRAL  HOSPITAL  FOB  THE  INSANE, 
established  under  act  of  the  Legislature  passeil 
March  1,  1847,  and  located  at  Jacksonville,  Mor- 
gan County.  Its  founding  was  largely  due  to  the 
philanthropic  efforts  of  Miss  Dorothea  L.  Dix. 
who  addressed  the  people  from  the  platform  and 
appeared  before  the  General  Assembly  in  behalf 
of  this  class  of  unfortunates.  Construction  of 
the  building  was  begun  in  1848.  By  1851  two 
wards  were  ready  for  occupancy,  and  the  first 
patient  was  received  in  November  of  that  year. 
The  first  Superintendent  was  Dr.  J.  M.  Higgins, 
who  served  less  than  two  years,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Dr.  H.  K.  Jones,  who  had  been  Assist- 
ant Superintendent.  Dr.  Jones  remained  as 


Acting  Superintendent  for  several  months,  when 
the  place  was  filled  by  the  appointment  of  Dr. 
Andrew  McFarland  of  New  Hampshire,  his 
administration  continuing  until  1870,  when  he 
resigned  on  account  of  ill-health,  being  succeeded 
by  Dr.  Henry  F.  Carriel  of  New  Jersey.  Dr. 
Carriel  tendered  his  resignation  in  1893,  and, 
after  one  or  two  further  changes,  in  1897  Dr. 
F.  C.  Winslow,  who  had  been  Assistant  Superin- 
tendent under  Dr.  Carriel,  was  placed  in  charge 
of  the  institution.  The  original  plan  of  construc- 
tion provided  for  a  center  building,  five  and  a 
half  stories  high,  and  two  wings  with  a  rear 
extension  in  which  were  to  be  the  chapel,  kitchen 
and  employes'  quarters.  Subsequently  these 
wings  were  greatly  enlarged,  permitting  an 
increase  in  the  number  of  wards,  and  as  the 
exigencies  of  the  institution  demanded,  appropri- 
ations have  been  made  for  the  erection  of  addi- 
tional buildings.  Numerous  detached  buildings 
have  been  erected  within  the  past  few  years,  and 
the  capacity  of  the  institution  greatly  increased 
— "The  Annex"  admitting  of  the  introduction  of 
many  new  and  valuable  features  in  the  classifica- 
tion and  treatment  of  patients.  The  number  of 
inmates  of  late  years  has  ranged  from  1,200  to 
1,400.  The  counties  from  which  patients  are 
received  in  this  institution  embrace:  Rock 
Island,  Mercer,  Henry,  Bureau,  Putnam,  Mar- 
shall, Stark,  Kno.x,  Warren,  Henderson,  Hancock, 
McDonough,  Fulton,  Peoria,  Tazewell,  Logan, 
Mason,  Menard,  Cass,  Schuyler,  Adams,  Pike, 
Calhoun,  Brown,  Scott,  Morgan,  Sangamon, 
Christian,  Montgomery,  Macoupin,  Greene  and 
Jersey. 

CENTRALIA,  a  city  and  railway  center  of 
Marion  County,  250  miles  south  of  Chicago.  It 
forms  a  trade  center  for  the  famous  "fruit  belt" 
of  Southern  Illinois;  has  a  number  of  coal  mines, 
a  glass  plant,  an  envelope  factory,  iron  foundries, 
railroad  repair  shops,  flour  and  rolling  mills,  and 
an  ice  plant;  also  has  water- works  and  sewerage 
system,  a  fire  department,  two  daily  papers,  and 
excellent  graded  schools.  Several  parks  afford 
splendid  pleasure  resorts.  Population  (1890), 
4,763;  (1900),  6.721;  (1903,  est.).  S.OOO. 

CENTRALIA  &  ALTAMONT  RAILROAD. 
(See  Central ia  &  Cliextrr  Rnilnmil) 

CENTRALIA  &  CHESTER  RAILROAD,  a  rail- 
way line  wholly  within  the  State,  extending 
from  Salem,  in  Marion  County,  to  Chester,  on  the 
Mississippi  River  (91.6  miles),  with  a  lateral 
branch  from  Sparta  to  Roxborough  (5  miles),  and 
trackage  facilities  over  the  Illinois  Central  from 
the  branch  junction  to  Centralia  (2.9  miles) — 


•  . 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF    ILLINOIS. 


ing  served  nearly  twenty-two  years.  During 
this  period  lie  more  than  once  occupied  the  posi- 
tion  of  Chief  Justice.  Being  embarrassed  by  the 
linancial  stringency  of  1837-38,  in  the  latter  year 
he  entered  a  tract  of  land  near  Plainlield,  and. 
taking  his  family  with  him,  began  farming. 
Later  in  life,  while  a  resident  of  Ottawa,  he 
became  interested  in  the  const  met  ion  of  telegraph 
lines  in  the  West,  which  for  a  time  l>ore  his  name 
ami  were  ultimately  incoqiorated  in  the  "West- 
ern Union."  laying  the  foundation  of  a  large 
fortune.  On  retiring  from  the  l>encli.  he  devoted 
himself  for  the  remainder  of  his  life  to  his  private 
affairs,  to  travel,  and  to  literary  labors.  Among 
his  published  works  are  "The  Antelope  and  Deer 
of  America,"  "A  Summer  in  Norway."  "Miscel- 
lanies," ami  "Early  Bench  and  Bar  of  Illinois." 
Died  in  Chicago.  Jufy  30,  1H95. 

OAVARLY,  Alfred  W.,  early  lawyer  and  legis- 
lator was  lx»ni  in  Connecticut,  Sept.  1~>,  17!*:!; 
served  as  a  soldier  in  the  War  of  1S12.  and.  in 
IX'.'i.  came  to  Illinois,  tirst  settling  at  Edwards- 
ville.  and  soi>ii  afterwards  at  C'arrollton.  Greene 
County.  Here  he  was  elected  Representative  in 
the  Fifth  General  Assembly  (l*2li).  and  again  to 
the  Twelfth  (1S4D) ,  also  served  ;is  Senator  in  the 
Thirteenth,  Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  Assemblies 
(IS|-J-4S),  acting,  in  1X4.1,  as  one  of  the  Commis- 
sioners to  revise  the  statutes.  In  1X14.  hi*  was 
chosen  a  Presidential  Klector,  and,  in  IX-l'i,  was  a 
prominent  candidate  for  the  Democratic  nomi- 
nation for  Governor,  but  was  defeated  in  conven- 
tion by  Augustus  C.  French.  Mr.  Cavarly  was 
prominent  lx>th  in  his  profession  and  in  the 
Legislature  while  .>  inemher  of  that  Univ.  In 
IM.V!.  he  removed  to  Ottawa,  where  he  resided 
until  his  death.  Oct.  'J."..  IHTti. 

CF.XTERVILLE  (or  Central  City),  u  village  in 
.the  coal-mining  district  of  (irundy  County,  near 
Coal  City  Population  (ISSO).  li?:t;  (190ft).  iSH). 

CENTRAL  HOSPITAL  FOR  THE  I\SAXE, 
c-taMished  under  act  of  the  Legislature  passed 
March  1.  1*17,  and  located  at  .lacksonville.  Mor- 
gan <  'oiinty.  Its  founding  was  largely  due  to  the 
philanthropic  efforts  of  Miss  Dorothea  L.  Di.\ 
«  ho  addressed  (lie  jieoplc  from  the  platform  anil  ' 
appeared  Imfore  the  General  Assembly  in  U-hall 
of  this  class  of  unfortunates  Construction  of 
the  building  was  begun  in  l*|x.  Ity  I"-""!  two 
wards  were  ready  for  occupancy,  and  the  tirst 
patient  was  received  in  Novemlier  of  that  year. 
The  ti?-st  Superintendent  was  Dr.  .1  M.  Higgins. 
whoserved  less  than  two  years,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Dr.  H.  K.  Jones,  who  had  lieen  Assist- 
ant Superintendent  Dr.  Jones  remained  as 


Acting  Sii]>erintPndent  for  several  months,  when 
the  place  was  tilled  by  the  appointment  of  Dr. 
Andrew  McFurland  of  New  Hampshire,  his 
administration'  continuing  until  1*7U,  when  he 
resigned  on  account  of  ill  health,  lieing  succeeded 
by  Dr.  Henry  F.  Carriel  of  -New  Jersey  Dr. 
Carriel  tendered  his  resignation  in  IN&!.  and. 
after  one  or  two  further  changes,  in  1SH7  Dr. 
F.  C.  Winslow,  who  lia«i  lieen  Assistant  .Superin- 
tendent under  Dr.  Carriel.  was  plaivd  in  cliarge 
of  the  institution.  The  original  plan  of  construc- 
tion provided  for  :t  center  building,  live  and  a 
half  stories  high,  and,two  wings  with  a  rear 
extension  in  which  were  to  be  the  chajiel.  kitchen 
and  employes'  quarters.  Subsequently  these 
wings  were  greatly  enlarged.  |»-rmiiting  an 
increase  in  the  mmilier  uf  wards,  and  its  the 
exigencies  of  the  institution  demanded,  appropri- 
ations have  been  made  for  tjhe.  erection  of  addi- 
tional buildings.  Numerous  detached  buildings 
have  been  erected  within  the  past  few  years,  and 
the  cajiaeity  of  the  institution  greatly  increased 
— "The  Annex"  admitting  of  the  introduction  of 
many  new  and  valuable  features  in  the  classifica- 
tion and  treatment  of  |>atieiits.  The  number  of 
inmates  of  late  years  has  ranged  froin  1,20(1  to 
1.40O.  The  counties  fron.  which  (taXients  are 
received  in  this  institution  embrace:  Rock 
Island.  Mercer.  Henry.  Bureau.  Putnam,  Mar 
shall.  Stark.  Knox.  Warren.  Henderson.  Hancock. 
McDonough.  Fulton.  Peoria.  Tazewell.  Logan. 
Mason.  Menard,  Cass,  Schuyler.  Adams,  Pike. 
Calhoun.  Brown.  Scott.1  Morgan.  Sangamon. 
Christian.  Montgomery,  Macotipin.  Greene  and 
Jersey 

CENTHAI.IA,  a  city  and  railway  center  of 
Marion  County.  ''~>«  mile-  south  of  Chicago.  It 
forms  a  trade  center  for  t lie  famous  "fruit  belt" 
of  Souther:.  Illinois;  has  a  nnmlier  of  coal  mine- 
a  glass  plant,  an  envelope  fai  t"iy.  iron  foundries, 
railroad  repair  shep^.  tlntirand  i<  MiKg  mills,  and 
an  ice  plant :  also  has  \\ater-\\  irks  and  M'weragc 
systi-in.  a  tire  department.  :  v.  o  daily  |iapers.  and 
excellent  gnuled  s;-ln»i-U  Several  (rarks  atTord' 
splendid  pleasure  iv«»ii>.  !'.  pulation  (1-S1K)).  . 
4,7lj::.  (I'.MHO.  ".:•.'!:  i  ;!«-!.  est.  )  N.IIINI 

4'KM'RAIJA  X  Al.TAJIOM'  KUIHoMi. 
iSee  (  ',  jilrolix  <*'•  '•/,..•</.  ,•  /.'.ii//..ii./ 

TEMKAI.IA  .V  CHKSTHK  It  A  ll.KO  A II.  a  mil- 
wax  line  wholly  wilhin  the  State,  extending 
from  Salem,  in  Marion  County,  to  Chester,  on  the 
Mississippi  liiver  ((II  li  inilesi.  with  a  livteral 
branch  from  Sparta  to  Roxlwnnigh  <•"•  miles.',  ami 
trackage  facilities  over  the  Illinois  Central  from 
the  branch  junction  to  Centralia  (J  !t  miles) — 


86 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


total,  99.5  miles.  The  original  line  was  chartered 
as  the  Centralia  &  Chester  Railroad,  in  December, 
1887,  completed  from  Sparta  to  Coulterville  in 
1889,  and  consolidated  the  same  year  with  the 
.Sparta  &  Evansville  and  the  Centralia  &  Alta- 
uiont  Railroads  (projected);  line  completed 
from  Centralia  to  Evansville  early  in  1894.  The 
branch  from  Sparta  to  Rosborough  was  built  in 
1895,  the  section  of  the  main  line  from  Centralia 
to  Salem  (14.9  miles)  in  1896,  and  that  from 
Evansville  to  Chester  (17.6  miles)  in  1897-98. 
The  road  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  receiver, 
June  7,  1897,  and  the  expenditures  for  extension 
and  equipment  made  under  authority  granted  by 
the  United  States  Court  for  the  issue  of  Receiver's 
certificates.  The  total  capitalization  is  $2,374,- 
841,  of  which  $978,000  is  in  stocks  and  $948,000  in 
bonds. 

CENTRAL  MILITARY  TRACT  RAILROAD. 
(See  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quiney  Railroad.) 

CERRO  GORDO,  a  town  in  Piatt  County,  12 
miles  by  rail  east-northeast  of  Uecatur.  The  crop 
of  cereals  in  the  surrounding  country  Is  sufficient 
to  support  two  elevators  at  Cerro  Gordo,  which 
lias  also  a  tl  Hiring  mill,  brick  and  tile  factories, 
etc.  There  are  three  churches,  graded  schools,  a 
bank  and  two  newspaper  offices.  Population 
(1890),  939;  (1900),  1,008. 

CHADDOCK  COLLEGE,  an  institution  under 
the  patronage  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
at  Quincy,  111.,  incorporated  in  1878;  is  co-educa- 
tional, has  a  faculty  of  ten  instructors,  and 
reports  127  students — 70  male  and  57  female — in 
the  classes  of  1895-96.  Besides  the  usual  depart- 
ments in  literature,  science  and  the  classics, 
instruction  is  given  to  classes  in  theology,  music, 
the  fine  arts,  oratory  and  preparatory  studies.  It 
has  property  valued  at  $110,000,  and  reports  an 
endowment  fund  of  $8,000. 

CHAMBERLIN,  Thomas  Crowder,  geologist 
and  educator,  was  born  near  Mattoon,  111.,  Sept. 
25.  1845;  graduated  at  Beloit  College,  Wisconsin, 
in  1866:  took  a  course  in  Michigan  University 
(1868-69);  taught  in  various  Wisconsin  institu- 
tions, also  discharged  the  duties  of  State 
Geologist,  later  filling  the  chair  of  Geology  at 
Columbian  University,  Washington,  D.  C.  In 
1878,  he  was  sent  to  Paris,  in  charge  of  the  edu- 
cational exhibits  of  Wisconsin,  at  the  Interna- 
tional Exposition  of  that  year— during  his  visit 
making  a  special  study  of  the  Alpine  glaciers. 
In  1887,  he  was  elected  President  of  the  Univer- 
sity  of  Wisconsin,  serving  until  1892,  when  he 
became  Head  Professor  of  Geology  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago,  where  he  still  remains.  He  is 


also  editor  of  the  University  "Journal  of  Geol-  ' 
ogy"  and  President  of  the  Chicago  Academy  of 
Sciences.  Professor  Chamberlin  is  author  of  a 
number  of  volumes  on  educational  and  scientific 
subjects,  chiefly  in  the  line  of  geology.  He 
received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan,  Beloit  College  and  Columbian 
University,  all  on  the  same  date  (1887). 

CHAMPAIGN,  a  flourishing  city  in  Champaign 
County,  128  miles  southwest  of  Chicago  and  83 
miles  northeast  of  Springfield ;  is  the  intersecting 
point  of  three  lines  of  railway  and  connected 
with  the  adjacent  city  of  Urbana.  the  county- 
seat,  by  an  electric  railway.  The  University  of 
Illinois,  located  in  Urbana.  is  contiguous  to  the 
city.  Champaign  1ms  an  excellent  system  of 
water-works,  well-paved  streets,  and  is  lighted  by 
both  gas  and  electricity.  The  surrounding  coun- 
try is  agricultural,  but  the  city  has  manufac- 
tories of  carriages  and  machines.  Three  papers 
are  published  here,  besides  a  college  weekly  con- 
ducted by  the  students  of  the  University.  The 
Murnham  Hospital  ami  the  Garwood  OKI  Ladies' 
Home  are  located  in  Champaign.  In  the  resi- 
dence portion  of  the  city  there  is  a  handsome 
I/ark,  covering  ten  acres  and  containing  a  notable 
piece  of  bronze  statua  ry .  and  several  smaller  parks 
in  other  sections.  There  are  several  handsome 
'•hurches,  and  excellent  schools,  both  public  and 
private.  Population  (1890),  5,839;  (1900).  9,098. 

CHAMPAIGN  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  eastern 
half  of  the  central  belt  of  the  State;  area.  I,  IK  is 
square  miles;  population  (1900),  47,622.  The 
county  was  organized  in  1833,  and  named  for  a 
county  in  Ohio.  The  physical  conformation  is 
flat,  and  the  soil  rich.  The  county  lies  in  the 
heart  of  what  was  once  called  the  "Gram! 
Prairie."  Workable  seams  of  bituminous  coal 
underlie  the  surface,  but  overlying  quicksands 
interfere  with  their  operation.  The  Sangamon 
and  Kaskaskia  Rivers  have  their  sources  in  this 
region,  and  several  railroads  cross  the  county. 
The  soil  is  a  black  muck  underlaid  by  a  yellow 
clay.  Urbana  (with  a  population  of  5,708  in 
1900)  is  the  county -seat.  Other  important  points 
in  the  county  are  Champaign  (9,000),  Tolono 
(1,000),  and  Rantoul  (1,200).  Champaign  and 
Urbana  adjoin  each  other,  and  the  grounds  of  the 
Illinois  State  University  extend  into  each  corpo- 
ration, being  largely  situated  in  Champaign. 
Large  drifted  masses  of  Niagara  limestone  are 
found,  interspersed  with  coal  measure  limestone 
and  sandstone.  Alternating  beds  of  clay,  gravel 
and  quicksand  of  the  drift  formation  are  found 
beneath  the  subsoil  to  the  depth  of  150  to  300  feet. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


CHAMPAIGN,  HAT  ANA  £  WESTERN  RAIL- 
ROAD. (Soo  Illinois  Central  Railroad.) 

CHANDLER,  Charles,  physician,  was  born  at 
West  Woodstock,  Conn.,  July  2,  1806;  graduated 
with  the  degree  of  M.D.  at  Castleton,  Vt..  and, 
in  1839,  located  in  Scituate,  R.  I. ;  in  1832,  started 
with  the  intention  of  settling  at  Fort  Clark  (now 
Peoria),  III,  but  was  stopped  at  Beardstown  by 
the  "Black  Hawk  War."  finally  locating  on  the 
Sangaraon  River,  in  Cass  County,  where,  in  1848. 
he  laid  out  the  town  of  Cliamllerville — Abraham 
Lincoln  being  one  of  the  surveyors  who  platted 
the  town.  Here  he  gained  a  large  practice. 
which  he  was  compelled,  in  his  later  years,  par- 
tially to  abandon  in  consequence  of  injuries 
received  while  prosecuting  his  profession,  after- 
wards turning  his  attention  to  merchandising 
and  encouraging  the  development  of  the  locality 
in  which  he  lived  by  promoting  the  construction 
of  railroads  and  the  building  of  schoolhouses  anil 
churches.  Liberal  and  public-spirited,  his  influ- 
ence for  good  extended  over  a  large  region. 
Died,  April  7,  1879. 

CHANDLER,  Hcnrj  B.,  newspaper  manager, 
was  born  at  Frelighsburg,  Quebec,  July  12,  1886 ; 
at  18  he  began  teaching,  and  later  took  charge  of 
the  business  department  of  "The  Detroit  Free 
Press" ;  in  1861,  came  to  Chicago  with  Wilbur  F. 
Storey  and  became  business  manager  of  "The 
Chicago  Times";  in  1870,  disagreed  with  Storey 
and  retired  from  newspaper  business.  Died,  at 
Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  18,  1806. 

CHANDLERTILLE,  a  village  in  Cass  County, 
on  the  Chicago.  Peoria  *  St.  Louis  Railroad,  7 
miles  north  by  east  from  Virginia,  laid  out  in 
1848  by  Dr.  Charles  Chandler,  and  platted  by 
Abraham  Lincoln.  It  has  a  bank,  a  creamery, 
four  churches,  a  weekly  newspaper,  u  flour  and  a 
saw-mill.  Population  (1H90),  910;  (1900),  940. 

CHAPIN,  a  village  of  Morgan  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Wabasli  and  the  Chicago. 
Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroads.  10  miles  west  of 
Jacksonville.  Population  (1890),  450;  (1900),  314'. 

CHAPPELL,  Charley  H.,  railway  manager, 
was  born  in  Du  Page  County,  III,  March  3,  1841. 
With  an  ardent  passion  for  the  railroad  business. 
•\t  the  age  of  16  he  obtained  a  position  as  freight 
brakeman  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
Railroad,  being  steadily  promoted  through  the 
ranks  of  conductor,  train-master  and  dispatcher, 
until,  in  1865,  at  the  age  of  24,  he  was  appointed 
General  Agent  of  the  Eastern  Division  of  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy.  Other  railroad 
positions  which  Mr.  Chappell  has  since  held  are: 
Superintendent  of  a  division  of  the  Union  Pacific 


(186U-70);  Assistant  or  Division  Superintendent 
of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy,  or  some  of 
its  branches  (1870-74) ;  General  Superintendent 
of  the  Missouri.  Kansas.  &  Texas  (1874-76); 
Superintendent  of  the  Western  Division  of  the 
Wabash  (1877-79).  In  1880,  he  accepted  tl»- 
position  of  Assistant  General  Superintendent  of 
the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  being  advanced  in 
the  next  three  years  through  the  grades  of 
General  Superintendent  and  Assistant  General 
Manager,  to  that  of  General  Manager  of  the 
entire  system,  which  he  has  continued  to  fill  for 
over  twelve  years.  Quietly  and  without  show  or 
display,  Mr.  Chappell  continues  in  the  discharge 
of  his  duties,  assisting  to  make  the  system  with 
which  he  is  identified  one  of  the  most  successful 
and  perfect  in  its  operation  in  the  whole  country. 

CHARLESTON,  the  county-seat  of  Coles 
County,  an  incorporated  city  and  a  railway  junc- 
tion, 46  miles  west  of  Terre  Haute,  Ind.  It  lies 
in  the  center  of  a  farming  region,  yet  lias  several 
factories,  including  woolen  and  flouring  mills, 
broom,  plow  and  carriage  factories,  a  foundry 
and  a  canning  factory.  Three  newspapers  are 
published  here,  issuing  daily  editions.  Population 
(1890),  4,135;  (1900),  5,488.  The  Eastern  State 
Normal  School  was  located  here  in  1895. 

CHARLESTON,  SfEOGA  A  ST.  LOUIS  RAIL- 
ROAD. (See  Toledo.  St.  Louis  <t  A'anwut  City 
RailrtHitl. ) 

CHARLEVOIX,  Pierre  Francois  Xavicr  dr. 
a  celebrated  French  traveler  and  an  early 
explorer  of  Illinois,  born  at  St.  Quentin,  France. 
Oct.  29.  16H2.  He  entered  the  Jesuit  Society, 
and  while  a  student  was  sent  to  Quebec' 
( IBU5).  where  for  four  years  he  was  instructor  in 
the  college,  and  completed  his  divinity  studies 
In  1709  lit-  returned  to  France,  but  came  again  to 
Queliec  a  few  years  later.  He  ascended  the  St 
I  «i  «•  iviirr.  sailed  through  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie, 
and  dually  reached  the  Mississippi  by  way  of  the 
Illinois  Uiver.  After  visiting  Cahokia  and  the 
surrounding  county  (1720-81),  he  continued  down 
the  Mississippi  to  New  Orleans,  and  returned  to 
France  by  way  of  Santo  Domingo.  Besides  some 
works  on  religious  subjects,  he  was  the  author  of 
histories  of  Japan,  Paraguay  and  San  Domingo 
His  great  work,  however,  was  the  "History  of 
New  France,"  which  was  not  published  until 
twenty  years  after  his  death.  His  journal  of  his 
American  explorations  appeared  about  the  same 
time.  His  history  has  long  been  cited  by 
scholars  as  authority,  but  no  English  translation 
was  made  until  1865,  when  it  was  undertaken  by 
Shea.  Died  in  France.  Fol>  1  17fil 


. 


--. 


88 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


CHASE,  Philander,  Protestant  Episcopal 
Bishop,  was  born  in  Cornish,  Vt.,  Dec  14,  1775, 
and  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1795.  Although 
reared  as  a  Congregationalist,  he  adopted  the 
Episcopal  faith,  and  was  ordained  a  priest  in 
1799,  for  several  years  laboring  as  a  missionary 
in  Northern  and  Western  New  York.  In  1805, 
he  went  to  New  Orleans,  but  returning  North  in 
1811,  spent  six  years  as  a  rector  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  then  engaged  in  missionary  work  in  Ohio, 
organizing  a  number  of  parishes  and  founding  an 
academy  at  Worthington;  was  consecrated  a 
Bishop  in  1819,  and  after  a  visit  to  England  to 
raise  funds,  laid  the  foundation  of  Kenyon 
College  and  Gambler  Theological  Seminary, 
named  in  honor  of  two  English  noblemen  who 
hftd  contributed  a  large  portion  of  the  funds. 
Differences  arising  with  some  of  his  clergy  in 
reference  to  the  proper  use  of  the  funds,  he 
resigned  both  the  Bishopric  and  the  Presidency 
of  the  college  in  1831.  and  after  three  years  of 
missionary  labor  in  Michigan,  in  1835  was  chosen 
Bishop  of  Illinois.  Making  a  second  visit  to 
England,  he  succeeded  in  raising  additional 
funds,  and,  in  1838,  founded  Jubilee  College  at 
Robin's  Nest,  Peoria  County,  111.,  for  which  a 
charter  was  obtained  in  1847.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  religious  zeal,  of  indomitable  perseverance 
and  the  most  successful  pioneer  of  the  Episcopal 
Church  in  the  West.  He  was  Presiding  Bishop 
from  1843  until  his  death,  which  occurred  Sept. 
'  20,  1852.  Several  volumes  appeared  from  his  pen, 
the  most  important  being  "A  Plea  for  the  West" 
(1826),  and  "Reminiscences:  an  Autobiography, 
Comprising  a  History  of  the  Principal  Events  in 
the  Author's  Life"  (1848). 

CHATHAM,  a  village  of  Sangamon  County,  on 
the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  9  miles  south  of 
Springfield.  Population  (1890),  482;  (1900),  62fl, 

CHATSWORTH,  town  in  Livingston  County, 
on  111.  Cent,  and  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western  Rail- 
ways, 79  miles  east  of  Peoria;  in  farming  and 
stock-raising  district ;  has  two  banks,  three  grain 
elevators,  five  churches,  a  graded  school,  two 
weekly  papers,  water  works,  electric  lights,  paved 
streets,  cement  sidewalks,  btick  works,  and  other 
manufactories.  Pop.  (1890),  827;  (1900),  1,038. 

CHEBANSE,  a  town  in  Iroquois  and  Kankakee 
Counties,  on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  64 
miles  south-southwest  from  Chicago;  the  place 
has  two  banks  and  one  newspaper.  Population 
(1880).  728;  (1890),  616;  (1900),  555. 

CHENEY,  Charles  Edward,  Bishop  of  the  Re- 
formed Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  was  born  in 
Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  12,  1836;  graduated  at 


Hobart  in  1857,  and  began  study  for  the  ministry 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  Soon  after 
ordination  he  became  rector  of  Christ  Church. 
Chicago,  and  was  prominent  among  those  who, 
under  the  leadership  of  Assistant  Bishop  Cum- 
mins of  Kentucky,  organized  the  Reformed  Epis 
copal  Church  in  1873.  He  was  elected  Missionary 
Bishop  of  the  Northwest  for  the  new  organiza- 
tion, and  was  consecrated  in  Christ  Church, 
Chicago,  Dec.  14,  1873. 

CHENEY,  John  Vance,  author  and  librarian, 
was  bom  at  Groveland,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  29,  1848, 
though  the  family  home  was  at  Dorset,  Vt.. 
where  he  grew  up  and  received  his  primary  edu- 
cation. He  acquired  his  academic  training  at 
Manchester,  Vt.,  and  Temple  Hill  Academy, 
Genesee,  N.  Y.,  graduating  from  the  latter  in 
1865,  later  becoming  Assistant  Principal  of  the 
same  institution.  Having  studied  law,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  successively  in  Massachusetts 
and  New  York;  but  meanwhile  having  written 
considerably  for  the  old  "Scribner's  Monthly" 
(now  "Century  Magazine"),  while  under  the 
editorship  of  Dr.  J.  G.  Holland,  he  gradually 
adopted  literature  as  a  profession.  Removing  to 
the  Pacific  Coast,  he  took  charge,  in  1887,  of  the 
Free  Public  Library  at  San  Francisco,  remaining 
until  1894,  when  he  accepted  the  position  of 
Librarian  of  the  Newberry  Library  in  Chicago, 
as  successor  to  Dr.  William  F.  Poole,  deceased. 
Besides  two  or  three  volumes  of  verse,  Mr.  Cheney 
is  the  author  of  numerous  essays  on  literary 
subjects.  His  published  works  include  "Thistle- 
Drift,"  poems  (1887);  "Wood-Blooms,"  poems 
(1888),  "Golden  Guess,"  essays  (1892);  "That 
Dome  in"  Air,"  essays  (1895);  "Queen  Helen," 
poem  (1895)  and  "Out  of  the  Silence,"  poem 
(1897).  He  is  also  editor  of  "Wood  Notes  Wild," 
by  Simeon  Pease  Cheney  (1892),  and  Canton  Club's 
edition  of  Derby's  Phoenixiana. 

CHENOA,  an  incorporated  city  of  McLean 
County,  at  the  intersecting  point  of  the  Toledo, 
Peoria  &  Western  and  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Rail- 
roads, 48  miles  east  of  Peoria,  23  miles  northeast 
of  Bioomington,  and  102  miles  south  of  Chicago. 
Agriculture,  dairy  farming,  fruit-growing  and 
coal-mining  are  the  chief  industries  of  the  sur- 
rounding region.  The  city  also  has  an  electric 
light  plant,  water-works,  canning  works  and  tile 
works,  besides  two  banks,  seven  churches,  a 
graded  school,  two  weekly  papers,  and  telephone 
systems  connecting  with  the  surrounding  coun- 
try. Population  (1890),  1,226;  (1900),  1,512. 

CHESBROUGH,  Ellis  Sylvester,  civil  engineer, 
was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md. ,  July  6,  1813 ;  at  the 


o 

I 

o 

> 
a 

c 


CA 


88 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    <>K    ILLINOIS. 


CHASE,  Philander,  Protestant  Episcopal 
Bishop,  was  Ixirn  in  Cornish,  Vt.,  Dec  II.  ITT'i, 
and  graduated  at  J'artmouth  in  17'J">.  Although 
reared  as  a  Congregationalist,  lie  adopted  the 
Episcopal  faith,  and  was  ordained  a  priest  in 
1799,  for  several  years  laboring  as  a  missionary 
in  Northern  and  Western  New  York.  In  1N<>.">, 
he  went  to  New  Orleans,  but  returning  North  in 
isll,  spent  six  years  as  a  rector  at  New  Haven. 
Conn. ,  then  engaged  in  missionary  work  in  Ohio, 
organizing  a  number  of  parishes  and  founding  an 
academy  at  Worthington;  was  consecrated  a 
Bishop  in  1819,  and  after  a  visit  to  England  to 
raise  funds,  laid  the  foundation  of  Kenyon 
College  and  (iambier  Theological  Seminary, 
named  in  honor  of  two  English  noblemen  who 
had  contributed  a  large  jxirtion  of  the  funds. 
Differences  arising  with  some  of  his  clergy  in 
reference  to  the  proper  use  of  the  funds,  he 
resigned  both  the  Pishopric  and  the  Presidency 
of  the  college  in  1H31.  ami  after  three  years  of 
missionary  labor  in  Michigan,  in  183.1  was  chosen 
Bishop  of  Illinois.  Making  a  second  visit  to 
England,  he  succeeded  in  raising  additional 
funds,  and.  in  1S3S.  founded  Jubilee  College  at 
Robin's  Nest,  Peoria  County,  111.,  for  which  a 
charter  was  obtained  in  1^17.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  religious  zeal,  of  indomitable  [icrseverance 
and  the  most  successful  pioneer  of  the  Episcopal 
Church  in  the  West.  He  was  Presiding  Bishop 
from  1843  until  his  death,  which  occurred  Sept. 
20,  18ri2.  Several  volumes  appeared  from  his  pen, 
the  most  important  lieing  "A  Plea  for  the  West" 
(182G),  and  "Reminiscences:  an  Autobiography. 
Comprising  a  History  of  the  Principal  Events  in 
the  Author's  Life"  (ISIS). 

CHATHAM,  a  village  of  Sanganum  County,  on 
tin?  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  11  miles  south  of 
Springliulil.  Population  (  IN'.MIJ,  lvj:  ( l'.ino>,  c.j'.i.. 

CHATSWOKTH.  town  in  Livingston  County, 
on  III.  Cent,  and  Toledo.  Peoria  &  Western  Rail- 
ways. 7'J  miles  east  of  Peoria;  in  farming  and 
stock  raising  district:  has  two  banks,  three  grain 
elevators,  live  churches,  a  graded  school,  two 
weekly  pa|>ers.  water  works,  electric  lights  paved 
streets,  cement  sidewalks,  biick  works,  and  other 
manufactories.  Pop.  (IN'.HI),  N,'7;  (1!«MJ),  1.03H. 

t'HKISAXSK.  a  town  in  Iro<|iiois  and  Kankakpe 
Counties.  OTI  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad.  l>4 
miles  south  southwest  from  Chicago;  the  place 
has  two  lianks  and  one  newspaper.  Population 
(18SO),  72*:  (1*U(>).  lilli;  (111011,),  .VVi 

CIIKXEV,  Charles  Edward,  Bishop  of  the  Re- 
formed Protestant  Kpiscopal  Church,  was  liorn  in 
Cauandaigua.  N.  Y. .  Feb.  12.  1830;  graduated  at 


lloliart  in  1*">7.  and  licgaii  study  for  the  ministry 
of  the  Protestant  Kpiscopal  Church.  .Soon  after 
ordination  he  became  rector  of  Christ  Church. 
Chicago,  and  was  prominent  among  those  who. 
under  the  leadership  of  Assistant  Bishop  Cum- 
mins of  Kentucky,  organized  the  Reformed  Epis 
copal  Church  in  1*7:).  He  was  elected  Missionary 
Bishop  of  the  Northwest  for  the  new  organiza- 
tion, and  was  consecrated  in  Christ  Church. 
Chicago.  Pec.  14.  1873. 

CHKXEY,  John  Vance,  author  and  librarian, 
was  born  at  (iroveland.  N.  Y.,  Dec.  29,  1848, 
though  the  family  home  was  at  Dorset,  Vt.. 
where  he  grew  up  and  received  his  primary  edu- 
cation. He  acquired  his  academic  training  at 
Manchester.  Vt..  and  Temple  Hill  Academy, 
Genesee.  N.  Y.,  graduating  from  the  latter  in 
ISO,"),  later  liecoming  Assistant  Principal  of  the 
same  institution.  Having  studied  law,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  successively  in  Massachusetts 
ami  New  York;  but  meanwhile  having  written 
considerably  for  the  old  "Scribner's  Monthly" 
(now  "Century  Magazine"),  while  under  the 
editorship  of  Dr.  J.  CJ.  Holland,  he  gradually 
adopted  literature  as  a  profession.  Removing  to 
the  Pacific  Coast,  he  took  charge,  in  1887,  of  the 
Free  Public  Library  at  San  Francisco,  remaining 
until  1*94,  when  he  accepted  the  jiosition  of 
Librarian  of  the  Newlxsrry  Library  in  Chicago, 
as  successor  to  Dr.  William  F.  Poole,  deceased. 
Besides  tw<  Mir  three  volumes  of  verse.  Mr.  Cheney 
is  the  author  of  numerous  essays  on  literar\ 
subjects.  His  published  works  include  "Thistle- 
Drift."  poems  (1KS7);  "Wood-Blooms, "  poems 
(JSSS),  "Golden  Guess,"  essays  (1S92);  "That 
Dome  in  Air,"  essays  (1S'J">);  "Queen  Helen," 
jmem  (ls!(."))  and  "Out  of  the  Silence,"  |MKMII 
(1*!>7).  He  is  also  editor  of  "Wood  Notes  Wild." 
by  Simeon  Pease  Cheney  (1S!I2),  and  Caxton  Club's 
editiiin  of  Derby's  Pin eni. \iana. 

CHEXOA,  an  incorporated  city  of  McLean 
County,  at  the  intersecting  point  of  the  Toledo. 
Peoria  A:  Western  and  the  Chicago  A-  Alton  Kail- 
roads,  4M  miles  east  of  I'eoria,  23  miles  northeast 
of  liloomington.  and  I o2  miles  south  of  Chicago. 
Agriculture,  dairy  fanning,  fruit-growing  and 
coal-mining  an*  the  chief  industries  of  the  sur- 
rounding region.  The  city  also  has  an  electric 
light  plant,  water  works,  canning  works  and  tile 
works,  liesides  t\vo  banks,  seven  churches,- a 
gradeil  school,  two  weekly  pajiers.  and  telephone 
systems  connecting  with  the  surrounding  coun- 
try. Population  (IS'JO).  1.22ii;  (KM').  l.-">12 

CHESBROrciI, Ellis  S)lvostor,civil  engineer, 
was  Ixirn  in  Baltimore.  Md.,  Julvfi,  1813;  at  the 


& 


n 


^i3»->  -    "I    1 

~d  3Sfc\-  •     4  - .    j,I  .« 

SSSsfc-S^f:1^ 


CHICAGO  THOROUGHFARES. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


age  of  thirteen  was  cbainman  to  an  engineering 
party  on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  being 
later  employed  on  other  roads.  In  1837,  he  was 
appointed  senior  assistant  engineer  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  Louisville,  Cincinnati  &  Charles- 
ton Railroad,  and,  in  1848,  Chief  Engineer  of  the 
Boston  Waterworks,  in  1850  becoming  sole  Com- 
missioner of  the  Water  Department  of  that  city. 
In  1855,  he  became  engineer  of  the  Chicago  Board 
of  Sewerage  Commissioners,  and  in  that  capacity 
designed  the  sewerage  system  of  the  city — also 
planning  the  river  tunnels.  He  resigned  the 
office  of  Commissioner  of  Public  Works  of 
Chicago  in  18T9.  He  was  regarded  as  an  author- 
ity on  water-supply  and  sewerage,  and  was  con- 
sulted by  the  officials  of  New  York,  Boston, 
Toronto,  Milwaukee  and  other  cities.  Died, 
August  19,  1886. 

CHESNUT,  John  A.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Ken- 
tucky, Jan.  19,  1816,  his  father  being  a  native  of 
South  Carolina,  but  of  Irish  descent.  John  A. 
was  educated  principally  in  his  native  State,  but 
came  to  Illinois  in  1836,  read  law  with  P.  H. 
Winchester  at  Carlinville,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1837,  and  practiced  at  Carlinville  until 
1855,  when  he  removed  to  Springfield  and  engaged 
in  real  estate  and  banking  business.  Mr.  Clies- 
nut  was  associated  with  many  local  business 
enterprises,  was  for  several  years  one  of  the 
Trustees  of  the  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb  at  Jacksonville,  also  a  Trustee  of  the 
Illinois  Female  College  (Methodist)  at  the  same 
place,  and  was  Supervisor  of  the  United  States 
Census  for  the  Sixth  District  of  Illinois  in  1880. 
Died,  Jan.  14,  1898. 

CHESTER,  the  county-seat  of  Randolph 
County,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River,  76 
miles  south  of  St.  Louis.  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
Southern  Illinois  Penitentiary  and  of  the  State 
Asylum  for  Insane  Convicts  It  stands  in  the 
heart  of  a  region  abounding  in  bituminous  coal, 
and  is  a  prominent  shipping  point  for  this  com- 
modity; also  has  quarries  of  building  stone.  It 
has  a  grain  elevator,  flouring  mills,  rolling  mills 
and  foundries.  Population  (1880),  2,580;  (1890), 
2,708;  (1900),  2,832. 

CHETLA1N,  Augustus  Louis,  soldier,  was  born 
in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Dec.  26,  1824,  of  French  Hugue- 
not stock — his  parents  having  emigrated  from 
Switzerland  in  1823,  at  first  becoming  members 
of  the  Selkirk  colony  on  Red  River,  in  Manitoba. 
Having  received  a  common  school  education,  he 
became  a  merchant  at  Galena,  and  was  the  first 
to  volunteer  there  in  response  to  the  call  for 
troops  after  the  bombardment  of  Fort  Sumter,  in 


1861,  being  chosen  to  the  captaincy  of  a  company 
in  the  Twelfth  Regiment  of  Illinois  Volunteers, 
which  General  Grant  had  declined;  participated 
in  the  campaign  on  the  Tennessee  River  which 
resulted  in  the  capturs  of  Fort  Donelson  anil  the 
battle  of  Shiloh,  meanwhile  being  commissioned 
Lieutenant-Colonel;  also  distinguished  himself  at 
Corinth,  where  he  remained  in  command  until 
May,  1863,  and  organized  the  first  colored  regi- 
ment raised  in  the  West.  In  December,  1863,  he 
was  promoted  Brigadier-General  and  placed  in 
charge  of  the  organization  of  colored  troops  in 
Tennessee,  serving  later  in  Kentucky  and  being 
bre vetted  Major-General  in  January,  1864.  From 
January  to  October,  1865,  he  commanded  the 
post  at  Memphis,  and  later  the  District  of  Talla- 
dega,  Ala.,  until  January,  186C,  when  he  was 
mustered  out  of  the  service.  General  Chetlain 
was, Assessor  of  Internal  Revenue  for  the  District 
of  Utah  (1867-69),  then  appointed  United  State* 
Consul  at  Brussels,  serving  until  1872,  on  his 
return  to  the  United  States  establishing  himself 
as  a  banker  and  broker  in  Chicago. 

CHICAGO,  the  county-seat  of  Cook  County, 
chief  city  of  Illinois  and  (1890)  second  city  in 
population  in  the  United  States. 

SITUATION. — The  city  is  situated  at  the  south- 
west bend  of  Lake  Michigan,  18  miles  north  of 
the  extreme  southern  point  of  the  lake,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Chicago  River;  715  miles  west  of 
New  York,  590  miles  north  of  west  from  Wash- 
ington, and  260  miles  northeast  of  St.  Louis. 
From  the  Pacific  Coast  it  is  distant  2,417  miles. 
Latitude  41°  52'  north;  longitude  87°  35'  west  of 
Greenwich.  Area  (1898),  186  square  miles. 

TOPOGRAPHY. — Chicago  stands  on  the  dividing 
ridge  between  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Lawrence 
basins.  It  is  502  feet  above  sea-level,  and  its 
highest  point  is  some  18  feet  above  Lake  Michi- 
gan. The  Chicago  River  is  virtually  a  bayou,* 
dividing  into  north  and  south  branches  about  a 
half-mile  west  of  the  lake.  The  surrounding 
country  is  a  low,  flat  prairie,  but  engineering 
science  and  skill  have  done  much  for  it  in  the 
way  of  drainage.  The  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal 
terminates  at  a  point  on  the  south  branch  of 
the  Chicago  River,  within  the  city  limits,  and 
unites  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  with  those 
of  the  Illinois  River. 

COMMERCE.— The  Chicago  River,  with  its 
branches,  affords  a  water  frontage  of  nearly  60 
miles,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  utilized  for 
the  shipment  and  unloading  of  grain,  lumber, 
stone,  coal,  merchandise,  etc.  Another  navigable 
stream  (the  Calumet  River)  also  lies  within  the 


i  IIIC.XCi  i  TIM  >K<  >l  (iHKAKtS 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OK    ILLINOIS. 


age  of  thirteen  was  chainman  to  an  engineering 
jiarty  on  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  lieing 
later  employed  on  other  raids.  In  18:57,  he  was 
appointed  senior  assistant  engineer  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  Louisville,  Cincinnati  &  Charles- 
ton Railroad,  and,  in  1840,  Chief  Engineer  of  the 
Boston  Waterworks,  in  18.°>0  Incoming  sole  Com- 
missioner of  the  Water  Department  of  that  city. 
In  18."i."i.  lie  became  engineer  of  the  Chicago  Board 
of  Sewerage  Commissioners,  and  in  that  capacity 
designed  the  sewerage  system  of  the  city — also 
planning  the  river  tunnels.  He  resigned  the 
office  of  Commissioner  of  Public  Works  of 
Chicago  in  187!).  lie  was  regarded  as  an  author- 
ity on  water-supply  and  sewerage,  and  was  con- 
sulted by  the  officials  of  New  York,  Boston, 
Toronto,  Milwaukee  and  other  cities.  Died, 
August  19,  18S6. 

CHESM'T,  John  A.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Ken- 
tucky, Jan.  19,  1810,  his  father  being  a  native  of 
South  Carolina,  but  of  Irish  descent.  John  A. 
was  educated  principally  in  bis  native  State,  but 
came  to  Illinois  in  18110,  read  law  with  P.  II. 
Winchester  at  Carlinville,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1S:J7,  ami  practiced  at  Carlinville  until 
18~>5,  when  he  removed  to  Springfield  and  engaged 
in  real  estate  and  banking  business.  Mr.  I 'lies- 
nut  was  associated  with  many  local  business 
enterprises,  was  for  several  years  one  of  the 
Trustees  of  the  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb  at  Jacksonville,  also  a  Trustee  of  the 
Illinois  Female  College  (Methodist)  at  the  same 
place,  anil  was  Supervisor  of  the  United  States 
Census  for  the  Si.xth  District  of  Illinois  in  18SII. 
Pied,  Jan  11,  18HS. 

CIIKSTF.K,  the  county-seat  of  Randolph 
County,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  Hiver,  70 
miles  south  of  St.  Louis.  It  is  the.  scat  of  the 
Southern  Illinois  Penitentiary  and  of  the  Slate 
Asylum  for  Insane  Convicts  It  stands  in  the 
heart  of  a  region  abounding  in  bituminous  coal, 
ami  is  a  prominent  shipping  ]x>int  for  this  com- 
modity: also  lias  quarries  of  building  stone.  It 
has  a  grain  elevator,  flouring  mills,  rolling  mills 
and  foundries.  Population  (1880),  2,580;  (189(1), 
•-',708.  (1900),  2,8:w. 

CIIETLAIN,  Augustus  Louis,  soldier,  was  liorn 
in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Dec.  20,  18-21,  of  French  Hugue- 
not stock — his  parents  having  emigrated  from 
Switzerland  in  182:!,  at  lirst  becoming  members 
of  the  Selkirk  colony  on  Red  River,  in  Manitoba. 
Having  received  ,i  common  school  education,  he 
became  a  merchant  at  Galena,  and  was  the  lirst 
to  volunteer  there  in  response  to  the  call  for 
troops  after  the  Ixwnbardmeut  of  Fort  Suinter,  in 


1*01,  being  chosen  to  the  captaincy  of  a  company 
in  the  Twelfth  Regiment  of  Illinois  Volunteers 
which  (ieneral  Circuit  had  declined;  participated 
in  the  cam|Kiign  on  the  Tennessee  River  which 
resulted  in  the  capture  of  Fort  Donelson  anu  the 
1  «t tie  of  Sliiloh.  meanwhile  being  commissioned 
Lieutenant-Colonel;  also  distinguished  himself  at 
Corinth,  where  he  remained  in  command  until 
May,  i80:i,  and  organized  the  first  colored  regi- 
ment raised  in  the  West.  In  December,  18C-'i,  he 
was  promoted  Brigadier-General  and  placed  in 
charge  of  the  organization  of  colored  troops  in 
Tennessee,  serving  later  in  Kentucky  and  being 
brevetted  Major-General  in  January,  1804.  From 
January  to  Octolier,  18G."i,  lie  commanded  the 
jxjst  at  Memphis,  and  later  the  District  of  Talla- 
dega,  Ala.,  until  January,  1800,  when  he  was 
mustered  out  of  the  service.  General  Chetlain 
was  Assessor  of  Internal  Revenue  for  the  District 
of  Utah  (1807-09).  then  appointed  United  States 
Consul  at  Brussels,  serving  until  1872,  on  his 
return  to  the  United  States  establishing  himself 
as  a  banker  and  broker  in  Chicago. 

CHICAGO,  the  county-seat  of  Cook  County, 
chief  city  of  Illinois  anil  (1890)  second  city  in 
IKipulation  in  the  United  States. 

SITUATION. — The  city  is  situated  at  the  south- 
west liend  of  Lake  Michigan,  18  miles  north  of 
the  extreme  southern  jKiint  of  the  lake,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Chicago  River;  T15  miles  west  of 
New  York,  T>!KI  miles  north  of  west  from  Wash- 
ington, and  2fi()  miles  northeast  of  St.  I -oil  is. 
From  the  Pacific  Coast  it  is  distant  2,417  miles. 
Latitude  41  52'  north:  longitude  s7  :!.">'  west  of 
Greenwich.  Area  (1  *!>-<) ,  1M>  square  miles. 

TOPOGRAPHY. — Chicago  stands  on  the  dividing 
ridge  lietween  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Lawrence 
basins.  It  is  M'2  feet  alnive  sea-level.  a:j«l  its 
highest  jMiint  is  some  18  feet  ill  Hive  l^tke  Michi- 
gan. The  Chicago  River  is  virtually  a  bayou, 
dividing  into  north  and  south  branches  about  a 
half-mile  west,  of  the  lake.  The  surrounding 
country  is  a  low,  flat  prairie,  but  engineering 
science  and  skill  have  done  much  for  it  in  the 
way  of  drainage.  The  Illinois  &  Michigan  '.'anal 
terminates  at  a  point  on  the  south  branch  of 
the  Chicago  River,  within  the  city  limits,  and 
unites  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  with  those 
of  the  Illinois  River. 

CIIM.MKKI  •!•:.— The  Chicago  River,  with  its 
branches  affords  a  water  frontage  of  nearly  Gil 
miles,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  utilized  for 
the  shipment  and  unloading  of  grain.  ImnU-i 
stone,  coal,  merchandise,  etc.  Anfther  navigable 
stream  (the  Calumet  River)  also  lies  within  the 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


corporate  limits.  Dredging  has  made  the  Chi- 
cago River,  with  its  branches,  navigable  for 
vessels  of  deep  draft.  The  harbor  has  also  been 
widened  and  deepened.  Well  constructed  break- 
waters protect  the  vessels  lying  inside,  and  the 
port  is  ae  safe  as  any  on  the  great  lakes.  The 
city  is  a  port  of  entry,  and  the  tonnage  of  vessels 
arriving  there  exceeds  that  of  any  other  port  in 
the  United  States.  During  1897,  9,156  vessels 
arrived,  with  an  aggregate  tonnage  of  7,309,443, 
while  9,301  cleared,  representing  a  tonnage  of 
7.185,324.  It  is  the  largest  grain  market  in  the 
world,  its  elevators  (in  1897)  having  a  capacity 
of  33,550.000  bushels. 

According  to  the  reports  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
the  total  receipts  and  shipments  of  grain  for 
the  year  1898 — counting  flour  as  its  grain  equiva- 
lent in  bushels— amounted  to  333.097,453  bushels 
of  the  former,  to  289,930.028  bushels  of  the  latter. 
The  receipts  and  shipments  of  various  products 
for  the  year  (1898)  were  as  follows: 


Receipts. 

Shipments. 

Flour  (bbls.)     . 

r).316,195 

5,032,23H 

Wheat  (bu.)     .     . 

35.741,555 

38,094,900 

Corn        "    .     .     .     . 

127.428,374 

130,397,681 

Oats         ".... 

110,293,647 

85,057,636 

Rye          "    .     .     .     . 

4.935.30H 

4.453.384 

Barley     "    .     .     .     . 
Cured  Meats  ill.-  )    . 

18,116.51)4 

UMMJM 

6,75T>.247 
923.627.722 

Dressed  Beef    "   .     . 

110.286,652 

1,060,859.808 

r.ive-stock  —  Hogs 

9.360.968 

1.334.76H 

Cattle 

•J.  480.  632 

864.408 

Sheep    . 

3,502,378 

545,001 

Chicago  is  also  an  important  lumber  market, 
the  receipts  in  1895,  including  shingles,  being 
1.562,527  M.  feet.  As  a  center  for  beef  and  pork- 
packing,  the  city  is  without  a  rival  in  the  amount 
of  its  products,  there  having  been  93,459  cattle 
and  760,514  hogs  packed  in  1894-95.  In  bank 
clearings  and  general  mercantile  business  it 
ranks  second  only  to  New  York,  while  it  is  also 
one  of  the  chief  manufacturing  centers  of  the 
country.  The  census  of  1890  shows  9,959  manu- 
facturing establishments,  with  a  capital  of  $292,- 
477,038;  employing  303,108  hands,  and  turning 
out  products  valued  at  $632,184,140.  Of  the  out- 
put by  far  the  largest  was  that  of  the  slaughter- 
ing and  meat-packing  establishments,  amounting 
to  $203,825,093;  men's  clothing  came  next  ($32,- 
517,226) ;  iron  and  steel,  $31,419,854;  foundry  and 
machine  shop  products,  $29,928.616;  planed 
lumber.  $17,604.494.  Chicago  is  also  the  most 
important  live-stock  market  in  the  United  States. 
The  Union  Stock  Yards  (in  the  southwest  part  of 
the  city)  are  connected  with  all  railroad  lines 
entering  the  city,  and  cover  many  hundreds  of 


acres.  In  1894,  there  were  received  8,788,049 
animals  (of  all  descriptions) ,  valued  at  $148,057,- 
626.  Chicago  is  also  a  primary  market  for  hides 
and  leather,  the  production  and  sales  being  both 
of  large  proportions,  and  the  trade  in  manufac- 
tured leather  (notably  in  boots  and  shoes) 
exceeds  that  of  any  other  market  in  the  country. 
Ship-building  is  a  leading  industry,  as  are  also 
brick-making,  distilling  and  brewing.  • 

TRANSPORTATION,  ETC.— Besides  being  the  chief 
port  on  the  great  lakes,  Chicago  ranks  second  to 
no  other  American  city  as  a  railway  center.  The 
old  "Galena  &  Chicago  Union,"  its  first  railroad, 
was  operated  in  1849,  and  within  three  years  a 
substantial  advance  had  been  scored  in  the  way 
of  steam  transportation.  Since  then  the  multi- 
plication of  railroad  lines  focusing  in  or  passing 
through  Chicago  has  been  rapid  and  steady.  In 
1895  not  less  than  thirty -eight  distinct  lines  enter 
the  city,  although  these  are  operated  by  only 
twenty-two  companies.  Some  2,600  miles  of 
railroad  track  are  laid  within  the  city  limits. 
The  number  of  trains  daily  arriving  and  depart- 
ing (suburban  and  freight  included)  is  about 
2.00U.  Intramural  transportation  is  afforded  by 
electric,  steam,  cable  and  horse-car  lines.  Four 
tunnels  under  the  Chicago  River  and  its  branches, 
and  numerous  bridges  connect  the  various  divi- 
sions of  the  city. 

HISTORY.— Point  du  Sable  (a  native  of  San 
Domingo)  was  admittedly  the  first  resident  of 
Chicago  other  than  the  aborigines.  The  French 
missionaries  and  explorers — Marquette,  Joliet, 
La  Salle,  Hennepin  and  others — came  a  century 
earlier,  their  explorations  beginning  in  1673. 
After  the  expulsion  of  the  French  at  the  close  of 
the  French  and  Indian  War,  the  territory  passed 
under  British  control,  though  French  traders 
remained  in  this  vicinity  after  the  War  of  the 
Revolution.  One  of  these  named  Le  Mai  followed 
Point  du  Sable  about  1796,  and  was  himself  suc- 
ceeded by  John  Kinzie,  the  Indian  trader,  who 
came  in  1803.  Fort  Dearborn  was  built  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Chicago  River  in  1804  on  land 
acquired  from  the  Indians  by  the  treaty  of 
Greenville,  concluded  by  Gen.  Anthony  Wayne 
in  1795,  but  was  evacuated  in  1812,  when  most  of 
the  garrison  and  the  few  inhabitants  were  massa- 
cred by  the  savages.  (See  Fort  Dearborn.)  The 
fort  was  rebuilt  in  1816,  and  another  settlement 
established  around  it.  The  first  Government 
survey  was  made,  1829-30.  Early  residents  were 
the  Kinzies,  the  Wolcotts,  the  Beaubiens  and  the 
Millers.  The  Black  Hawk  War  (1832)  rather 
aided  in  developing  the  resources  and  increasing 


r 


<*> 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    ol-'   ILLINOIS. 


corporate  limits.  Dredging  has  made  the  Chi- 
cago River,  with  its  branches,  navigable  for 
vessels  of  deep  draft.  The  harlMir  lias  also  been 
widened  and  deei>ene<I.  Well  constructed  break- 
waters protect  the  vessels  lying  inside,  and  the 
port  is  of  safe  as  any  on  the  great  lakes.  The 
'•ity  is  a  port  of  entry,  and  the  tonnage  of  vessels 
arriving  there  exceeds  that  of  any  other  |>ort  in 
the  United  States.  During  1*97.  9. I'M  vessels 
arrived,  with  an  aggregate  tonnage  of  7.209,  H2. 
while  9,201  cleared,  representing  a  tonnage  of 
7.1S.">.:i24.  It  is  the  largest  grain  market  in  the 
world,  its  elevators  (in  Is97t  having  a  capacity 
..I':!2..'>r>0,oo0  bushels. 

According  to  the  reportsof  the  Hoard  of  Trade 
the  total  receipt*  and  shipments  of  grain  for 
the  vear  1HOH — counting  llonr  as  its  grain  equiva- 
lent in  bushels — anioiuited  ti>  383.007,4331  bushels 
.if  the  former,  to  2*9.920  ir,>s  bushels  of  the  latter. 
The  receipts  and  shipments  of  various  products 
fni  the  year  (|M!ls>  were  as  follows. 


Receipts. 

Shipments 

Hour  I  bbls.  ) 

5.311!,  195 

5,0:12.230 

U'heat  (bu  1 

35,74I..Vi5 

:>  11:11  '.mil 

i  orn         "... 

127.  t2H,:t7l 

i:lo,:l'.i7.(isi 

Oats         ".... 

IIJ».2!Kt.B47 

S5.057.IKM> 

Hye 

1  935.30N 

1.453.3*1 

ISarley      " 

-'is,  1111.  .V.I  1 

li.  755.  24  7 

i  'tired  Meats  i  Mi-  i 

229.iMl5.2Hi 

923.  027.722 

1  >ressed  lieef 

lin.2Nt!.li.V.' 

I.ii(in.s5!i,sns 

l.ive-stock  —  Hogs 

!).3lill.<HiN 

1.331  ,7(i* 

Cattle 

'.'.  t*o.»i:tv.' 

H<i4.  IOS 

Sheep 

:j.502.37H 

515.00! 

<  'hicago  is  also  an  important  lumber  market, 
the  receipts  in  1*95,  including  shiiiRles,  lieinj; 
I  VW.527  M.  feet.  As  a  center  for  beef  and  pork- 
packing,  the  city  is  without  a  rival  in  the  amount 
of  its  products-,  there  having  been  92.459  cattle 
aud  7(50,. 114  hogs  packed  in  1  HIM -95.  In  bank 
. hearings  and  general  mercantile  business  it 
ranks  second  only  to  New  York,  while  it  is  also 
one  of  the  chief  manufacturing  centers  of  the 
country.  The  census  of  IS<NI  shows  il.959  manu- 
facturing establishments,  with  a  capital  of  $29'-'  - 
177,03*;  employing'  203.1118  hands,  and  turning 
out  products  valued  at  $(KI2.  IM4. 140.  Of  the  out 
put  by  far  the  largest  was  that  of  the  slaughter 
ing  and  mcat-|>acking  establishments,  amounting 
to  :ji203.s'.>5.<l92;  men's  clothing  came  next  ($32.- 
"i|7.22(i)  ;  iron  and  steel.  *:>!.  H9.R54:  foundry  and 
machine  shop  products.  s.".i  !i"s  r,ir,  planed 
lumber  si;  i;n|  |<u  Chicago  is  also  the  most 
important  live-stock  market  in  the  I'nited  States. 
The  Union  Stock  Yards  (in  the  southwest  part  of 
the  city)  are  connected  with  all  railroad  lines 
entering  the  city  :iti.|  .-iixfi-  many  Imndre.ls  <>]' 


acres.  In  1N!I4.  there  were  received  S.7S8.049 
animals  (of  all  descriptions),  valued  at  §148,057,- 
02(5.  Clm-ago  is  also  a  primary-  market  for  hides 
and  leather,  the  production  and  sales  lieing  l)oth 
of  large  pro]>ortious.  and  the  trade  in  manufac- 
tured leather  (notably  in  lioots  and  shoes) 
exceeds  that  of  any  other  market  in  the  country. 
Ship-building  is  a  leading  industry,  as  are  also 
brick-making,  distilling  and  brewing. 

TRANSIIIKTATIOX.  ETC.—  Besides  U-ing  the  chief 
|»irton  the  great  hikes.  Chicago  ranks  second  to 
no  other  American  city  as  a  railway  center  The 
old  "(ialena  <k  Chicago  Union,"  its  tirst  railroad, 
was  ojierated  in  1H49.  and  within  three  years  a 
substantial  advance  had  lieen  scored  in  the  way 
of  steam  transportation.  Since  then  the  multi- 
plication of  railroad  lines  focusing  in  or  passing 
through  Chicago  has  lieen  rapid  and  steady.  In 
1S9.1  not  less  than  thirty-eight  distinct  lines  enter 
the  city,  although  these  are  ojierated  bv  nnlv 
twenty-two  com|>anics.  Some  2.WMI  miles  of 
railroad  track  are  laid  within  the  city  limits 
The  number  of  trains  daily  arri\  ing  ami  depart 
ing  i  suburban  ami  freight  included  i  is  alxmt 
'.'nun  liitnnmiial  trans|x>rtation  is  allorded  by 
electric,  steam,  cable  and  horse-car  lines  Four 
tunnels  under  the  ( 'hicago  River  and  its  branches, 
and  miiiieniiis  bridges  connect  the  various  divi- 
sions l(f  the  city. 

HlsToiiV — I'oint  du  Sable  la  native  of  San 
Doming*))  was  admittedly  the  tirst  resident  of 
Chicago  other  than  the  aliorigines.  The  Kreiich 
missionaries  and  explorers — Martjuette.  Joliet. 
I -i  Salic.  Mennepin  and  others — came  a  century 
earlier,  their  explorations  l>eginning  in  1673 
After  the  expulsion  of  the  French  at  the  close  of 
the  French  and  Indian  War.  the  territory  passed 
under  Itritish  control,  though  French  traders 
remained  in  this  vicinity  after  the  War  of  the 
Revolution  One  of  these  named  I,e  Mai  followed 
I'oint  du  Sable  al»>ut  17!»6.  and  was  himself  suc- 
ceeded by  .John  Kin/.ie,  the  Indian  trader,  who 
came  in  IMS.  Fort  Deurlwrn  was  built  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Chicago  Itiver  in  IH01  on  land 
aconircd  from  the  Indians  by  the  treaty  of 
(ireemille.  concluded  by  (ien.  Anthony  Wavne 
in  ITil'i  but  was  evacuated  in  1*12.  when  most  of 
the  garrison  and  the  few  inhabitants  were  massa- 
cred by  the  savages  (See  Fort  Dmrliorn . )  The 
fort  was  rebuilt  in  IMfi,  and  another  settlement 
established  around  it  The  lirst  (iovernment 
survey  was  made.  |H^1».:JO.  Karly  residents  were 
the  Kin/ies.  the  Wolcotts.  the  Mcuuhiens  and  the 
Millers  The  Black  Hawk  War  (!H#>)  rather 
aided  in  developing  the  resource*  and  increasing 


o 
u 

V 
u 


•5  ± 

I  2 

U*       *-* 
Q 

z 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


91 


the  population  of  the  infant  settlement  by  draw- 
ing to  it  settlers  from  the  interior  for  purposes  of 
mutual  protection.  Town  organization  was 
effected  on  August  10,  1832,  the  total  number  of 
votes  polled  being  28.  The  town  grew  rapidly 
for  a  time,  but  received  a  set-back  in  the  financial 
crisis  of  1837.  '  During  May  of  that  year,  how- 


ever, a  charter  was  obtained  and  Chicago  became 
a  city.  The  total  number  of  votes  cast  at  that 
time  was  703.  The  census  of  the  city  for  the  1st 
of  July  of  that  year  showed  a  population  of  4,180. 
The  following  table  shows  the  names  and  term 
of  office  of  the  chief  city  officers  from  1837  to 
1899: 


Yu«. 

MA  yon 

CITY  ri  IKK 

C»TV  ATTOBMBY. 

CITY  TRKAnmica. 

1837 
1S38 
1839 
1840 
1M1 
1842 
1843 
1844 
1845 
I84< 
1847 
1841 
1849 
1860 
1851 
1852 
1833 
1854 
18U 
IS58 
1857 
18S8 
1859 
I860 
18S1 
1862 
1863 
1864 
18M 
ItMM 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
187S 
1876 

1877-78 
1879-80 
1881-82 
1863-84 
1881-86 
1887-98 
1  1)89-90 
1S91  92 
JB9»  W 

18H-98 

1ST7-1W 
18»  — 

I.  N.  Arnold,  «eo.  l>avt>  ,  i 
Oeo.  Dav!a  
Wm.  H.  Brackett  
Thomas  Hoyna  
Thomas  Hoyno  
J.  Curtis  

N  B  Judd 

Hiram  Pearsons. 
Hiram  Pearsons. 
Ueo.  W.  Dole. 
W.8  Ournee,  N.H.  Boll*s(2) 
N.  H.  Bolles. 
F.  C.  Sheriuan. 
Walters,  yurnee. 
Walters.  Uurnee. 
Wm.  L.  Church. 
Wm.  L.  Church. 
Andrew  Uetzler. 
Wm.  L.  Church. 
Wm.  I.  Church. 
Edward  Manierre. 
Edward  Manierre. 
Kdward  Manierre 
Edward  Manierr*. 
Uriah  P.  Harris. 
Wm.  F  De  Wolf. 
0.  J.  Rose 
C.  N.  Holden. 
Alonzo  Harvey. 
Alonzo  Harvey. 
Alonzo  Harvey  ,C.W.Hunt(6; 
W.  H.  Rice. 
F.  H.  Cutttnc.  W.  B.  Rlce(7) 
David  A.  Gage 
David  A.  Gage. 
A.  O.  Throop. 
A.  O.  Throop. 
Wm.  F.  Wentworth. 
Wm.  F.  Wentworth. 
Wm.  F.  Wentworth. 
David  A.  Gage. 
David  A.  Gage. 
David  A.  Oag*. 
David  A.  Gage. 
Daniel  O'Hara. 
Daniel  O'Hara. 

Clinton  Brlggs. 
Chas.  B.  Larrabee. 
W.  C.  Selpp. 
Rudolph  Brand. 
John  M.  Dunphy. 
Wm.  M.  iwvme 
C.  Herman  Plautz. 
Bernard  Roeelng. 
Peter  Klolbaaaa. 

Michael  J.  Bransneld. 
Adam  Wolf. 
Ernst  Hummel. 
Adam  Ortaeifen. 

N.B.  Judd  
Samuel  I,.  Smith  
Mark  Skinner  
G*o.  Manterre.  
Henry  Brown  
u  Manierre.  Henry  BrowniS) 
Henry  W.  Clarke  
Henry  W.  Clarke  

Alexander  Lloyd  
F.  C.  Sherman  
Ben).  W.  Raymond  

Aug.Qarrett,Alson  S.8hermaut  4> 
Aug.Qarrelt.AlsonS.8herman<4l 
John  P.  Cbapln  
JamesCurtlai  
Junta  H.  Woodworth  

E.  A.  Rucker  

K.  A.  Hncker,  W  in  S.  Hnm  II.  .r.  1 
Henry  B.  Clark*  
Henry  B.  Clarice  

Patrick  Ballinffall  
(Jilea  Hprinc 

O  R  W  Lull 

Henry  W.  Zlmmermaa      
1  Henry  W.  Zimmerman     — 
Henry  W.  Zimmerman     
Henry  W.  Zimmerman     

John  Wentworth  

H.  Krelaman  

H.  Krelsman  
Abraham  Kohn  
A.  J.  Marble  
A.  J.  Marble  

Oeo.  F.  Crocker  

John  Wentworth  
JuIlanS.  Rumeey  
F.  O.  Sherman  

Ira  W.  Buel  
Oeo.  A.Meecb  

Daniel  It.  Driscoll  
Daniel  1>.  Driscoll  

Jolin  B.  Hi.-e  

Albert  H.  Bodman  
Albert  H.  Bodman  

Albert  H.  Hodman  
Charles  T.  Hoichklsa  
Charles  T.  Hotchkiss  
Charles  T.  Hotchkiss  

Haihrouck  Davla  
Israel  N  Stiles 

R.B.  Mason  
R.B.  Mason  
JoiephMedlU  
Joseph  fitadllL  

Israel  »  stiles  

Israel  N  Stiles  

Harvey  D.  ColTln  
Harvey  D.  Oolvln  
Monroe  Heath.  (9>  H.  D.  ColTln. 

Jos.  K.C.  Forrest  
Jo§.  K.C.  Forrest  

Egbert  Jatuteeon  

R.S.  Tuthlll  

Carter  H.  Harriaon  
Carter  H.  Harrison  

P.  j.  Howard  
P.  J.  Howard  
John  a.  NeameUter  
C.  Herman  Plauiz  
D.  W.  Nlckerson  

Julius  H.  UriiiiH'll  
Julius  R.  Orinnell  
Julius  8.  Orinnell  
Hempstead  Wasbburne  
Hempstead  Washburne  

Carter  H.  Harriaou  
John  A.  Roche  

Hempstead  Washburne  
Carter    H.    Harrison.    Oeo.    B. 
Swlft.dll  John  P.  Hopkins  ill  I 
Oeo  B  Swift 

James  B.  B.  Van  Cleave  

Chaa.  D.  Gastfield  
Jamen  K.  B.  Van  Cleave  
William  Lofffler  
William  Lot-flier    .. 

Jacob  J.  Kern.a.A.TrudeUO) 
i  J'-i  A.  Trude  

Carter  H.  Harriaon.  Jr  
Carter  H.  Harriaon,  Jr.  ... 

MllesJ.  Devine  
Andrew  J.  Ryan  .  . 

(10) 

lit) 


•  It    I.  N.  Arnold  resigned,  and  Oeo.  Davis  appointed,  October,  1837. 
2i    Uurnee  resigned,  Bolles  appointed  his  successor  April   1840 
3i    Manierre  resigned.  Brown  appointed  his  successor.  July,  18«. 

K)    Election  of  Uarrett  declared  Illegal,  and  Sherman  elected  at  new  elerii..n.  lield  April,  1844. 

1 5 1    Brown  appointed  to  flu  vacancy  caused  by  resignation  of  Rucker. 

(6)    Harvey  resigned  and  Hunt  appointed  to  till  vacancy. 

7i    Cutting  having  failed  to  qualify.  Rice,  who  was  already  In  office,  held  over 

IB)    Legislature  changed  date  of  election  from  April  to  November,  the  persons  in  offlca  at  beginning  of  lv»  remaining  in  t 
to  December  o:  that  year. 

|9|  City  organized  under  general  Incorporation  Act  In  1873,  and  no  city  election  held  until  April, 1876.  The  order  (or  a  new 
election  omitted  tbe  office  of  Mayor,  yet  a  popular  vote  was  taken  which  gave  a  majority  to  Thomas  Hoyne.  The  Council 
then  in  office  refused  to  canvass  this  vote,  but  Its  successor,  at  its  first  meeting,  did  so,  declaring  Hoyne  duly  elected 
Oolvln,  the  incumbent,  refused  to  surrender  the  office,  claiming  the  right  to  ••  hold  over;"  Hoyne  then  made  a  contest 
for  tbe  office,  which  reaulted  In  a  decision  by  the  supreme  Court  denying  the  claims  of  both  contestants,  when  a  new 
election  was  ordered  by  the  City  Council.  July  12, 1876,  at  which  Monroe  Heath  was  elected,  serving  out  the  term. 
City  Attorney  Kern,  having  resigned  November  21, 1892,  Oeo.  A.  Trude  was  appointed  to  serve  out  the  remainder  of  the 

term. 

Mayor  Harrison,  baring  been  assassinated.  October  28.  1893,  tbe  City  Council  at  it«  neit  meeting  (November  6,  18931 
elected  <ie<>.  R  Swift  (an  Alderman  from  the  Eleventh  Ward  I  Mayor  ad  tnUrim  At  a  special  election  held  December  19, 
13*3,  John  F.  Hopkins  was  elected  to  flu  out  tbe  unezplred  term  of  Mayor  Harrlann. 


. 


UISTUKU  AL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    n|-'   ILLIMU.v 


the  population  of  the  infant  settlement  by  draw- 
ing to  it  settlers  from  the  interior  for  purposes  of 
mutual  protection.  Town  organization  was 
effected  on  August  10.  1S32.  the  total  number  of 
votes  polled  being  28.  The  town  grew  rapidly 
for  a  time,  but  received  a  set-back  in  the  financial 
crisis  of  1»37.  During  May  of  that  year,  how- 


ever. :i  charter  was  obtained  and  Chicago  became 
a  city  The  total  number  of  votes  cast  at  that 
time  was  UK'.  The  census  of  the  city  for  the  1st 
of  July  of  that  year  showed  a  population  of  4.180 
The  following  table  shows  the  names  and  term 
of  office  of  the  chief  city  officers  from  1837  to 


CITV    Cl.KKft. 


C'TY    ATTHKMK\ 


OT\     TKK4MCHKK 


IH37 
1838 
1939 

It40 
1841 
1*42 
IK43 

1-44 
-;'. 
IMf> 
1*47 
tx48 
i-rt 
IH.W 

IM.M 

1852 

IMM 

lH.r,4 

IH55 

IS.W 
1K47 
1H.V* 

l*alt 
1x60 
ivtl 
1-wiJ 

1N«3 
IVrl 

isrtS 

1-'.'. 

It«7 
IHtM 

iHtia 

1S70 

IH72 
1*73 
1*74 
1175 
1876 

1H77-78 
1871*  HO 

iHCtf-M 

ISK5   Hti 

1VC-HH 

i«yi  ;« 
i»y»  in 

iMtt  -»fi 

i-:*7   if* 

X.  It.  Judd 

Hiram  Pearsons. 
Hiram  Pearsons. 

W.S  <iurnee.  N.  H.  B»Um  2} 
N.  H    I:-M.  s 

K.  C.  Sherman. 
Walters.  •,.?-,. 
Walters  •..'-. 
Wm.  L.  Clnirch 
Win.  I.  Church. 

Wm.  1..  Church 
Wm    1..  Church. 
Kdwartt  Manierre. 
Kilwrtril  Manierre. 
!•  >!«  :ml  Manierre 
Kdward  Manierre. 
t'riah  P.  Harris. 
Will.  K    lie  Wolf 
0.1     Rose 
C  N    HoMen. 
Alonzo  Harvey. 
Alonzo  llarve>- 
Alunzo  Harvey  .  C.  W  Hunt  (*  • 
W    II    R«-e. 
F.  II.  CiHtiUK.  W  .11    Bice,? 
l>avitl  A.Uave 
David  A.  UaKe 
A.ti.Thr-Kip 
A.  O.  Throop. 
Wm    F.  Wentworth. 
Win    F.  Wentworth. 
Wm    F    Wentworth. 
David  A.tiatfe. 
David  A.dajce. 
David  A  Oa^e. 
David  A   Oatre. 
Itaniel  (I'Hara 
Daniel  o'Hjtn*. 

Clinton  Briifh*s 
Chas.  It    Ijtrrahee. 
W.  C  Seipp 

Rn.lolph    Bran.l 
John  M.  lUinphv. 
Win    M.  Irvine 
('    Herman  I'lautr.. 
ftenmril  Uoesing 
IVter  Kmltiustia. 

Michael  J    HransheM 
Adam   Wi.lf 
Krnst    Hummel 

Win.  H.  Bracken 

Bt-nj.  W.  Raymond  
Augustus  Garret  t  
AIIR  <  larretl.AIson  S.ShermMn  4 
Auy.Garrett.  Alarm  S.Hhermain4 
John  1*  Clmpin  
James  Ctirliss    
James  H.  Woudworlh  
James  II.  Wundwurth  
.1  :uu.-«  Curtis*  
Walters.  Uurnee  

J.  Curtis  
James  M.  Lowe  
K.  A.  Rucker  

Henrv  Brown.   ..    ...      . 
tj  Miimerre.  Henrv  llmwn  ;d 
ll.-nrv  W.(  larke'  ... 
Henry  W.  chirk*-  
t  'harlrs  H    Lurrattee  
Pairir-k  BnllmKall. 
Giles  Spring  
0    It    W.  Lull      
Henry  11.  Clark  
Henry  II.  Clark  
Arnu  VOSH  
Amu  \  oss  - 
Patrick  Bal!liif[*ll  

K.  A.  Rucker.Wm  s.  Brown,:. 
Henrv  K.  Clurke 

Henrv  It.  Clarke.. 
Sidney  AbeJ    
Sidney   A  bell  
Sidney  A  bell  
Henry  W.  Zimmerman  . 
Henry  W.  Zimmerman  . 
Henry  W.  Zimmerman  .. 
Henry  W.  Zimmerman  

Charles  M.  Gray  

Henrv  W.  Zimmerman  ..     . 

J    K    Marsh  

Klhott  Ai'tlio»> 

Albert  H.  Rodman  
.Uhert  II.  Bodman  
Albert  11    Bodmun  
Alhert  H.  Rodman  
\|!>ert    H.  Bodman   
Charles  T   Holchkiss  
Charles  T.  Hotchkiss  
Charles  T.  Hotchkiss.  
Charle*  T   Hotchki»s  
Jos   K.  C.  Forrest  
Jos.  K.  C   Forrest  

Daniel  I>.  Driscull..         
Daniel   It    Driscoll  
llashroiK-k   liavia  . 
Hashrourk  I>avis...  
llasdroiu-k    Imvis  
Israel  X-  Stiles  
Israel  N.  Stiles  
Israel  N    snlf-    
Israel  N.  Htiles  
j  L'»>.  -  p  Janiiesuti  
Kffheri  Jumieaoit 

R    S    Tuthill 
U.S.  "I  iin.  Ill 
i  MI  mi  s.  tirinnell  
JuliiiM  S.  Orinnell  . 
Julius  K  Orinriell  . 
Hempatead  Waiihhiirne 
Hempstenil  WanhhuriK-  

JncohJ    Kern,  (i  A  Trudr.lOi 
(lr».  A.  Trinle. 

R..VO.    West.. 

Mti-s.l.    Ihxn.e  . 
A  mlrew  J.  H>  MII  

JollU    It     Kir.-      - 

R  B.  Mason  
R   It    Mason 

Juteuh  Medill  
Joseph  Medill  
Harvey  It.  C«»tvin   
Harvey   It.  Colviu  
Monroe  Heath..  *>    11    1>.  C..1vn 
Ttnm.ua  Hoyne,  . 
Monroe  n  .-.>•  :-  
Carter  H.  Harmon 

faspar  Bill/.  .  . 
P  J   Howard 

Carter  H.  Harris*  MI  . 

P.  J   Howard 

Carter  11    Harrison.  . 
Curler  H    Harrison  
John  A    Roche  

Dewitt  C    Creuier  

Hi-mpstcmt  Wa*hhurne 
Carter     H      Harrison     <leo.     It 
Swift.  11.  John  P   Hopkins    11 
<leo.  B.  swift    
Carter  11     Harrison    Jr 
Car|,-r  II.  Hurri*on,.1r 

Joint  «.  Neumetster 
C.  Herman  Plautz  ..... 
II.  W.  Xickerson           

James  It   H.  Van  Cleave  

Chan    I'  <!a*t!ield 
James  It.  11    \  HII  Ch-ave 

William  l..».-m.-r 
Willmm  I  ...-ill.T 

:  Uiirnee  resiKiieil.  liullctt  appointi>i|  Ins  successor    April    1*40 

•  Manierre  resigned.  Brown  appointed  his  nuccevwir   J"l.v.  IM.: 

41  Election  of  Oarrett  decl»r.-<|  nie^til    and  Sheriimn  eledeil  al  ne«  .- 

.  .-11  Brown  appmnfd  t.»  till  vacancy  causal  by  resiicnnlion  ..f  Rucker. 

•  fii  Harvey  rt-siifned  an<l  Hunt  ap|»ointi-d  to  fill  vacancy. 

7>  CuttiiiBhavituffaileil  t..,,ualiry.  Rice,  who  wa*  already  in  nHbi-   hi 

N.  LeK'slatur«  rhauged  date  «>f  election  from  April  lo  Novemlwr.  the  i 
to  L>ecember  u.'  that  year 


offlre  HI   lK-1,'11 


City  i-rK'»ni.'t-(1  under 

election  omiltetl  UK 

then  in  ofUce  refused  to  ca 


Incornoriitioti  Act  in  i-"1-.  ai 
Hi. -i-  of  Mayor,  yet  a  popular  vute  wan  tak< 

•ass  tins  vote,  but  its  successor,  at  its  first  meeting- 


A*  hi 


I  April.  H 
mytoThu 
;lid  s.t.  decta 


>      Tl r> 

NH     il      . 

HoytM 


»r  f»r  a 

TheC.. 

duly  f*li-> 


i.  i 
.-.I 


Colvin.  the  mcuinl>erit,  refused  lo  surrender  the  ollice.  ciaiimnc  the  rn;hi  to  "  h..ld  over."   Hoyne  then  tuade'i 

for  the  office  which  resulted  In  a  decision  by  the  Supreme  Court  denying  ! he  claims  of  bi.th  runte- 

election  was  ordered  by  the  City  Council.  July  12.  lH7(i.  at  which  Monroe"  Healh  was  electetl  serving  out   the  term. 

City  Attorney  Kara,  having  resigned  November  ji  ii ' '  Geo  A  Trudc  wan  ai>|H»int>><l  ••»  serve  ,('j-  me  remainder  of  the 
term. 

Mayor  Harrison,  having  been  assassinatfHl  October  '>.  1*!<3.  the  Cn>  Council  at  it"  nezi  meeting  i  V»vetnl»er  ••  1892) 
•l*cl*>.KIeo.  B  Swift  <an  Alderman  from  the  Kleventh  War-1 .  Ma>urM-I  ...'.-,-.*  \t  r»s(M-.-ial  eie.-n,in  l.el-i  ii* -ember  W, 
IWS.  Joha  P  Uupkiui  was  •l«et«<l  to  nil  uut  the  utn-tpireil  I.T f  Ma>«r  Ilftrrin-Mi 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF  ILLINOIS. 


THE  FIRE  OF  1871. — The  city  steadily  grew  m 
beauty,  population  and  commercial  importance 
until  1871.  On  Oct.  9  of  that  year  occurred  the 
"great  fire"  the  story  of  which  has  passed  into 
history.  Recuperation  was  speedy,  and  the  2,100 
acres  burned  over  were  rapidly  being  rebuilt, 
when,  in  1874,  occurred  a  second  conflagration, 
although  by  no  means  so  disastrous  as  that  of 
1871.  The  city's  recuperative  power  was  again 
demonstrated,  and  its  subsequent  development 
has  been  phenomenal.  The  subjoined  statement 
shows  its  growth  in  population : 


1837 
1840 
1850 
1860 
1870 
1880 
1890 
1900 

4,179 
4,470 
28,269 
112,162 
298.977 
503,185 
1,099,850 
1,698,575 

Notwithstanding  a  large  foreign  population  and 
a  constant  army  of  unemployed  men,  Chicago 
has  witnessed  only  three  disturbances  of  the 
peace  by  mobs — the  railroad  riots  of  1877,  the 
Anarchist  disturbance  of  1886,  and  a  strike  of 
railroad  employes  in  1894. 

MUNICIPAL  ADMINISTRATION.  —  Chicago  long 
since  outgrew  its  special  charter,  and  is  now 
incorporated  under  the  broader  provisions  of  the 
law  applicable  to  "cities  of  the  first  class,"  under 
which  the  city  is  virtually  autonomous.  The 
personnel,  drill  and  equipment  of  the  police  and 
fire  departments  are  second  to  none,  if  nov  supe- 
rior to  any,  to  be  found  in  other  American  cities. 
The  Chicago  River,  with  its  branches,  divides  the 
city  into  three  principal  divisions,  known  respec- 
tively as  North,  South  and  West.  Each  division 
has  its  statutory  geographical  boundaries,  and 
each  retains  its  own  distinct  township  organiza- 
tion. This  system  is  anomalous;  it  has,  how- 
ever, both  assailants  and  defenders. 

PUBLIC  IMPROVEMENTS. — Chicago  has  a  fine 
system  of  parks  and  boulevards,  well  developed, 
well  improved  and  well  managed.  One  of  the 
parks  (Jackson  in  the  South  Division)  was  the 
site  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition.  The 
water  supply  is  obtained  from  Lake  Michigan  by 
means  of  cribs  and  tunnels.  In  this  direction 
new  and  better  facilities  are  being  constantly 
introduced,  and  the  existing  water  system  will 
compare  favorably  with  that  of  any  other  Ameri- 
can city. 

ARCHITECTURE. — The  public  and  office  build- 
ings, as  well  as  the  business  blocks,  are  in  some 
instances  classical,  but  generally  severely  plain. 


Granite  and  other  varieties  of  stone  are  used  in 
the  City  Hall,  County  Court  House,  the  Board  of 
Trade  structure,  and  in  a  few  commercial  build- 
ings, as  well  as  in  many  private  residences.  In 
the  business  part  of  the  city,  however,  steel, 
iron,  brick  and  fire  clay  are  the  materials  most 
largely  employed  in  construction,  the  exterior 
walls  being  of  brick.  The  most  approved 
methods  of  fire-proof  building  are  followed,  and 
the  "Chicago  construction"  has  been  recognized 
and  adopted  (with  modifications)  all  over  the 
United  States.  Office  buildings  range  from  ten 
to  sixteen,  and  even,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Masonic 
Temple,  twenty  stories  in  height.  Most  of  them 
are  sumptuous  as  to  the  interior,  and  many  of  the 
largest  will  each  accommodate  3,000  to  5,000 
occupants,  including  tenants  and  their  employes. 
In  the  residence  sections  wide  diversity  may  be 
seen ;  the  chaste  and  the  ornate  styles  being  about 
equally  popular.  Among  the  handsome  public, 
or  semi-public  buildings  may  be  mentioned  the 
Public  Library,  the  Newberry  Library,  the  Art 
Institute,  the  Armour  Institute,  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  the  Auditorium,  the  Board  of  Trade 
Building,  the  Masonic  Temple,  and  several  of  the 
railroad  depots. 

EDUCATION  AND  LIBRARIES.  —  Chicago  has  a 
public  school  system  unsurpassed  for  excellence 
in  any  other  city  in  the  country.  According  to 
the  report  of  the  Board  of  Education  for  1898,  the 
city  had  a  total  of  221  primary  and  grammar 
schools,  besides  fourteen  high  schools,  employing 
5,268  teachers  and  giving  instruction  to  over 
236,000  pupils  in  the  course  of  the  year.  The 
total  expenditures  during  the  year  amounted  to 
$6,785,601,  of  which  nearly  $4,500,000  was  on 
account  of  teachers'  salaries.  The  city  has 
nearly  $7,500,000  invested  in  school  buildings. 
Besides  pupils  attending  public  schools  there  are 
about  100,000  in  attendance  on  private  and 
parochial  schools,  not  reckoning  students  at 
higher  institutions  of  learning,  such  as  medical, 
law,  theological,  dental  and  pharmaceutical 
schools,  and  the  great  University  of  Chicago. 
Near  the  city  are  also  the  Northwestern  and  the 
Lake  Forest  Universities,  the  former  at  Evanston 
and  the  latter  at  Lake  Forest.  Besides  an  exten- 
sive Free  Public  Library  for  circulating  and  refer- 
ence purposes,  maintained  by  public  taxation, 
and  embracing  (in  1898)  a  total  of  over  235,000 
volumes  and  nearly  50,000  pamphlets,  there 
are  the  Library  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society 
and  the  Newberry  and  Crerar  Libraries — the  last 
two  the  outgrowth  of  posthumous  donations  by 
public-spirited  and  liberal  citizens — all  open  to 


1MY  AFTER    CHICAGO  FIRE. 


:.2  IIISToIMy.U,    KNCYCI. 

TIIK  FIIH:  OF  1*71. — The  city  steadily  grew  HI 
beauty,  population  and  commercial  im]iortance 
until  1*71.  On  Oct.  !l  of  that  year  occurred  the 
"great  h're"  the  story  of  which  has  passed  into 
history.  l!ecu|>eration  was  s|>eedy,  and  the  2.  UK) 
acres  burned  over  were  rapidly  being  rebuilt, 
when,  in  1*74.  occurred  a  second  conflagration, 
although  by  no  means  so  disastrous  as  that  of 
1*71.  The  city's  recuperative  power  was  again 
demonstrated,  and  its  subsequent  development 
has  been  phenomenal.  The  subjoined  statement 
shows  its  growth  in  imputation : 


1837 
IH40 
|sr,o 


4. 17!) 

4.470 

2N.S09 

112,102 

°!)S  1)77 


1ST!  I 
IHSO 
IX'.NI 

19UU 


Notwithstanding  a  large  foreign  population  and 
:t  constant  army  of  unemployed  men.  Chicago 
has  witnessed  only  three  disturbances  of  the 
peace  by  mobs — the  railroad  riots  of  1N77,  the 
Anarchist  disturliance  of  1**G.  and  a  strike  of 
railroad  c'lnployes  in  1*94. 

Mrxicii'AL  ADMIXISTUATIOX.  —  Chicago  long 
since  outgrew  its  s|«cial  charter,  and  is  now 
incor|>orated  under  the  broader  provisions  of  the 
law.  applicable  to  "cities  of  the  lirst  class,"  under 
which  the  city  is  virtually  autonomous.  The 
personnel,  drill  and  equipment  of  the  |M>lice  and 
lire  depart ments  are  second  to  none,  if  noi  supe- 
rior to  any,  to  IH-  found  in  other  American  cities. 
The  Chicago  River,  with  its  branches,  divides  the 
city  into  three  principal  divisions,  known  resjiec- 
tively  as  North,  South  and  West.  Kach  division 
has  its  statutory  ideographical  boundaries,  and 
each  retains  its  own  distinct  'township  organiza- 
tion. This  system  is  anomalous;  it  has,  how- 
ever, Ixitli  assailants  and  defenders. 

I't'iil.ic  iMlMtnVKMKXTS. — Chicago  has  a  line 
system  of  parks  and  boulevards,  well  developed 
well  improved  and  well  managed.  One  of  the 
parks  (Jackson  in  the  South  Division)  was  the 
site  ipf  the  World's  Columbian  K.\  posit  ion.  The 
water  supply  is  obtained  from  Lake  Michigan  by 
means  of  cribs  and  tunnels.  In  this  direction 
new  and  better  facilities  are  lieing  constantly 
introduced,  and  the  existing  water  system  will 
compare  favorably  with  that  ol  any  other  Ameri- 
can city. 

AUCIIITKCTUHK. — The  public  ami  ollice  build- 
ings, as  well  as  the  business  blocks,  are  in  some 
instances  classical,  but  generally  severely  plain 


•iPKIHA    OF   ILLINOIS. 

(iranite  and  other  varieties  of  stone  are  used  in 
the  City  Hall,  County  Court  House,  the  Board  of 
Trade  structure,  and  in  a  lew  commercial  build- 
ings, as  well  as  in  many  private  residences.  In 
the  business  part  of  the  city,  however,  steel, 
iron,  brick  and  lire  clay  are  the  materials  most 
largely  employed  in  construction,  the  exterior 
walls  l>eing  of  brick.  The  most  approved 
methods  of  tire-proof  building  are  followed,  and 
the  "Chicago  construction"  has  lieen  recognized 
and  adopted  (with  mod ilicat ions)  all  over  the 
Cnited  States.  Ollice  buildings  range  from  ten 
to  sixteen,  and  even,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Masonic 
Temple,  twenty  stories  in  height.  Most  of  them 
are  sumptuous  as  to  the  interior,  and  many  of  the 
largest  will  each  accommodate  3.000  to  .~>.000 
occupants,  including  tenants  and  their  employes. 
In  the  residence  sections  wide  diversity  may  In- 
seen;  thechaste  and  the  ornatestyles  lieing  alxmt 
equally  popular.  Among  the  handsome  public, 
or  semi-public  buildings  may  lie  mentioned  the 
Public  Library,  the  Newlierry  Library,  the  Art 
Institute,  the  Armour  Institute,  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  the  Auditorium,  the  Board  of  Trade 
Building,  the  Masonic  Temple,  and  several  of  the 
railroad  dejiots. 

Eni'i'ATinx  AMI  LIIIHAHIKS  — Chicago  has  a 
public  school  system  unsurpassed  for  excellence 
in  any  other  city  in  the  country.  According  to 
the  report  of  the  Board  of  Education  for  ISJIH.  the 
city  had  a  total  of  221  primary  and  grammar 
schools,  liesides  fourteen  high  schools,  employing 
.1.20*  teachers  and  giving  instruction  to  over 
2311.000  pupils  in  the  course  of  the  year.  The 
total  expenditures  during  the  year  amounted  to 
$(i.7H.'U;oi.  of  which  nearly  $4,."iOO.OOO  was  on 
account  of  teachers'  salaries.  The  city  has 
nearly  87,300,000  invested  in  school  buildings, 
liesides  pupils  attending  public  schools  there  are 
aliout  1011,000  in  attendance  on  private  and 
parochial  schools,  not  reckoning  students  at 
higher  institutions  of  learning,  such  as  medical. 
law.  theological,  dental  and  pharmaceutical 
.schools,  and  the  great  University  of  Chicago. 
Near  the  city  are  also  the  Northwestern  and  the 
Lake  Forest  Universities,  the  former  at  Kvanston 
and  the  latter  at  Lake  Forest.  Besides  an  exten- 
sive Free  Public  Library  for  circulating  and  refer- 
ence purposes,  maintained  by  public  taxation, 
and  embracing  (in  isfls)  a.  total  of  over  23.". 000 
volumes  and  nearly  ,~>0.000  pamphlets,  there 
are  the  Library  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society 
and  the  Newlierry  anil  Crerar  Libraries — the  last 
two  the  outgrowth  of  |Kisthumous  donations  by 
public-spirited  and  liberal  citizens — all  ojien  to 


"AY   Al   II.K     CHICAGO   KIRK. 


CHICAGO  THOROUGHFARES. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


the  public  for  purposes  of  reference  under  certain 
conditions.  This  list  does  not  include  the  exten- 
sive library  of  the  University  of  Chicago  and  those 
connected  with  the  Armour  Institute  and  the 
public  schools,  intended  for  the  use  of  the  pupils 
of  these  various  institutions. 

CHICAGO  BOARD  OF  TRADE,  one  of  the 
leading  commercial  exchanges  of  the  world.  It 
was  originally  organized  in  the  spring  of  1843  as 
a  voluntary  association,  with  a  membership  of 
eighty-two.  Its  primary  object  was  the  promo- 
tion of  the  city's  commercial  interests  by  unity 
of  action.  On  Feb.  8,  1849,  the  Legislature 
enacted  a  general  law  authorizing  the  establish- 
ment of  Boards  of  Trade,  and  under  its  provisions 
an  incorporation  was  effected — a  second  organi- 
zation being  effected  in  April,  1850.  For  several 
years  the  association  languished,  and  at  times  its 
existence  seemed  precarious.  It  was,  however, 
largely  instrumental  in  securing  the  introduction 
of  the  system  of  measuring  grain  by  weight, 
which  initial  step  opened  the  way  for  subsequent 
great  improvements  in  the  methods  of  handling, 
storing,  inspecting  and  grading  cereals  and  seeds. 
By  the  close  of  1856,  the  association  had  overcome 
the  difficulties  incident  to  its  earlier  years,  and 
the  feasibility  of  erecting  a  permanent  Exchange 
building  began  to  be  agitated,  but  the  project  lay 
dormant  for  several  years.  In  1856  was  adopted 
the  first  system  of  classification  and  grading  of 
wheat,  which,  though  crude,  formed  the  founda- 
tion of  the  elaborate  modern  system,  which  has 
proved  of  such  benefit  to  the  grain-growing 
States  of  the  West,  and  has  done  so  much  to  give 
Chicago  its  commanding  influence  in  the  grain 
markets  of  the  world.  In  1858,  the  privilege  of 
trading  on  the  floor  of  the  Exchange  was  limited 
to  members.  The  same  year  the  Board  began 
to  receive  and  send  out  daily  telegraphic  market 
reports  at  a  cost,  for  the  first  year,  of  $500,000, 
which  was  defrayed  by  private  subscriptions. 
New  York  was  the  only  city  with  which  such 
communication  was  then  maintained.  In  Febru- 
ary, 1859,  a  special  charter  was  obtained,  confer- 
ring more  extensive  powers  upon  the  organization, 
and  correspondingly  increasing  its  efficiency.  An 
important  era  in  the  Board's  history  was  the 
Civil  War  of  1861-65.  During  this  struggle  its 
attitude  was  one  of  unde viating  loyalty  and  gener- 
ous patriotism.  Hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars 
were  contributed,  by  individual  members  and 
from  the  treasury  of  the  organization,  for  the  work 
of  recruiting  and  equipping  regiments,  in  caring 
for  the  wounded  on  Southern  battlefields,  and 
•roviding  for  the  families  of  enlisted  men.  In 


1864,  the  Board  waged  to  a  successful  issue  a  war 
upon  the  irredeemable  currency  with  which  the 
entire  West  was  then  flooded,  and  secured  such 
action  by  the  banks  and  by  the  railroad  and 
express  companies  as  compelled  its  replacement 
by  United  States  legal-tender  notes  and  national 
bank  notes.  In  1865,  handsome,  large  (and,  as 
then  supposed,  permanent)  quarters  were  occu- 
pied in  a  new  building  erected  by  the  Chicago 
Chamber  of  Commerce  under  an  agreement  with 
the  Board  of  Trade.  This  structure  was  destroyed 
in  the  fire  of  October,  1871,  but  at  once  rebuilt, 
and  made  ready  for  re-occupancy  in  precisely 
one  year  after  the  destruction  of  its  predecessor. 
Spacious  and  ample  as  these  quarters  were  then 
considered,  the  growing  membership  and  increas- 
ing business  demonstrated  their  inadequacy 
before  the  close  of  1877.  Steps  looking  to  the 
erection  of  a  new  building  were  taken  in  1881. 
and,  on  May  1,  1885,  the  new  edifice — then  the 
largest  and  most  ornate  of  its  class  in  the  world 
— was  opened  for  occupancy.  The  membership 
of  the  Board  for  the  year  1898  aggregated  con- 
siderably in  excess  of  1,800.  The  influence  of  the 
association  is  felt  in  every  quarter  of  the  com- 
mercial world. 

CHICAGO,  BURLINGTON  £  NORTHERN 
RAILROAD.  (See  Chicago,  Burlington  <f- 
Quincy  Railroad.) 

CHICAGO,  BURLINGTON  &  QUINCY  RAIL- 
ROAD (known  as  the  "Burlington  Route")  is 
the  parent  organization  of  an  extensive  system 
which  operates  railroads  in  eleven  Western  and 
Northwestern  States,  furnishing  connections 
from  Chicago  with  Omaha,  Denver,  St.  Paul  and 
Minneapolis,  St.  Louis  and  Kansas  City,  Chey- 
enne (Wyo.),  Billings  (Mont  ),  Deadwood  (So. 
Dak,),  and  intermediate  points,  and  having  con- 
nections by  affiliated  roads  with  the  Pacific  Coast. 
The  main  line  extends  from  Chicago  to  Denver 
(Colo.),  1,025.41  miles.  The  mileage  of  the 
various  branches  and  leased  proprietary  lines 
(1898)  aggregates  4,637.06  miles.  The  Company 
uses  207.23  miles  in  conjunction  with  other 
roads,  besides  subsidiary  standard-gauge  lines 
controlled  through  the  ownership  of  securities 
amounting  to  1,440  miles  more.  In  addition  to 
these  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  controls 
179  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road.  The  whole 
number  of  miles  of  standard-gauge  road  operated 
by  the  Burlington  system,  and  known  as  the 
Burlington  Route,  on  June  30,  1899,  is  estimated 
at  7,419,  of  which  1,509  is  in  Illinois,  all  but  47 
miles  being  owned  by  the  Company.  The  system 
in  Illinois  connects  many  important  commercial 


HISTORICAL    rACYCLOl'KDlA    OK    ILLINOIS. 


the  public  for  purposes  of  reference  under  certain 
conditions.  This  list  does  not  include  the  exten- 
sive library  of  the  University  of  Chicago  and  those 
connected  with  the  Armour  Institute  and  the 
public  schools,  intended  for  the  use  of  the  pupils 
of  these  various  institutions 

CHICAGO  BOARD  OF  TRADE,  one  of  the 
leading  commercial  exchanges  of  the  world  It 
was  originally  organized  in  the  spring  of  lK43as 
a  voluntary  association,  with  a  membership  of 
eighty-two.  Its  primary  object  was  the  promo- 
tion of  the  city's  commercial  interests  by  unity 
of  action.  On  Feb.  8,  1849,  the  Legislature 
enacted  a  general  law  authorizing  the  establish- 
ment of  Boards  of  Trade,  and  under  its  provisions 
an  incorporation  was  effected — a  second  organi- 
zation l>eing  effected  in  April,  1850.  For  several 
years  the  association  languished,  and  at  times  its 
existence  seemed  precarious.  It  was.  however, 
largely  instrumental  in  securing  the  introduction 
of  the  system  of  measuring  grain  by  weight, 
which  initial  step  opened  the  way  for  subsequent 
great  improvements  in  the  methods  of  handling, 
storing,  ins|>ecting  and  grading  cereals  and  seeds. 
By  the  close  of  1S5(>,  the  association  had  overcome 
the  difficulties  incident  to  its  earlier  years,  and 
the  feasibility  of  erecting  a  permanent  Exchange 
building  Iiegan  to  l>e  .agitated,  but  the  project  lay 
dormant  for  several  years.  In  1856  was  adopted 
the  first  system  of  classification  and  grading  of 
wheat,  which,  though  crude,  formed  the  founda- 
tion of  the  elalxjrate  modern  system,  which  has 
proved  of  such  benefit  to  the  grain-growing 
States  of  the  West,  and  has  done  so  much  to  give 
Chicago  its  commanding  influence  in  the  grain 
markets  of  the  world.  In  1S.~>K,  the  privilege  of 
trading  on  the  floor  of  the  Exchange  was  limited 
to  meml>ers.  The  same  year  the  Boa.rU  began 
to  receive  and  send  out  daily  telegraphic  market 
rejKirts  at  a  cost,  for  the  first  year,  of  $500,IHH), 
which  was  defrayed  by  private  subscriptions. 
New  York  was  the  only  city  with  which  such 
communication  was  then  maintained.  In  Febru- 
ary, 18.">9,  a  special  charter  was  obtained,  confer- 
ring more  extensive  powers  upon  the  organization, 
and  correspondingly  increasing  its  efficiency.  An 
important  era  in  the  Board's  history  was  the 
Civil  War  of  1861-05.  During  this  struggle  its 
attitude  wasone  of  undeviating  loyalty  and  gener- 
ous patriotism.  Hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars 
were  contributed,  by  individual  members  and 
from  the  treasury  of  the  organization,  for  the  work 
of  recruiting  and  equipping  regiments,  in  caring 
for  the  wounded  on  Southern  battlefields,  and 
"roviding  for  the  families  of  enlisted  men  In 


18fi4.  the  Board  waged  to  a  successful  issue  a  war 
UJMIII  the  irredeemable  currency  with  wliirh  tin- 
entire  West  was  then  flooded,  and  secured  such 
action  by  the  Uinks  and  by  the  railroad  and 
express  companies  a*  com|>elled  its  replacement 
by  United  States  legal-tender  notes  and  national 
bank  notes  In  lS(»r>.  handsome,  large  (and.  as 
then  supposed.  ]>ermanent )  quarters  were  occu- 
pied in  a  new  building  erected  by  the  Chicago 
Chamlier  of  Commerce  under  an  agreement  with 
the  Board  of  Trade.  This  structure  was  destroyed 
in  the  fire  of  OctoU-r.  1S71,  but  at  once  rebuilt, 
and  made  ready  for  re-occupancy  in  pre.-isely 
one  year  after  the  destruction  of  its  predecessor 
Spacious  and  ample  as  these  quarters  were  then 
considered,  the  growing  meml>ershipand  increas- 
ing business  demonstrated  their  inadequacy 
before  the  close  of  1877.  Steps  looking  to  tin- 
erection  of  a  new  building  were  taken  in  1X81. 
and,  on  May  1,  18S.~>.  the  new  edifice — then  tin- 
largest  and  most  ornate  of  its  class  in  the  world 
— was  opened  for  occupancy  The  membership 
of  the  Board  for  the  year  1898  aggregated  con 
siderably  in  excess  of  1.800.  The  influence  of  tin- 
association  is  felt  in  every  quarter  of  the  com 
mercial  world. 

CHICAGO,  III  III  IV.HiN  &  NOI.'TIII  i:\ 
RAILROAD.  (See  ('liiratjo.  Burlington  iV 
(Jitinfy  liiiilruiid.  I 

CHICAGO,  Bl"RLIXGTO>'  A.  QITIXCY  RAIL- 
ROAD (known  as  the  "Burlington  Route")  is 
the  parent  organization  of  an  extensive  system 
which  o|)erates  railroads  in  eleven  Western  and 
Northwestern  States,  furnishing  connection* 
from  Chicago  with  Omaha.  Denver.  St  Paul  and 
Minnea|K>lis,  St  Louis  and  Kansas  City.  Chey- 
enne (Wyo  ).  Billings  (Mont  ).  Oeadwuod  (So 
Dak,),  and  intermediate  points,  and  having  con 
nections  by  affiliated  roads  with  the  Pacific  Coast 
The  main  line  extends  from  Chicago  to  Denver 
(Colo.),  1.02:i. 41  miles  The  mileage  of  the 
various  branches  ami  leased  proprietary  lines 
(1898)  aggregates  4.li27.(Ni  miles.  The  C'oin|>aiiy 
uses  207.23  miles  in  conjunction  with  other 
roads,  besides  subsidiary  standard-gauge  lim-* 
controlled  through  the  ownership  of  securities 
amounting  to  1.110  miles  more.  In  addition  to 
these  the  Chicago.  Burlington  &  Quiney  control 
179  miles  of  narrow-gauge  road.  The  whole 
numl>er  of  miles  of  standard-gauge,  road  operatc.1 
by  the  Burlington  system,  and  known  as  tlm 
Burlington  Route,  on  June  SO,  1899,  is  estimated 
at  7,419.  of  which  1.509  is  in  Illinois,  all  but  47 
miles  l>eing  owned  by  the  Company.  The  system 
in  Illinois  connects  many  important  commercial 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  ILLINOIS. 


points,  including  Chicago.  Aurora,  Oalesburg, 
Quincy,  Peoria,  Streator.  Sterling,  Mendota,  Ful- 
ton, Lewistown,  Rushville,  Geneva,  Keithsburg, 
Rock  Island,  Beardstown.  Alton,  etc.  The  entire 
capitalization  of  the  line  (including  stock,  bonds 
and  floating  debt)  amounted,  in  1898,  to  $234,884,- 
600,  which  was  equivalent  to  about  $33,000  per 
mile.  The  total  earnings  of  the  road  in  Illinois, 
during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1898, 
amounted  to  $8,724,997,  and  the  total  disburse- 
ments of  the  Company  within  the  State,  during 
the  same  period,  to  $7,469.456.  Taxes  paid  in 
1898,  $377,968.— (HISTORY).  The  first  section  of 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad  was 
constructed  under  a  charter  granted,  in  1849,  to 
the  Aurora  Branch  Railroad  Company,  the  name 
being  changed  in  1852  to  the  Chicago  &  Aurora 
Railroad  Company.  The  line  was  completed  in 
1853,  from  the  junction  with  the  old  Galena  & 
Chicago  Union  Railroad.  30  miles  west  of  Chi- 
cago, to  Aurora,  later  being  extended  to  Mendota. 
In  1855  the  name  of  the  Company  was  changed 
by  act  of  the  Legislature  to  the  Chicago,  Burling- 
ton &  Quincy.  The  section  between  Mendota  and 
Galesburg  (80  miles)  was  built  under  a  charter 
granted  in  1851  to  the  Central  Military  Tract 
Railroad  Company,  and  completed  in  1854.  July 
9,  1856,  the  two  companies  were  consolidated 
under  the  name  of  the  former.  Previous  to  this 
consolidation  the  Company  had  extended  aid  to 
the  Peoria  &  Oquawka  Railroad  (from  Peoria  to 
the  Mississippi  River,  nearly  opposite  Burlington, 
Iowa),  and  to  the  Northern  Cross  Railroad  from 
Quincy  to  Galesburg,  both  of  which  were  com- 
pleted in  1855  and  operated  by  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington &  Quincy.  In  1H57  the  name  of  the 
Northern  Cross  was  changed  to  the  Quincy  & 
Chicago  Railroad.  In  I860  the  latter  was  sold 
under  foreclosure  to  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy,  and,  in  1863.  the  Peoria  &  Oquawka  was 
acquired  in  the  same  way — the  former  constitut- 
ing the  Quinc)r  branch  of  the  main  line  and  the 
latter  giving  it  its  Burlington  connection.  Up 
to  1863,  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  used 
the  track  of  the  Galena  &  Chicago  Union  Rail- 
road to  enter  the  city  of  Chicago,  but  that  year 
I  it-nan  the  construction  of  its  line  from  Aurora  to 
Chicago,  which  was  completed  in  1864.  In  1872 
it  acquired  control,  by  perpetual  lease,  of  tlie 
Burlington  &  Missouri  River  Road  in  Iowa, 
and,  in  1880,  extended  this  line  into  Nebraska, 
now  reaching  Billings,  Mont.,  with  a  lateral 
branch  to  Deadwood,  So.  Dak.  Other  branches 
in  Illinois,  built  or  acquired  by  this  corporation, 
include  the  Peoria  &  Hannibal :  Carthage  &  Bur- 


lington .  Quincy  &  Warsaw ;  Ottawa,  Chicago  A 
Fox  River  Valley;  Quincy,  Alton  &  St.  Louis, 
and  the  St.  Louis,  Rock  Island  &  Chicago.  The 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Northern — known  as  the 
Northern  Division  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  —  is  an  important  part  of  the  system, 
furnishing  a  connection  between  St.  Louis  on 
the  south  and  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis  on  the 
north,  of  which  more  than  half  of  the  distance  of 
583  miles  between  terminal  points,  is  in  Illinois. 
The  latter  division  was  originally  chartered,  Oct. 
21,  IMS:,  an<]  constructed  from  Oregon.  111.,  to  St. 
Paul.  Minn.  (319  miles),  and  from  Fulton  to 
Savanna,  111.  (16.72  miles),  and  opened,  Nov.  1, 
1886.  It  was  formally  incorporated  into  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  line  in  1899.  In 
June  of  the  same  year  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  also  acquired  by  purchase  the  Keokuk  & 
Western  Railroad  from  Keokuk  to  Van  Wert. 
Iowa  (143  miles),  and  the  Des  Moines  &  Kansas 
City  Railway,  from  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  to  Gaines- 
ville, Mo.  (112  miles). 

CHICAGO,  DANVILLE  &  VINCENNES  RAIL- 
ROAD.  (See  Chicago  *  Eastern  Illinois  Rail- 
road.) 

CHICAUO  DRAINAGE  CANAL,  a  channel  or 
waterway,  in  course  of  construction  (1892-99) 
from  the  Chicago  River,  within  the  limits  of  the 
city  of  Chicago,  to  Joliet  Lake,  in  the  Des  Plaines 
River,  about  12  miles  above  the  junction  of  the 
Des  Plaines  with  the  Illinois.  The  primary  object 
of  the  channel  is  the  removal  of  the  sewage  of 
the  city  of  Chicago  and  the  proper  drainage  of 
the  region  comprised  within  what  is  called  the 
"Sanitary  District  of  Chicago."  The  feasibility 
of  connecting  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  by 
way  of  the  Des  Plaines  River  with  those  of  the 
Illinois,  attracted  the  attention  of  the  earliest 
French  explorers  of  this  region,  and  was  com- 
mented upon,  from  time  to  time,  by  them  and 
their  successors.  As  early  as  1808  the  subject  of 
a  canal  uniting  Lake  Michigan  with  the  Illinois 
was  discussed  in  a  report  on  roads  and  canals  by 
Albert  Gallatin,  then  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 
and  the  project  was  touched  upon  in  a  bill  relat- 
ing to  the  Erie  Canal  and  other  enterprises,  intro- 
duced in  Congress  in  1811.  The  measure  continued 
to  receive  attention  in  the  press,  in  Western 
Territorial  Legislatures  and  in  official  reports, 
one  of  the  latter  being  a  report  by  John  C.  Cal- 
houn,  as  Secretary  of  War,  in  1819,  in  which  it  is 
spoken  of  as  "valuable  for  military  purposes." 
In  1822  Congress  passed  an  act  granting  the 
right  of  way  to  the  State  through  the  public 
lands  for  such  an  enterprise,  which  was  followed, 


B 
X 

n 


73 

o 
n 


a 

n 
n 


z 

D 

S- 

> 
-i 


z 

H 


HISTORICAL    ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


point-  including  Chicago.  Aurora.  Galesburg, 
yuincy,  Peoria.  Streat»r.  Sterling.  Mendota,  Ful- 
ton. Lewistown,  Rushville.  (ieneva.  Keithsburg. 
Rock  Island.  Beardstow  n,  Alton,  etc.  The  entire 
capitalization  of  the  line  (including  stock.  |HIIIC|S 
and  Moating debt )  amounted,  in  !*!»«.  to  S2:J4.MX4.- 
IHIO,  which  was  equivalent  to  nlmiit  :W:!.0(K)  |ier 
mile.  The  total  earnings  ol  the  road  in  Illinois, 
during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  IV).  1*9*. 
amounted  to  *H,  724, (197.  anil  the  total  disburse- 
ments of  the  Company  within  the  State,  during 
the  same  period,  to  -ST.  ll>!l.4.">t>  Taxes  |iaiil  in 
l«l».  J3S77.9W.— (HisToKY).  The  tirst  section  of 
the  Chicago.  Kurlington  A:  Vtu'ncy  Rjiilroad  was 
const rurted  under  a  charter  granted,  in  1N4!».  to 
the  Aurora  Branch  Kailroad  ( 'oin|>any.  the  name 
being  changed  in  l>Ci2  to  the  Chicago  <&  Aurora 
Kailroad  Coni|»tny  The  line  was  completed  in 
|M.~)3.  from  the  junction  with  the.  old  ( ialena  <X 
Chicago  Union  Kailroad  3o  miles  west  of  Chi- 
cago, to  Aurora,  later  lieing  extended  to  Mendota. 
In  IK.Vi  the  name  of  the  ('om)iany  was  changed 
by  act  of  the  Legislature  to  the  Chicago.  Hurling 
ton  &  (Juincy.  The  section  lietwecn  Mendota  and 
lialeshurg  (W  miles)  was  Imilt  under  a  charter 
grained  in  inril  to  the  Central  Military  Tract 
Kailroad  Company,  and  completed  in  l-~,  (  July 
II.  |M.~)(i.  the  two  companies  were  consolidated 
under  the  name  of  the  former.  Previous  to  this 
consolidation  the  Company  had  extended  aid  to 
the  IVoria  &  Oijuawka  liailroad  (from  Peoria  t» 
the  Mississippi  River,  nearly  op|>ositc  Iturlington. 
Iowa),  ami  to  the  Northern  Cross  Railroad  from 
Vuincy  to  (ialcshurg  lioth  of  which  were  rom- 
pleted  in  1<V>  and  operated  hy  the  Chicago.  Bur 
lington  &  ynincy  In  I<i7  the  name  of  the 
Northern  Cross  was  changed  to  the  Quinry  »V 
Chicago  Railroad  In  l"l>"  the  latter  was  sold 
under  foreclosure  to  the  Clue-ago  Burlington  <V 
ijuincy.  and.  in  IHI^i.  the  IVoria  <S  Oijuawka  was 
aci|iiired  in  the  sfime  way — the  former  constitut- 
ing the  (^uinry  branch  oi  the  main  line  and  the 
latter  giving  it  its  Iliirliiigton  connection  I'p 
to  IXIKI.  the  Chicago,  liiirlington  &  yuinry  used 
the  truck  of  the  fialena  iV  Chicago  t'nion  Hail 
road  to  enter  the  city  of  Chicago,  hut  that  year 
U-gan  the  construction  of  its  line  from  Aurora  to 
Chicago,  which  was  completed  in  1*01  In  1><7',' 
it  acquired  control.  h\  |>ci-[ictual  lease,  of  the 
Burlington  it  Missouri  River  Road  in  Iowa, 
and.  in  INXII.  extended  this  line  into  Nebraska 
now  reaching  Billings.  Mont  with  a  lateral 
branch  to  Dcadwood  So  Dak  Other  hranchcs 
in  Illinois,  litiilt  or  acquired  hy  this  corporation, 
ilii'ludethe  I'eoria  \  I laiuiilial  Carthage  (V  Unr 


lington;  yuincy  &  Warsaw;  Ottawa.  Chicago  & 
Fox  River  Valley;  Quincy.  Alton  &  St.  Louis. 
and  the  St  Louis,  Rock  Island  &  Chicago.  The 
Chicago.  Burlington  &  Northern — known  as  the 
Northern  Division  of  the  Chicago.  Burlington  & 
Quinry  —  is  an  important  |iart  of  the  system, 
furnishing  a  connection  lietween  St  Louis  on 
the  south  and  St.  Caul  ami  Minneafiolis  on  the 
north,  of  which  more  than  half  of  the  distance  of 
">*-.;  miles  lietween  terminal  points,  is  in  Illinois 
The  latter  division  was  originally  chartered.  Oct. 
21.  IHM.">.  and  constructed  from  Oregon.  Ill  .  to  St 
I'm!  Minn,  i-ll'.i  miles),  and  from  Fulton  to 
Savanna.  Ill  (l(i.72  miles),  and  o]Hmed.  Nov.  1. 
IKS»;  It  w;is  formally  incorjiorated  into  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  (^uincy  line  in  IH'.MI.  In 
June  of  the  same  year  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
yuincy  also  acquired  by  purchase  the  Keokuk  & 
Western  Kailroad  from  Keokuk  to  Van  Wert 
Iowa  ill:!  miles),  and  the  Des  Moines  it  Kansas 
City  Railway  from  Des  Moines.  Iowa  to  Caines 
ville.  Mo.  (112  miles) 

I  UK   \<.n.  li\\v  ||  i.l    i  VIM'KXXES  RAIL- 
I!O\II.       See   Cliii-iniii  it-    Kiixti-rn    Illimiix   Hail 

I'm  III. 

(  UK   \l.(»    III!  \I\ACK   (  \>  VI..  ,  channel  or 

waterway  in  course  of  construction  (1*02-991 
from  the  Chicago  River,  within  the  limits  of  the 
city  of  Chicago,  to  Joliet  Lake,  in  the  Des  Plainer 
River,  aliout  12  miles  aliove  the  junction  of  the 
Des  I'laines  with  the  Illinois.  The  primary  object 
of  the  channel  is  the  removal  of  the  sewage  of 
the  city  of  Chicago  and  the  projier  drainage  of 
the  region  comprised  within  what  is  called  the 
"Sanitary  District  of  Chicago."  The  feasibility 
of  connecting  the  waters  of  l^tke  Michigan  by 
way  of  the  Des  I'laines  River  with  those  of  the 
Illinois,  attracted  the  attention  of  the  earliest 
French  explorers  of  this  region,  and  was  com- 
mented upon  from  time  to  time,  hy  them  ami 
their  successors.  As  early  as  1SIIS  the  subject  of 
a  canal  uniting  I.ake  Michigan  with  the  Illinois 
\vas  discussed  in  a  re|Mirt  on  roads  and  canals  b\ 
\lliert  <  iiill.it  in  then  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
irid  the  project  was  touched  u|K>n  in  a  bill  relat 
ing  to  the  Krie  Canal  anil  other  enterprises,  intro 
duced  in  *  *ongress  in  1*11.  The  measure  continued 
to  receive  attention  in  the  press,  in  Western 
Territorial  Legislatures  and  in  oflicial  reports, 
one  of  the  latter  lieing  a  re|~irt  by  John  C  Cal 
houn.  as  Secretary  of  War.  in  1*H*.  in  which  it  is 
••poken  of  as  "valuable  for  military  purposes 
In  |s->-J  Congress  passed  an  art  granting  the 
right  ol  way  to  tin-  State  through  the  public 
lands  for  such  an  enterprise  which  was  followed. 


p 


. 

"*'v  '*'!  i 

.       ^r.  ' 

I  ;     •'        1' 

>t  ..  H 


'.  ,  .  M 


, 

•&  •  '  vv/" 

^  *  |; 

-•  -••'   •'     - 


£ 


SANITARY     CANAL  -  CHICAGO 


MANCHESTER 
no 


NORTH      SEA 

-  9ALTIC- 


NORTH     SEA 

-  AMSTERDAM  - 

2OOOI         


SUE1 


3Z/0 
ryoo 


PANAMA 


WELLAND 

I6OO 


ILLINOIS*  MISSISSIPPI 

HENNEPIN  - 


^ — ^ — •     ','  ;—  —     S 

'-'.'- a  a  •        > 


ERIE 

700 


ILLINOIS'MICHIGAN 


COMPARATIVE   SIZK  OF   NOTED  CANALS. 


r 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


five  years  later,  by  a  grant  of  lands  for  the  pur- 
pose of  its  construction.  The  work  was  begun  in 
1836.  and  so  far  completed  in  1848  as  to  admit  of 
the  passage  of  boats  from  the  Chicago  basin  to  La 
Salle.  (See  Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal.)  Under 
an  act  passed  by  the  Legislature  in  1865,  the  work 
of  deepening  the  canal  was  undertaken  by  the 
city  of  Chicago  with  a  view  to  furnishing  means 
to  relieve  the  city  of  its  sewage,  the  work  being 
completed  some  time  before  the  fire  of  1871.  This 
scheme  having  failed  to  accomplish  the  object 
designed,  other  measures  began  to  be  considered. 
Various  remedies  were  proposed,  but  in  all  the 
authorities  were  confronted  with  the  difficulty 
of  providing  a  fund,  under  the  provisions  of  the 
Constitution  of  1870,  to  meet  the  necessary  cost 
of  construction.  In  the  closing  months  of  the 
year  1885,  Hon.  H.  B.  Kurd,  who  had  been  a 
member  of  a  Board  of  "Drainage  Commission- 
ers," organized  in  1855,  was  induced  to  give 
attention  to  the  subject.  Having  satisfied  him- 
self and  others  that  the  difficulties  were  not 
insurmountable  with  proper  action  by  the  Legis- 
lature, the  City  Council,  on  Jan.  27,  1886,  passed 
a  resolution  authorizing  the  Mayor  to  appoint  a 
Commission,  to  consist  of  "one  expert  engineer  of 
reputation  and  experience  in  engineering  and 
sanitary  matters, "  and  two  consulting  engineers, 
to  constitute  a  "drainage  and  water-supply  com- 
mission" for  the  purpose  of  investigating  and 
reporting  upon  the  matter  of  water-supply  and 
disposition  of  the  sewage  of  the  city.  As  a 
result  of  this  action,  Rudolph  Bering,  of  Philadel- 
phia, was  appointed  expert  engineer  by  Mayor 
Harrison,  with  Benezette  Williams  and  S.  G. 
Artingstall,  of  Chicago,  as  consulting  engineers. 
At  the  succeeding  session  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly (1887),  two  bills— one  known  as  the  "Hurd 
bill"  and  the  other  as  the  "Winston  bill,"  but 
both  drawn  by  Mr.  Hurd,  the  first  contemplating 
doing  the  work  by  general  taxation  and  the  issue 
of  bonds,  and  the  other  by  special  assessment — 
were  introduced  in  that  body.  As  it  was  found 
that  neither  of  these  bills  could  be  passed  at  that 
session,  a  new  and  shorter  one,  which  became 
known  as  the  "Roche- Winston  bill,"  was  intro- 
duced and  passed  near  the  close  of  the  session. 
A  resolution  was  also  adopted  creating  a  com- 
mission, consisting  of  two  Senators,  two  Repre- 
sentatives and  Mayor  Roche  of  Chicago,  to  further 
investigate  the  subject.  The  later  act,  just 
referred  to,  provided  for  the  construction  of  a  cut- 
off from  the  Des  Plaines  River,  which  would 
divert  the  flood-waters  of  that  stream  and  the 
North  Branch  into  Lake  Michigan  north  of  the 


city.  Nothing  was  done  under  this  act,  however. 
At  the  next  session  (1889)  the  commission  made  a 
favorable  report,  and  a  new  law  was  enacted 
embracing  the  main  features  of  the  Hurd  bill, 
though  changing  the  title  of  the  organization  to 
be  formed  from  the  "Metropolitan  Town,"  as 
proposed  by  Mr.  Hurd,  to  the  "Sanitary  Dis- 
trict." The  act,  as  passed,  provided  for  the 
election  of  a  Board  of  nine  Trustees,  their  powers 
being  confined  to  "providing  for  the  drainage  of 
the  district,"  both  us  to  surplus  water  and  sew- 
age. Much  opposition  to  the  measure  had  been 
developed  during  the  pendency  of  the  legislation 
on  the  subject,  especially  in  the  Illinois  valley, 
on  sanitary  grounds,  as  well  as  fear  of  midsum- 
mer flooding  of  the  bottom  lands  which  are 
cultivated  to  some  extent :  but  this  was  overcome 
by  the  argument  that  the  channel  would,  when 
the  Des  Plaines  and  Illinois  Rivers  were  improved 
between  Juliet  and  La  Salle,  furnish  a  new  and 
enlarged  waterway  for  the  passage  of  vessels 
between  the  lake  and  the  Mississippi  River,  and 
the  enterprise  was  indorsed  by  conventions  held 
at  Peoria,  Memphis  and  elsewhere,  during  the 
eighteen  months  preceding  the  passage  of  the 
act.  The  promise  ultimately  to  furnish  a  flow  of 
not  less  than  600,000  cubic  feet  per  minute  also 
excited  alarm  in  cities  situated  upon  the  lakes, 
lest  the  taking  of  so  large  a  volume  of  water  from 
Lake  Michigan  should  affect  the  lake-level 
injuriously  to  navigation;  but  these  apprehen- 
sions were  quieted  by  the  assurance  of  expert 
engineers  that  the  greatest  reduction  of  the  lake- 
level  below  the  present  minimum  would  not 
exceed  three  inches,  and  more  likely  would  not 
produce  a  perceptible  effect. 

At  the  general  election,  held  Nov.  5,  1889, 
the  "Sanitary  District  of  Chicago"  was  organ- 
ized by  an  almost  unanimous  popular  vote 
— the  returns  showing  70,9:>8  votes  for  the 
measure  to  242  against.  The  District,  as  thus 
formed,  embraces  all  of  the  city  of  Chicago 
north  of  Eighty-seventh  Street,  with  forty- 
three  square  miles  outside  of  the  city  limits 
but  within  the  area  to  lie  benefited  by  the 
improvement.  Though  the  channel  is  located 
partly  in  Will  County,  the  district  is  wholly  in 
Cook  and  bears  the  entire  exjiense  of  construc- 
tion. The  first  election  of  Trustees  was  held  at  a 
special  election,  Dec.  12.  1889,  the  Trustees  then 
elected  to  hold  their  offices  for  five  years  and 
until  the  following  November.  The  second 
election  occurred,  Nov.  5,  1895,  when  the  Board, 
as  now  constituted  (1899).  was  chosen,  viz.: 
William  Boldenweck,  Joseph  C.  Braden.  Zina  R. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Carter,  Bernard  A.  Ecktiart,  Alexander  J.  Jones, 
Thomas  Kelly,  James  P.  Mallette,  Thomas  A. 
Smyth  and  Frank  Wenter.  The  Trustees  have 
power  to  sell  bonds  in  order  to  procure  funds  to 
prosecute  the  work  and  to  levy  taxes  upon  prop- 
erty within  the  district,  under  certain  limitations 
as  to  length  of  time  the  taxes  run  and  the  rate 
per  cent  imposed.  Under  an  amendment  of  the 
Drainage  Act  adopted  by  the  Legislature  in  1897, 
the  rate  of  assessment  upon  property  within  the 
Drainage  District  is  limited  to  one  and  one-half 
per  cent,  up  to  and  including  the  year  1899,  but 
after  that  date  becomes  one-half  of  one  per  cent. 
The  bed  of  the  channel,  as  now  in  process  of 
construction,  commences  at  Robey  Street  and  the 
South  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River,  5.8  miles 
from  Lake  Michigan,  and  extends  in  a  sooth- 
westerly  direction  to  the  vicinity  of  Summit, 
where  it  intersects  the  Des  Plaines  River.  From 
this  point  it  follows  the  bed  of  that  stream  to 
Lockport,  in  Will  County,  where,  in  consequence 
of  the  sudden  depression  in  the  ground,  the  bed  of 
the  channel  comes  to  the  surface,  and  where  the 
great  controlling  works  are  situated.  This  has  made 
necessary  the  excavation  of  about  thirteen  miles 
of  new  channel  for  the  river — which  runs  parallel 
with,  and  on  the  west  side  of,  the  drainage  canal 
— liesides  the  construction  of  about  nineteen 
miles  of  levee  to  separate  the  waters  of  the 
canal  from  the  river.  The  following  statement 
<>f  the  quality  of  the  material  excavated  and  the 
I'.imensions  of  the  work,  is  taken  fromapaper  by 
Hon.  H.  B.  Hurd,  under  the  title,  "The  Chicago 
Drainage  Channel  and  Waterway,"  published  in 
the  sixth  volume  of  "Industrial  Chicago"  (1896): 
•  'Through  that  portion  of  the  channel  between 
Chicago  and  Summit,  which  is  being  constructed 
to  produce  a  flow  of  300,000  cubic  feet  per  minute, 
which  is  supposed  to  be  sufficient  to  dilute  sew- 
age for  about  the  present  population  (of  Chicago) , 
the  width  of  the  channel  is  110  feet  on  the  bot- 
tom, with  side  slopes  of  two  to  one.  This  portion 
i  if  the  channel  is  ultimately  to  be  enlarged  to  the 
capacity  of  600,000  cubic  feet  per  minute.  The 
i  »>t  tin  1 1  of  the  channel,  at  Robey  Street,  is  34.448 
feet  below  Chicago  datum.  The  width  of  the 
.channel  from  Summit  down  to  the  neighborhood 
of  Willow  Springs  is  202  feet  on  the  bottom,  with 
the  same  side  slope.  The  cut  through  the  rock, 
which  extends  from  the  neighborhood  of  Willow 
Springs  to  the  point  where  the  channel  runs  out 
of  ground  near  Lockport,  is  160  feet  wide  at  the 
bottom.  The  entire  depth  of  the  channel  is 
substantially  the  same  as  at  Robey  Street,  with 
the  addition  of  one  foot  in  40,000  feet  The  rook 


portion  of  the  channel  is  constructed  to  the  full 
capacity  of  600,000  cubic  feet  per  minute.  From 
the  point  where  the  channel  runs  out  of  ground 
to  Joliet  Lake,  there  is  a  rapid  fall;  over  this 
slope  works  are  to  be  constructed  to  let  the  water 
down  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  damage  Joliet. " 

Ground  was  broken  on  the  rock-cut  near 
Lemont,  on  Sept.  3,  1892,  and  work  has  been  in 
progress  almost  constantly  ever  since.  The  prog- 
ress of  the  work  was  greatly  obstructed  during 
the  year  1898,  by  difficulties  encountered  in  secur- 
ing the  right  of  way  for  the  discharge  of  the 
waters  of  the  canal  through  the  city  of  Joliet. 
but  these  were  compromised  near  the  close  of  the 
year,  and  it  was  anticipated  that  the  work  would 
be  prosecuted  to  completion  during  the  year 
1899.  From  Feb.  1,  1890,  to  Dec.  31,  1898,  the 
net  receipts  of  the  Board  for  the  prosecution  of 
the  work  aggregated  $28,257,707.  while  the  net 
expenditures  had  amounted  to  $28,221  864.57.  Of 
the  latter,  $20,099,284.67  was  charged  to  construc- 
tion account,  $3,156,903.12  to  "land  account" 
(including  right  of  way),  and  $1,222,092.82  to  the 
cost  of  maintaining  the  engineering  department. 
When  finished,  the  cost  will  reach  not  less  than 
$35,000,000.  These  figures  indicate  the  stupen- 
dous character  of  the  work,  which  bids  fair  to 
stand  without  a  rival  of  its  kind  in  modern 
engineering  and  in  the  results  it  is  expected  to 
achieve. 

CHICAGO  GREAT  WESTERN  RAILWAT. 
The  total  mileage  of  this  line,  June  30,  1898,  was 
1,008  miles,  of  which  152.52  miles  are  operated 
and  owned  in  Illinois.  The  line  in  this  State 
extends  west  from  Chicago  to  East  Dubuque,  the 
extreme  terminal  points  being  Chicago  and 
Minneapolis  in  the  Northwest,  and  Kansas  City 
in  the  Southwest.  It  has  several  branches  in  Illi 
nois,  Iowa  and  Minnesota,  and  trackage  arrange- 
ments with  several  lines,  the  most  important 
being  with  the  St.  Paul  &  Northern  Pacific  (10.56 
miles),  completing  the  connection  between  St. 
Paul  and  Minneapolis :  with  the  Illinois  Central 
from  East  Dubuque  to  Portage  (12.23  miles),  and 
with  the  Chicago  &  Northern  Pacific  from  Forest 
Home  to  the  Grand  Central  Station  in  Chicago. 
The  company's  own  track  is  single,  of  standard 
gauge,  laid  with  sixty  and  seventy-five-pound 
steel  rails.  Grades  and  curvature  are  light,  and 
the  equipment  well  maintained.  The  outstand- 
ing capital  stock  (1898)  was  $52,019,054;  total 
capitalization,  including  stock,  bonds  and  miscel- 
laneous indebtedness,  $57,144,245.  (HISTORY).  The 
road  was  chartered,  Jan.  5,  1892,  under  the  laws 
of  Illinois,  for  the  purpose  of  reorganization  of 


VIFAVS  Of   DRAINAGE  CANAL. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


Carter,  Bernard  A  Eckhart,  Alexander  J.  Jones. 
Thomas  Kelly.  .lames  I'.  Mallette.  Thomas  A. 
Smyth  anil  Frank  Wenter.  The  Trustees  have 
ixiwer  to  sell  bonds  in  order  to  procure  funds  to 
prosecute  the  work  and  to  levy  taxes  n|Min  prop- 
erty within  the  district,  under  certain  limitations 
as  to  length  of  time  the  taxes  run  and  the  rate 
percent  imposed.  Under  an  amendment  of  the 
Drainage  Act  adopted  l>y  the  Legislature  in  18!)7. 
the  rate  of  assessment  upon  property  within  the 
Drainage  District  is  limited  to  one  and  one-half 
|ier  cent,  tip  to  and  including  the  year  IS!)!),  hut 
after  that  date  becomes  mic-half  of  one  [>er  cent. 

The  IHM!  of  the  channel,  as  now  in  process  of 
construction,  commences  at  Kobey  Street  and  the 
South  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River,  li.N  miles 
from  Lake  Michigan,  and  extends  in  a  south- 
westerly direction  to  the  vicinity  of  Summit, 
where  it  intersects  the  Des  Plaines  River.  From 
this  pi  ii  nt  it  follows  the  lied  of  that  stream  to 
Lockport.  in  AVill  County,  where,  in  consequence 
of  the  sudden  depression  in  the  ground,  the  lied  of 
the  channel  comes  t»  the  surface,  and  where  the 
great  controlling  works  a  re  situated.  This  has  made 
necessary  the  excavation  of  aliout  thirteen  miles 
ol  new  channel  for  the  river — which  runs  parallel 
••  ith.  and  on  the  west  sid"  of.  the  drainage  canal 

besides  the.  construction  of  aliout  nineteen 
miles  of  levee  to  separate  the  waters  of  the 
'•anal  from  the  river  The  following  statement 
<>f  the  quality  of  the  material  excavated  and  the 
dimensions  of  the  work,  is  taken  fromapaper  by 
II. in.  II.  1!.  Ilurd.  under  the  title.  "The  Chicago 
drainage  Channel  and  Waterway."  published  in 
the  sixth  volume,  of  •'Industrial  Chicago"  (1*911) 
'Through  that  (xirtion  of  the  channel  lietween 
<  'hicago  and  .Summit,  which  is  being  constructed 
In  produce  a  How  of  mil), INK)  i-ubic  feet  |>er  minute 
which  is  supposed  to  be  snllicient  to  dilute  sew- 
age for  aliout  the  present  giopulalion  (of  Chicago). 
the  width  of  the  channel  is  111)  feet  on  tlieUit- 
lom.  with  side  slo|>cs  of  two  to  one.  This  jiortioii 
•i  the  channel  is  ultimately  t<>  lie  enlarged  to  the 
i  apacity  of  600.IKIH  i-iibic  feet  per  minute  The 
bottom  of  the.  channel  at  l.'obcy  Street,  is  '.MUM 
IVet  lielow  Chicago  datum  The  width  of  the 

•  •haiinel  from  Summit  down  In  the  neighlMirho.nl 
..I  Willow  Springs  is  MIK.'  feet  mi  the  bottom,  with 
ilic>ame  side  slope      The  .-lit  through  the  rock 
which  extends  from  the  neighborhood  of  Willow 
Springs  to  the  |ioint  where  t  he  channrl  runs  out 

•  if  ground  near   l.ock|>ort    is  Hill  feet  wide  at  the 
Uittom.     The   entire    d^pth    of    the    channel    is 
sutistantially  the  same  as  at    Uoliey  Street,  with 
the  addition  of  one  foot  in  IIMHMI  I'eet      The  r»ek 


jKirtion  of  the  cnannel  is  "onstrueted  to  the  full 
capacity  of  fJiM).(NK)  cubic  feet  jier  minute.  From 
the  point  where  the  channel  runs  out  of  ground 
to  Joliet  Lake,  there  is  a  rapid  fall;  ove»  this 
slope  works  are  to  t-e  constructed  to  let  the  water 
down  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  damage  Joliet." 
(rround  was  broken  on  the  rock-cut  near 
Lemont,  on  Sept.  3,  1S'J2.  and  work  has  been  in 
progress  almost  constantly  ever  since.  The  prog- 
ress of  the  work  was  greatly  obstructed  during 
the  year  istfs,  by  difficulties  encountered  in  secur- 
ing the  right  of  way  for  the  discharge  of  the 
waters  of  the  canal  through  the  city  of  Joliet. 
but  these  were  compromised  near  the  close  of  the 
year,  and  it  was  anticipated  that  the  work  would 
be  prosecuted  to  completion  during  the  year 
is<)9.  From  Feb.  1,  ls!W,  to  Dec.  31,  1S9S,  the 
net  receipts  of  the  Board  for  the  prosecution  of 
the  work  aggregated  $2H,S.'i7>T07,  while  the  net 
expenditures  had  amounted  to$2s.221  N(>4  ."i7.  Of 
the  latter.  S2U,<)99,2H4.S7  was  charged  to  construc- 
tion account,  $3.ir>K,903.13  to  "bind  account" 
(including  right  of  way),  and  S1.222.092.S2  to  the 
cost  of  maintaining  the  engineering  de|iartinent. 
When  finished,  the  cost  will  reach  not  less  than 
s:!.1.(«Ml.lNN).  These  figures  indicate  the  stujieu 
dons  character  of  the  work,  which  bids  fair  to 
stand  without  a  rival  of  its  kind  in  modern 
engineering  and  in  the  results  it  is  expected  to 
achieve. 

urn  u.o   <;KKAT   WESTERN   RAILWAY. 

The  total  jnileage  of  this  line.  June  :»),  1*!)S.  was 
I.INIS  miles,  of  which  1V>..~>2  miles  are  ojieratcd 
and  owned  ill  Illinois  The  line  in  this  State 
extends  west  from  Chicago  t.i  East  Dubuque.  the 
extreme  terminal  (Kiints  being  Chicago  and 
Minnca|Kilis  in  the  Northwest,  and  Kansas  City 
in  the  South  west  It  has  several  branches  in  Illi 
iwiis.  Iowa  and  Minnesota,  and  trackage  arrange 
ments  with  several  lines,  the  most  ini]Kirtant 
being  with  tljfcSt  F'aul  &  Northern  Pacific  (111.5(1 
miles),  .-omflleting  the  connection  between  St 
I '.-in  I  .ind  Minneapolis:  with  the  Illinois  Central 
from  Kast  Dubu.|ue  to  Portage  (12.2:!  miles),  and 
with  the  Chi. 'agiiit  Northern  Pacilic  from  Forest 
Home  to  i  In- <  fraud  Central  Station  in  Chicago 
The  roiupaii v's  own  track  is  single,  of  standard 
uange.  laid  with  sixty  and  seventy  tive-jiound 
steel  rails.  <  !radc.s  and  curvature  are  light,  and 
the  e.|uipnicnt  well  maintained.  The  outstand- 
ing capital  stock  (1S9H)  was  S.Vi,(ll9.0.'i4;  total 
i-apitalization,  including  stock,  bonds  and  miscel- 
laneous indebtedness.  §57. 1  -M.'J-l'i.  (IIlSTOUY).  The 
road  was  chartered,  Jan  -I,  lsf)2.  under  the  laws 
.'I  Illinois,  for  the  purpose  of  re. irganization  of 


-'-'•  ."•'-"  --;-  ifiSiSf 

•  •._.--,  -_^  '^-  ^r*T, 


VH'.US    UK    DK  \IN.\Ci:   CANAI 


VIEWS   OF    DRAINAGE    CANAL. 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


the  Chicago,  St.  Paul  &  Kansas  City  Railway 
Company  on  a  stock  basis.  During  1895,  the 
De  Kalb  &  Great  "Western  Railroad  (5.81  miles) 
was  built  from  De  Kalb  to  Sycamore  as  a  feeder 
of  this  line. 

CHICAGO,  HARLEM  &  BATAVIA  BAIL- 
ROAD.  (See  Chicago  &  Northern  Pacific  Rail- 
road.) 

CHICAGO,  HAVANA  &  WESTEBN  BAIL- 
ROAD.  (See  Illinois  Central  Railroad.) 

CHICAGO  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY,  organized, 
April  24,  1856,  for  the  purposes  of  (1)  establishing 
a  library  and  a  cabinet  of  antiquities,  relics,  etc. ; 
(2)  the  collection  and  preservation  of  historical 
manuscripts,  documents,  papers  and  tracts;  (3) 
the  encouragement  of  the  discovery  and  investi- 
gation of  aboriginal  remains,  particularly  in  Illi- 
nois; (4)  the  collection  of  material  illustrating 
the  growth  and  settlement  of  Chicago.  By  1871 
the  Society  had  accumulated  much  valuable 
material,  but  the  entire  collection  was  destroyed 
in  the  great  Chicago  fire  of  that  year,  among  the 
manuscripts  consumed  being  the  original  draft 
of  the  emancipation  proclamation  by  Abraham 
Lincoln.  The  nucleus  of  a  second  collection  was 
consumed  by  fire  in  1874.  Its  loss  in  this  second 
conflagration  included  many  valuable  manu- 
.scripts.  In  1877  a  temporary  building  was 
erected,  which  was  torn  down  in  1892  to  make 
room  for  the  erection,  on  the  same  lot,  of  a 
thoroughly  fire-proof  structure  of  granite, 
planned  after  the  most  approved  modern  systems. 
The  new  building  was  erected  and  dedicated 
under  the  direction  of  its  late  President,  Ed- 
ward G.  Mason,  Esq.,  Dec.  12,  1896.  The  Society's 
third  collection  now  embraces  about  twenty-five 
thousand  volumes  and  nearly  fifty  thousand 
pamphlets;  seventy-five  portraits  in  oils,  with 
other  works  of  art;  a  valuable  collection  of 
manuscript  documents,  and  a  large  museum  of 
local  and  miscellaneous  antiquities.  Mr.  Charles 
Evans  is  Secretary  and  Librarian. 

CHICAGO  HOMEOPATHIC  MEDICAL  COL- 
LEGE, organized  in  1876,  with  a  teaching  faculty 
of  nineteen  and  forty-five  matriculates.  Its  first 
term  opened  October  4,  of  that  year,  in  a  leased 
building.  By  1881  the  college  had  outgrown  its 
first  quarters,  and  a  commodious,  well  appointed 
structure  was  erected  by  the  trustees,  in  a  more 
desirable  location.  The  institution  was  among 
the  first  to  introduce  a  graded  course  of  instruc- 
tion, extending  over  a  period  of  eighteen  years. 
In  1897,  the  matriculating  class  numbered  over  200. 

CHICAGO  HOSPITAL  FOR  WOMEN  AND 
CHILDREN, located  at  Chicago,  and  founded  in 


1865  by  Dr.  Mary  Harris  Thompson.  Its  declared 
objects  are:  "To  afford  a  home  for  women  and 
children  among  the  respectable  poor  in  need  of 
medical  and  surgical  aid;  to  treat  the  same 
classes  at  home  by  an  assistant  physician;  to 
afford  a  free  dispensary  for  the  same,  and  to 
train  competent  nurses."  At  the  outset  the 
hospital  was  fairly  well  sustained  through  pri- 
vate benefactions,  and,  in  1870,  largely  through 
Dr.  Thompson's  efforts,  a  college  was  organized 
for  the  medical  education  of  women  exclusively. 
(See  Northwestern  University  Woman's  Medical 
School.)  The  hospital  building  was  totally 
destroyed  in  the  great  fire  of  1871,  but  temporary 
accommodations  were  provided  in  another  section 
of  the  city.  The  following  year,  with  the  aid  of 
$25,000  appropriated  by  the  Chicago  Relief  and 
Aid  Society,  a  permanent  building  was  pur- 
chased, and,  in  1885,  a  new,  commodious  and  well 
planned  building  was  erected  on  the  same  site,  at 
a  cost  of  about  $75,000. 

CHICAGO,  MADISON  &  NORTHERN  RAIL- 
ROAD,  a  line  of  railway  331.3  miles  in  length,  140 
miles  of  which  lie  within  Illinois.  It  is  operated 
by  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Company,  and  is 
known  as  its  "Freeport  Division."  The  par  value 
of  the  capital  stock  outstanding  is  $50,000  and  of 
bonds  $2,500,000,  while  the  floating  debt  is 
$3,620,698,  making  a  total  capitalization  of 
$6,170,698,  or  $26,698  per  mile.  (See  also  Illinois 
Central  Railroad. )  This  road  was  opened  from 
Chicago  to  Freeport  in  1888. 

CHICAGO  MEDICAL  COLLEGE.  (See  .\<,rth- 
western  University  Medical  College.) 

CHICAGO,  MILWAUKEE  ft  ST.  PAUL  BALL* 
WAT,  one  of  the  great  trunk  lines  of  the  North- 
west, having  a  total  mileage  (1898)  of  6,153.88 
miles,  of  which  317.94  are  in  Illinois.  The  main 
line  extends  from  Chicago  to  Minneapolis,  420 
miles,  although  it  has  connections  with  Kansas 
City,  Omaha,  Sioux  City  and  various  points  in 
Wisconsin,  Iowa  and  the  Dakotas.  The  Chicago, 
Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railroad  Company  enjoys 
the  distinction  of  being  the  owner  of  all  the  lines 
operated  by  it,  though  it  operates  245  miles  of 
second  tracks  owned  jointly  with  other  lines. 
The  greater  part  of  its  track  is  laid  with 
60,  75  and  85-lb.  steel  rails.  The  total  capital 
invested  (1898)  is  $220,005,901,  distributed  as 
follows:  capital  stock,  $77,845,000;  bonded  debt, 
$135,285,500;  other  forms  of  indebtedness, 
$5,572,401.  Its  total  earnings  in  Illinois  for 
1898  were  $5,205,244,  and  the  total  expendi- 
tures, $3,320,248.  The  total  number  of  em- 
ployes in  Illinois  for  1898  was  2,293,  receiving 


VIEWS    (M      J>KAINA<;i:    CANAL. 


HISTORICAL   KM  Y(  Lol'KIHA    <>!•'   ILLINOIS. 


the  Chicago,  St.  Paul  &  Kansas  City  Railway 
Company  on  a  st<x-k  liasis  During  1S9.~>.  the 
T)e  Kail)  &  Great  Western  Railroad  (~>>1  miles) 
was  built  from  Pe  Kall>  to  Sycamore  as  a  feeder 
of  this  line. 

CHICAGO,  HARLEM  A;  BATAVIA  RAIL- 
ROAD. (Set>  Cliii'injH  it  .\\irllifm  Pacific  Hitil- 

(  HICAGO,  HAVANA  A:  WESTERN  RAIL- 
ROAD. (See  IlliiKiix  I'l'iitrnl  Knilriuiil. ) 

CHICAGO  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY,  organized. 
April  24.  IM.Vl,  for  the  pur|Misfs  nf  (1)  establishing 
a  library  and  a  cabinet  of  antiquities,  relics,  etc. : 
(2)  the  collection  anil  preserxation  of  historical 
manuscripts,  documents.  pa|>ers  ami  tracts:  (3) 
I  lie  encouragement  of  the  discovery  and  investi- 
gation of  aboriginal  remains  particularly  in  Illi- 
nois: (4)  the  collection  of  material  illustrating 
the  growth  and  settlement  of  Chicago.  By  1KT1 
the  Society  had  accumulated  much  valuable 
material,  but  the  entire  collection  was  destroyed 
in  the  gieat  Chicago  fire  of  that  year,  among  the 
manuscripts  consumed  lieing  the  original  draft 
.if  the  emancipation  proclamation  by  Abraham 
Lincoln.  The  nucleus  of  a  second  collection  was 
consumed  by  fire  in  1x71.  Its  loss  in  this  second 

illagration  included  many  \aluable  iiianu- 

-cript-.  In  1s"  a  tcm|N>rarr  building  was 
erected,  which  was  torn  down  in  1X92  to  make 
room  for  the  erection,  on  the  same  lot.  of  a 
thoroughly  tire-proof  structure  of  granite, 
planned  after  the  most  approved  modern  systems. 
The  new  building  was  erected  and  dedicated 
under  the  direction  of  its  late  President,  Ed- 
ward C,.  Mason,  Esq.,  Dec.  12,  1X9«.'  The  Society's 
third  collection  now  embraces  about  twenty-five 
thousand  volumes  and  nearly  fifty  thonsaml 
pamphlets;  seventy-live  jiortraits  in  oils,  with 
other  works  of  art ;  a  valuable  collection  of 
inauuscript  documents,  and  a  large  museum  of 
local  and  miscellaneous  antiquities.  Mr.  Charles 
Evans  is  Secretary  and  Librarian. 

CHICAGO  HOMOEOPATHIC  MEDICAL  COL- 
I  I  1. 1  .  organized  in  1x70.  with  a  teaching  faculty 
of  nineteen  and  forty-live  matriculates  Its  first 
term  o|>enud  October  I.  of  that  year,  in  a  leased 
building.  Liy  1SS1  the  college  hail  outgrown  its 
first  quarters,  and  a  commodious,  well  apjMiinted 
structure  was  erected  by  the  trustees,  in  a  more 
desirable  location  The  institution  was  among 
I  he  first  to  introduce  a  graded  course  of  instruc- 
tion, extending  over  a  [period  of  eighteen  years. 
In  1M97,  the matrieulatingclassnumbcred over 2011. 

CHICAGO  HOSPITAL  FOR  WOMEN  AMI 
CHILDREN. located  at  Chicago,  and  founded  in 


lsii.%  by  Dr.  Mary  Harris  Thompson.  Its  declared 
objects  are :  "Tit  afford  a  home  for  women  and 
children  among  the  respectable  poor  in  need  of 
medical  and  surgical  aid;  to  treat  the  same 
classes  at  home  by  an  assistant  'physician;  to 
afford  a  free  dispensary  for  the  same,  and  to 
train  conijieteiit  nurses."  At  the  outset  the 
hospital  was  fairly  well  sustained  through  pri- 
vate Item-factions,  and.  in  1S70,  largely  through 
Dr.  Thompson's  efforts,  a  college  was  organized 
for  the  medical  education  of  women  exclusively. 
(See  \tniti tn-stern  I'liirt-rxiti/  II "('/mm'*  .l/n//Va7 
Nrlinol. )  The  hospital  building  was  totally 
destroyed  in  the  great  fire  of  1*71.  but  temjHirarv 
accommodations  were  provided  in  another  section 
of  the  city.  The  following  year,  with  the  ai  1  of 
*->r>.(IO(l  appropriated  by  the  Chicago  Relief  and 
Aid  Society,  a  permanent  building  was  pur- 
chased, and,  in  IXX.l,  a  new.  commodious  and  well 
planned  building  was  erected  on  the  same  site,  at 
a  cost  of  about  §75,000. 

CHICAGO,  MADISON  ,v  NORTHERN  RAIL- 
ROAD, a  line  of  railway  231.3  miles  in  length.  140 
miles  of  which  lie  within  Illinois.  It  is  operated 
by  the  Illinois  Central  Kailroad  Company,  and  is 
known  as  its  "Freeport  Division.'  The  |>ar  value 
of  the  capital  stock  outstanding  is  >CiO,lKX>  and  of 
Umds  §2,.~>00.000,  while  the  floating  debt  is 
$3.fi2o,fi'jx.  making  a  total  capitalization  of 
$l!.  170.li9S.  or  $2(i.li'JS  |>er  mile.  (See  also  Illinois 
Ci'ntml  Hiiilruiul)  This  road  was  o[tened  from 
Chicago  to  Free-port  in  1XX8. 

CHICAGO  MEDICAL  COLLEGE.  (See  A'.wrfc- 
iresli'rii  I'liircrsitif  Mftlical  Cnllcfjp.) 

CHICAGO.  MILWAUKEE  ,v  ST.  PAl  L  RAIL- 
WAV,  one  of  the  great  trunk  lines  of  the  North- 
west, having  a  total  mileage  (1S9S)  of  fi,  153.83 
miles,  of  which  317.94  are  in  Illinois.  The  main 
line  extends  from  Chicago  to  Minnea|Kilis.  420 
miles,  although  it  has  connections  with  Kans:is 
City,  Omaha  Sioux  City  and  various  jHiiDts  in 
Wisconsin.  Io\va  and  the  Dakotas  The  Clmiigo, 
Milwaukee  >V  St  Paul  Railroad  < 'oinpany  enjoys 
the  distinction  of  lieing  the  owner  of  all  the  lines 
o|MT.ited  bv  il  though  it  operates  21.1  miles  of 
second  trai-k-  owned  jointly  with  other  lines. 
The  greater  part  of  its  track  i>  laid  with 
do.  7.">  and  s.Vlb.  steel  rails  The  total  capital 
invested  (ls!ISi  is  $22i».iKI.V«ol.  distributed  as 
follows:  capital  slock.  $77. M4.-|.IK*I ;  l-oiided  debt. 
S13.'i.2S.'i..VMI;  other  form-  of  indebtedness, 
85.575,401.  Its  total  earnings  in  Illinois  for 
isys  were  •'?r..20.ri.2-M,  and  the  total  expendi- 
tures. S3.320.2IM.  The  total  number  of  em- 
ployes in  Illinois  for  isfls  was  2.293  receiving 


98 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


$1,746,827.70  in  aggregate  compensation.  Taxes 
paid  for  the  same  year  amounted  to  8 151,385. — 
(HISTORY).  The  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul 
Railway  was  organized  iu  1803  under  the  name 
of  the  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railway.  The  Illi- 
nois portion  of  the  main  line  was  built  under  a 
charter  granted  to  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St. 
Paul  Railway  Company,  and  the  Wisconsin  por- 
tion under  charter  to  the  Wisconsin  Union  Rail- 
road Company;  the  whole  built  and  opened  in 
1872  and  purchased  by  the  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul 
Railway  Company.  .  It  subsequently  acquired  by 
purchase  several  lines  in  Wisconsin,  the  whole 
receiving  the  present  name  of  the  line  by  act  of 
the  Wisconsin  Legislature,  passed,  Feb.  14,  1874. 
The  Chicago  &  Evanston  Railroad  was  cliartered, 
Feb.  16,  1861,  built  from  Chicago  to  Calvary  (10.8 
miles),  and  opened,  May  1,  1885;  was  consolidated 
with  the  Chicago  &  Lake  Superior  Railroad, 
under  the  title  of  the  Chicago,  Evanston  &  Lake 
Superior  Railroad  Company,  Dec.  22,  1885,  opened 
to  Evanston,  August  1,  1886,  and  purchased,  in 
June,  1887,  by  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St. 
Paul  Railway  Company.  The  Road,  as  now 
organized,  is  made  up  of  twenty-two  divisions 
located  in  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Minnesota, 
North  and  South  Dakota,  Missouri  and  Michigan. 

CHICAGO,  PADUCAH  &  MEMPHIS  RAIL- 
BOAD  (Projected),  a  road  chartered,  Dec.  19, 
1893,  to  run  between  Altamont  anil  Metropolis, 
111.,  152  miles,  with  a  branch  from  Johnston  City 
to  Carbondale,  20  miles— total  length,  172  miles. 
The  gauge  is  standard,  and  the  track  laid  with 
sixty-pound  steel  rails.  By  Feb.  1,  1895,  the  road 
from  Altamont  to  Marion  (100  miles)  was  com- 
pleted, and  work  on  the  remainder  of  the  line  lias 
been  in  progress.  It  is  intended  to  connect  with 
the  Wabash  and  the  St.  Louis  Southern  systems. 
Capital  stock  authorized  and  subscribed.  $2,500,- 
000;  bonds  issued,  $1,575,000.  Funded  debt, 
authorized,  $15,000  per  mile  in  five  per  cent  first 
mortgage  gold  bonds.  Cost  of  road  up  to  Feb.  1, 
1895,  $20,000  per  mile ;  estimated  cost  of  the  entire 
line,  $2,000,000.  In  December,  1896,  this  road 
passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Chicago  &  Eastern 
Illinois  Railroad  Company,  and  is  now  operated  to 
Marion,  in  Williamson  County.  (See  Chicago  <t 
Eastern  Illinois  Railroad.) 

CHICAGO,  PEKIN  &  SOUTHWESTERN  RAIL- 
ROAD,  a  division  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Rail- 
road, chartered  as  the  Chicago  &  Plainfield 
Railroad,  in  1859;  opened  from  Pekin  to  Streator 
in  1873,  and  to  Mazon  Bridge  in  1876 ,  sold  under 
foreclosure  in  1879,  and  now  constitutes  a  part  of 
the  Chicago  &  Alton  system. 


CHICAGO,  PEORIA  &  ST.  LOUIS  RAILROAD 
COMPANY  (of  Illinois),  a  corporation  operating 
two  lines  of  railroad,  one  extending  from  Peoria 
to  Jacksonville,  and  the  other  from  Peoria  to 
Springfield,  with  a  connection  from  the  latter 
place  (in  1895),  over  a  leased  line,  with  St.  Louis. 
The  total  mileage,  as  officially  reported  in  1895, 
was  208.66  miles,  of  which  166  were  owned  by 
the  corporation.  (1)  The  original  of  the  Jackson- 
ville Division  of  this  line  was  the  Illinois  River 
Railroad,  opened  from  Pekin  to  Virginia  in  1859. 
In  October,  1863,  it  was  sold  under  foreclosure, 
and,  early  in  1864,  was  transferred  by  the  pur- 
chasers to  a  new  corporation  called  the  Peoria, 
Pekin  &  Jacksonville  Railroad  Company,  by 
whom  it  was  extended  the  same  year  to  Peoria, 
and,  in  1869,  to  Jacksonville.  Another  fore- 
closure, in  1879,  resulted  in  its  sale  to  the 
creditors,  followed  by  consolidation,  in  1881, 
with  the  Wabash,  St.  Louis  &  Pacific  Railway. 
(2)  The  Springfield  Division  was  incorporated  in 
1869  as  the  Springfield  &  Northwestern  Railway ; 
construction  was  begun  in  1872,  and  road  opened 
from  Springfield  to  Havana  (45.20  miles)  in 
December,  1874,  and  from  Havana  to  Pekin  anil 
Peoria  over  the  track  of  the  Peoria,  Pekin  & 
Jacksonville  line.  The  same  year  the  road  was 
leased  to  the  Indianapolis,  Bloomington  &  West- 
ern Railroad  ComjKiny,  but  the  lease  was  for- 
feited, in  1875,  and  the  road  placed  in  the  hands 
of  a  receiver.  In  1881,  together  with  the 
Jacksonville  Division,  it  was  transferred  to  the 
Wabash,  St.  Louis  &  Pacific  Railway,  and  by 
that  company  operated  as  the  Peoria  &  Spring- 
field Railroad.  The  Wabash,  St.  Louis  &  Pacific 
having  defaulted  and  gone  into  the  hands  of  a 
receiver,  both  the  Jacksonville  and  the  Spring- 
field Divisions  were  reorganized  in  February, 
1887,  under  the  name  of  the  Chicago,  Peoria  & 
St.  Louis  Railroad,  and  placed  under  control  of 
the  Jacksonville  .Southeastern  Railroad.  A 
reorganization  of  the  latter  took  place,  in  1890, 
under  the  name  of  the  Jacksonville,  Louisville  & 
St.  Louis  Railway,  and,  in  1893,  it  passed  into  the 
hands  of  receivers,  and  was  severed  from  its 
allied  lines.  The  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  Louis 
Railroad  remained  under  the  management  of  a 
separate  receiver  until  January,  1896,  when  a 
reorganization  was  effected  under  its  present 
name — "The  Chicago,  Peoria  &  St.  Louis  Kail 
road  of  Illinois."  The  lease  of  the  Springfield 
&  St.  Louis  Division  having  expired  in  Decem- 
ber, 1895,  it  has  also  been  reorganized  as  an 
independent  corjx>rati<m  under  the  name  of  the 
St.  Louis,  Peoria  &  Northern  Railway  (which  see) 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


CHICAGO  RIVER,  a  sluggish  stream,  draining 
a  narrow  strip  of  land  between  Lake  Michigan 
and  the  Des  Plaines  River,  the  entire  watershed 
drained  amounting  to  some  470  square  miles.  It 
is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  "North"  and 
the  "South  Branch,"  which  unite  less  than  a  mile 
and  a  half  from  the  mouth  of  the  main  stream. 
At  an  early  day  the  former  was  known  as  the 
••Guarie"  and  the  latter  as  "Portage  River."  The 
total  length  of  the  North  Branch  is  about  20  miles, 
only  a  small  fraction  of  which  is  navigable.  The 
South  Branch  is  shorter  but  offers  greater  facilities 
for  navigation,  being  lined  along  its  lower  por- 
tions with  grain-elevators,  lumber-yards  and 
manufactories.  The  Illinois  Indians  in  early  days 
found  an  easy  portage  between  it  and  the  Des 
Plaines  River.  The  Chicago  River,  with  its 
branches,  separates  Chicago  into  three  divisions, 
known,  respectively,  as  the  "North"  the  "South" 
and  the  "West  Divisions."  Drawbridges  have 
been  erected  at  the  principal  street  crossings 
over  the  river  and  both  branches,  and  four 
tunnels,  connecting  the  various  divisions  of  the 
city,  have  been  constructed  under  the  river  bed. 

CHICAGO,  ROCK  ISLAND  &  PACIFIC  RAIL- 
WAY, formed  by  the  consolidation  of  various 
lines  in  1880.  The  parent  corporation  (The 
Chicago  &  Rock  Island  Railroad)  was  chartered 
in  Illinois  in  1851,  and  the  road  opened  from  Chi- 
cago to  the  Mississippi  River  at  Rock  Island  (181 
miles),  July  10,  1854.  In  1852  a  company  was 
chartered  under  the  name  of  the  Mississippi  & 
Missouri  Railroad  for  the  extension  of  the  road 
from  the  Mississippi  to  the  Missouri  River.  The 
two  roads  were  consolidated  in  1866  as  the  Chi- 
cago, Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railroad,  and  the 
extension  to  the  Missouri  River  and  a  junction 
with  the  Union  Pacific  completed  in  1869.  The 
Peoria  &  Bureau  Valley  Railroad  (an  important 
feeder  from  Peoria  to  Bureau  Junction  —  46.7 
miles)  was  incorporated  in  1853,  and  completed 
and  leased  in  perpetuity  to  the  Chicago  &  Rock 
Island  Railroad,  in  1854.  The  St.  Joseph  &  Iowa 
Railroad  was  purchased  in  1889,  and  the  Kansas 
City  &  Topeka  Railway  in  1891.  The  Company 
has  financial  and  traffic  agreements  with  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Texas  Railway,  extending 
from  Terral  Station,  Indian  Territory,  to  Fort 
Worth,  Texas.  The  road  also  has  connections 
from  Chicago  with  Peoria;  St.  Paul  and  Minne- 
apolis; Omaha  and  Lincoln  (Neb.);  Denver.  Colo- 
rado Springs  and  Pueblo  (Colo. ),  besides  various 
points  in  South  Dakota,  Iowa  and  Southwestern 
Kansas.  The  extent  of  the  lines  owned  and 
operated  by  the  Company  ( '  'Poor's  Manual, ' '  1898) , 


is  3,568.15  miles,  of  which  236.51  miles  are  in 
Illinois,  189.52  miles  being  owned  by  the  corpo- 
ration. All  of  the  Company's  owned  and 
leased  lines  are  laid  with  steel  rails.  The  total 
capitalization  reported  for  the  same  year  was 
$116,748,211,  of  which  §50,000,000  was  in  stock 
and  $58,830,000  in  bonds.  The  total  earnings  and 
income  of  the  line  in  Illinois,  for  the  year  ending 
June  30,  1898,  was  $5,851,875,  and  the  total 
expenses  $3,401,165,  of  which  $233,129  was  in  the 
form  of  taxes.  The  Company  has  received  under 
Congressional  grants  550, 194  acres  of  land,  exclu- 
sive of  State  grants,  of  which  there  had  been  sold, 
up  to  March  31,  1894,  548,609  acres. 

CHICAGO,  ST.  PAUL  &  FOND  DU  LAC  RAIL- 
ROAD.  (See  Chicago  <t-  Northwestern  Railway. ) 

CHICAGO, ST.  PAUL  &  KANSAS  CITY  RAIL- 
WAY.  (See  Chicago  Great  Western  Railway.) 

CHICAGO,  ST.  LOUIS  &  PADUCAH  RAIL- 
WAY,  a  short  road,  of  standard  gauge,  laid  with 
steel  rails,  extending  from  Marion  to  Brooklyn, 
HI.,  53.64  miles.  It  was  chartered,  Feb.  7,  1887, 
and  opened  for  traffic,  Jan.  1,  1889.  The  St. 
Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute  Railroad  Company  is 
the  lessee,  having  guaranteed  principal  and  inter- 
est on  its  first  mortgage  bonds.  Its  capital  stock 
is  $1,000,000,  and  its  bonded  debt  $2,000,000, 
making  the  total  capitalization  about  $56,000  per 
mile.  The  cost  of  the  road  was  $2,950,000;  total 
incumbrance  (1895),  $3,016,715. 

CHICAGO  TERMINAL  TRANSFER  RAIL- 
ROAD, the  successor  to  the  Chicago  &  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad.  The  latter  was  organized  in 
November,  1889,  to  acquire  and  lease  facilities  to 
other  roads  and  transact  a  local  business.  The 
Road  under  its  new  name  was  chartered,  June  4, 
1897,  to  purchase  at  foreclosure  sale  the  property 
of  the  Chicago  &  Northern  Pacific,  soon  after 
acquiring  the  property  of  the  Chicago  &  Calumet 
Terminal  Railway  also.  The  combination  gives 
it  the  control  of  84.53  miles  of  road,  of  which 
70.76  miles  are  in  Illinois.  The  line  is  used  for 
both  passenger  and  freight  terminal  purposes, 
and  also  a  belt  line  just  outside  the  city  limits. 
Its  principal  tenants  are  the  Chicago  Great  West- 
ern, the  Baltimore  &  Ohio,  the  Wisconsin  Central 
Lines,  and  the  Chicago,  Hammond  &  Western 
Railroad  The  Company  also  has  control  of  the 
ground  on  which  the  Grand  Central  Depot  is 
located.  Its  total  capitalization  (1898)  was  $44,- 
553,044,  of  which  $30,000,000  was  capital  stock 
and  $13,394.000  in  the  form  of  bonds. 

CHICAGO  THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY, organ- 
ized, Sept.  26,  1854,  by  a  convention  of  Congre- 
gational ministers  and  laymen  representing  seven 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Western  States,  among  which  was  Illinois.  A 
special  and  liberal  charter  was  granted,  Feb.  15, 
1855.  The  Seminary  has  always  been  under 
Congregational  control  and  supervision,  its 
twenty-four  trustees  being  elected  at  Triennial 
Conventions,  at  which  are  represented  all  the 
churches  of  that  denomination  west  of  the  Ohio 
and  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  institu 
tion  was  formally  opened  to  students,  Oct.  6. 
1858.  with  two  professors  and  twenty-nine 
matriculates.  Since  then  it  has  steadily  grown 
in  both  numbers  and  influence.  Preparatory  and 
linguistic  schools  have  been  added  and  the 
faculty  (1896)  includes  eight  professors  and  nine 
minor  instructors.  The  Seminary  is  liberally 
endowed,  its  productive  assets  being  nearly 
$1,000,000,  and  the  value  of  its  grounds,  build- 
ings, library,  etc.,  amounting  to  nearly  $500,00(1 
more.  No  charge  is  made  for  tuition  or  room 
rent,  and  there  are  forty -two  endowed  scholar- 
ships, the  income  of  which  is  devoted  to  the  aid 
of  needy  students.  The  buildings,  including  the 
library  and  dormitories,  are  four  in  number,  and 
are  well  constructed  and  arranged. 

CHICAGO  &  ALTON  RAILROAD,  an  impor 
tant  railway  running  in  a  southwesterly  direc- 
tion from  Chicago  to  St.  Louis,  with  numerous 
branches,  extending  into  Missouri.  Kansas  and 
Colorado.  The  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad  proper 
was  constructed  under  two  charters— the  first 
granted  to  the  Alton  &  Sangamon  Railroad  Com- 
pany, in  1847,  and  the  second  to  the  Chicago  & 
Mississippi  Railroad  Company,  in  1852.  Con- 
struction of  the  former  was  begun  in  1852,  and 
the  line  opened  from  Alton  to  Springfield  in 
1853.  Under  the  second  corporation,  the  line  was 
opened  from  Springfield  to  Bloomington  in  1854. 
and  to  Joliet  in  1856.  In  1855  a  line  was  con- 
structed from  Chicago  to  Joliet  under  the  name 
<>f  the  Joliet  &  Chicago  Railroad,  and  leased  in 
jierpetuity  to  the  present  Company,  which  was 
reorganized  in  1857  under  the  name  of  the  St. 
Louis,  Alton  &  Chicago  Railroad  Company.  For 
some  time  connection  was  had  between  Alton 
and  St.  Louis  by  steam-packet  boats  running  in 
connection  with  the  railroad;  but  later  over  the 
line  of  the  Indianapolis  &  St.  Louis  Railroad— 
the  first  railway  line  connecting  the  two  cities— 
and,  finally,  by  the  Company's  own  line,  which 
was  constructed  in  1K64.  and  formally  opened 
Jan.  1,  1865.  In  1861,  a  company  with  the 
present  name  (Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad  Com- 
pany) was  organized,  which,  in  1862,  purchased 
the  St.  Louis.  Alton  &  Chicago  Road  at  fore- 
closure sale.  Several  brancli  lines  have  since 


been  acquired  by  purchase  or  lease,  the  most 
important  in  the  State  being  the  line  from 
Bloomington  to  St.  Louis  by  way  of  Jacksonville. 
This  was  chartered  in  1851  under  the  name  of  the 
St.  Louis,  Jacksonville  &  Chicago  Railroad,  was 
opened  for  business  in  January,  1868,  and  having 
been  diverted  from  the  route  upon  which  it  was 
originally  projected,  was  completed  to  Blooming 
ton  and  leased  to  the  Chicago  &  Alton  in  1868. 
In  1884  this  branch  was  absorbed  by  the  main 
line.  Other  important  branches  are  the  Kansas 
City  Branch  from  Roodhouse,  crossing  the  Mis- 
sissippi at  Louisiana,  Mo. ;  the  Washington 
Branch  from  Dwight  to  Washington  and  Lacon, 
and  the  Chicago  &  Peoria,  by  which  entrance  is 
obtained  into  the  city  of  Peoria  over  the  tracks 
of  the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western.  The  whole 
number  of  miles  operated  (1898;  is  843.54,  of 
which  580.73  lie  in  Illinois.  Including  double 
tracks  and  sidings,  the  Company  has  a  total 
trackage  of  1,186  miles.  The  total  capitalization, 
in  1898,  was  $32,793,972,  of  which  $22, 230, 600  was 
in  stock,  and  $6,694,850  in  bonds.  The  total 
earnings  and  income  for  the  year,  in  Illinois,  were 
$5,022,315.  and  the  operating  and  other  expenses, 
$4,272,207.  This  road,  under  its  management  as 
it  existed  up  to  1898,  has  been  one  of  the  most  uni- 
formly successful  in  the  country.  Dividends 
have  been  paid  semiannually  from  1863  to  1884, 
and  quarterly  from  1884  to  1896.  For  a  number 
of  years  previous  to  1897.  the  dividends  had 
amounted  to  eight  per  cent  per  annum  on  both 
preferred  and  common  stock,  but  later  liad  been 
reduced  to  seven  per  cent  on  account  of  short 
crops  along  the  line.  The  taxes  paid  in  1898 
were  $341.040.  The  surplus.  June  30,  1895, 
exceeded  two  and  three-quarter  million  dollars. 
The  Chicago  &  Alton  was  the  first  line  in  the 
world  to  put  into  service  sleeping  and  dining  cars 
of  the  Pullman  model,  which  have  since  been  so 
widely  adopted,  as  well  as  the  first  to  run  free 
reclining  chair-cars  for  the  convenience  and 
comfort  of  its  passengers.  At  the  time  the 
matter  embraced  in  this  volume  is  undergoing 
final  revision  (1899),  negotiations  are  in  progress 
for  the  purcliase  of  this  historic  line  by  a  syndi- 
cate representing  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio,  the 
Missouri  Pacific,  the  Union  Pacific,  and  the 
Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  systems,  in  whose 
interest  it  will  hereafter  be  operated. 

CHICAGO  &  AURORA  RAILROAD.  (See 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad.) 

CHICAGO  &  EASTERN  ILLINOIS  RAIL- 
ROAD. This  company  operates  a  line  516.3  miles 
in  length,  of  which  278  miles  are  within  Illinois. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


101 


The  main  line  in  this  State  extends  southerly 
from  Dolton  Junction  (17  miles  south  of  Chicago) 
to  Danville.  Entrance  to  the  Polk  Street  Depot 
in  Chicago  is  secured  over  the  tracks  of  the 
Western  Indiana  Railroad.  The  company  owns 
several  important  branch  lines,  as  follows:  From 
Momence  Junction  to  the  Indiana  State  Line; 
from  Cissna  Junction  to  Cissna  Park;  from  Dan- 
ville Junction  to  Shelbyville,  and  from  Sidell  to 
Rossville.  The  system  in  Illinois  is  of  standard 
gauge,  about  108  miles  being  double  track.  The 
right  of  way  is  100  feet  wide  and  well  fenced. 
The  grades  are  light,  and  the  construction 
(including  rails,  ties,  ballast  and  bridges),  is 
generally  excellent.  The  capital  stock  outstand- 
ing (1895)  is  $13,594, 400;  funded  debt,  $18,018,000; 
floating  debt,  $916,381;  total  capital  invested, 
$32,570,781;  total  earnings  in  Illinois,  $2,592,072; 
expenditures  in  the  State,  $2,595,631.  The  com- 
pany paid  the  same  year  a  dividend  of  six  per 
cent  on  its  common  stock  ($286,914),  and  reported 
a  surplus  of  §1,484,762.  The  Chicago  &  Eastern 
Illinois  was  originally  chartered  in  1865  as  the 
Chicago,  Danville  &  Vincennes  Railroad,  its  main 
line  being  completed  in  1872.  In  1873,  it  defaulted 
on  interest,  was  sold  under  foreclosure  in  1877, 
and  reorganized  as  the  Chicago  &  Nashville,  but 
later  in  same  year  took  its  present  name.  In 
1894  it  was  consolidated  with  the  Chicago  & 
Indiana  Coal  Railway.  Two  spurs  (5.27  miles  in 
length)  were  added  to  the  line  in  1895.  Early  in 
1897  this  line  obtained  control  of  the  Chicago, 
Paducah  &  Memphis  Railroad,  which  is  now 
operated  to  Marion,  in  Williamson  County.  (See 
Chicago,  Paducah  &•  Memphis  Railroad.) 

CHICAGO  &  GRAND  TRUNK  RAILWAY.  Of 
the  335.27  miles  of  the  Chicago  &  Grand  Trunk 
Railroad,  only  30.65  are  in  Illinois,  and  of  the 
latter  9.7  miles  are  operated  under  lease.  That 
portion  of  the  line  within  the  State  extends  from 
Chicago  easterly  to  the  Indiana  State  line.  The 
Company  is  also  lessee  of  the  Grand  Junction 
Railroad,  four  miles  in  length.  The  Road  is 
capitalized  at  $6,600,000,  has  a  bonded  debt  of 
$12.000, 000  and  a  floating  debt  (1895)  of  $2,271,425, 
making  the  total  capital  invested,  $20,871,425. 
The  total  earnings  in  Illinois  for  1895  amounted 
to  $660,393;  disbursements  within  the  State  for 
the  same  period,  $345,233.  The  Chicago  &  Graml 
Trunk  Railway,  as  now  constituted,  is  a  consoli- 
dation of  various  lines  between  Port  Huron, 
Mich.,  and  Chicago,  operated  in  the  interest  of 
the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  of  Canada.  The  Illi- 
nois section  was  built  under  a  charter  granted  in 
1878  to  the  Chicago  &  State  Line  Railway  Com- 


pany, to  form  a  connection  with  Valparaiso,  Ind. 
This  corporation  acquired  the  Chicago  &  South- 
ern Railroad  (from  Chicago  to  Dolton),  and  the 
Chicago  &  State  Line  Extension  in  Indiana,  all 
being  consolidated  under  the  name  of  the  North- 
western Grand  Trunk  Railroad.  In  1880,  a  anal 
consolidation  of  these  lines  with  the  eastward 
connections  took  place  under  the  present  name — 
the  Chicago  &  Grand  Trunk  Railway. 

CHICAGO  &  GREAT  EASTERN  RAILWAY. 
(See  Pittsbitrg,  Cincinnati.  Chicago  d-  St.  Lau.it 
Railway. ) 

CHICAGO  &  GREAT  SOUTHERN  RAILROAD. 
(See  Pi'oria,  Decatur  &  Evansi-ille  Railway.) 

CHICAGO  &  ILLINOIS  SOUTHERN  RAIL- 
WAY. (See  Peoria,  Decatur  &  Evansville  Rail- 
way. ) 

CHICAGO  &  MISSISSIPPI  RAILROAD.  (See 
Chicago  <t  Alton  Railroad. ) 

CHICAGO  &  NASHYILLE  RAILROAD.  (See 
Chicago  <t  Eastern  Illinois  Railroad.) 

CHICAGO  &  NORTHERN  PACIFIC  RAIL- 
ROAD. (See  Chicago  Terminal  Transfer  Rail- 
road.) 

CHICAGO  &  NORTHWESTERN  RAILWAY, 
one  of  the  great  trunk  lines  of  the  country,  pene- 
trating the  States  of  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Michi- 
gan, Iowa,  Minnesota  and  North  and  South 
Dakota.  The  total  length  of  its  main  line, 
branches,  proprietary  and  operated  lines,  on  May 
1,  1899,  was  5,076.89  miles,  of  which  594  miles  are 
operated  in  Illinois,  all  owned  by  the  company. 
Second  and  side  tracks  increase  the  mileage 
to  a  total  of  7,217.91  miles.  The  Chicago  & 
Northwestern  Railway  (proper)  is  operated  in 
nine  separate  divisions,  as  follows:  The  Wis- 
consin, Galena,  Iowa,  Northern  Iowa,  Madison, 
Peninsula,  Winona  and  St.  Peter,  Dakota  and 
Ashland  Divisions  The  principal  or  main  lines 
of  the  "Northwestern  System,"  in  its  entirety, 
are  those  which  have  Chicago,  Omaha,  St.  Paul 
and  Minneapolis  for  their  termini,  though  their 
branches  reach  numerous  important  points 
within  the  States  already  named,  from  the  shore 
of  Lake  Michigan  on  the  east  to  Wyoming  on  the 
west,  and  from  Kansas  on  the  south  to  Lake 
Superior  on  the  north. — (HISTORY.)  The  Chi- 
cago &  Northwestern  Railway  Company  was 
organized  in  1859  under  charters  granted  by  the 
Legislatures  of  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  during 
that  year,  under  which  the  new  company  came 
into  possession  of  the  rights  and  franchises  of  the 
Chicago,  St.  Paul  &  Fond  du  Lac  Railroad  Com- 
pany. The  latter  road  was  the  outgrowth  of 
various  railway  enterprises  which  had  been  pro- 


102 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


jected.  chartered  and  partly  constructed  in  Wis- 
consin and  Illinois,  between  1848  and  1855, 
including  the  Madison  &  Beloit  Railroad,  the 
Rock  River  Valley  Union  Railroad,  and  the  Illi- 
nois &  Wisconsin  Railroad — the  last  named  com- 
pany being  chartered  by  the  Illinois  Legislature 
in  1851,  and  authorized  to  build  a  railroad  from 
Chicago  to  the  Wisconsin  line.  The  Wisconsin 
Legislature  of  1855  authorized  the  consolidation 
of  the  Rock  River  Valley  Union  Railroad  with  the 
Illinois  enterprise,  and,  in  March,  1855,  the  con- 
solidation of  these  lines  was  perfected  under  the 
name  of  the  Chicago,  St.  Paul  &  Fond  du  Lac 
Railroad.  During  the  first  four  years  of  its  exist- 
ence this  company  built  176  miles  of  the  road,  of 
which  seventy  miles  were  between  Chicago  and 
the  Wisconsin  State  line,  with  the  sections  con- 
structed in  Wisconsin  completing  the  connection 
between  Chicago  and  Fond  du  Lac.  As  the  result 
of  the  financial  revulsion  of  1857,  the  corporation 
became  financially  embarrassed,  and  the  sale  of  its 
property  and  franchises  under  the  foreclosure  of 
1859,  already  alluded  to,  followed.  This  marked 
the  beginning  of  the  present  corporation,  and,  in 
the  next  few  years,  by  the  construction  of  new 
lines  and  the  purchase  of  others  in  Wisconsin  and 
Northern  Illinois,  it  added  largely  to  the  extent 
of  its  lines,  both  constructed  and  projected.  The 
most  important  of  these  was  the  union  effected 
with  the  Galena  &  Chicago  Union  Railroad, 
which  was  formally  consolidated  with  the  Chi- 
cago &  Northwestern  in  1864.  The  history  of 
the  Oalena  &  Chicago  Union  is  interesting  in 
view  of  the  fact  that  it  was  one  of  the  earliest 
railroads  incorporated  in  Illinois,  having  been 
chartered  by  special  act  of  the  Legislature  during 
the  "internal  improvement"  excitement  of  1836. 
Besides,  its  charter  was  the  only  one  of  that 
period  under  which  an  organization  was  effected, 
and  although  construction  was  not  begun  under 
it  until  1847  (eleven  years  afterward),  it  was  the 
second  railroad  constructed  in  the  State  and  the 
first  leading  from  the  city  of  Chicago.  In  the 
forty  years  of  its  history  the  growth  of  the  Chi- 
cago &  Northwestern  has  been  steady,  and  its 
success  almost  phenomenal.  In  that  time  it  has 
not  only  added  largely  to  its  mileage  by  the  con- 
struction of  new  lines,  but  has  absorbed  more 
lines  than  almost  any  other  road  in  the  country, 
until  it  now  reaches  almost  every  important  city 
in  the  Northwest.  Among  the  lines  in  Northern 
Illinois  now  constituting  a  part  of  it, were  several 
which  had  bejpme  a  part  of  the  Oalena  &  Chicago 
Union  before 'the  consolidation.  These  included 
a  line  from  Belvidere  to  Beloit,  Wis. ;  the  Fox 


River  Valley  Railroad,  and  the  St.  Charles  & 
Mississippi  Air  Line  Railroad — all  Illinois  enter- 
prises, and  more  or  less  closely  connected  with 
the  development  of  the  State.  The  total  capi- 
talization of  the  line,  on  June  30,  1898,  was 
$200,968,108,  of  which  $66,408,821  was  capi- 
tal stock  and  $101,603,000  in  the  form  of 
bonds.  The  earnings  in  the  State  of  Illinois. 
for  the  same  period,  aggregated  $4,374,923, 
and  the  expenditures  $3,712,593.  At  the  present 
time  (1899)  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  is  build- 
ing eight  or  ten  branch  lines  in  Wisconsin,  Iowa, 
Minnesota  and  South  Dakota.  The  Northwestern 
System,  as  such,  comprises  nearly  3,000  miles  of 
road  not  included  in  the  preceding  statements  of 
mileage  and  financial  condition.  Although  owned 
by  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Company,  they 
are  managed  by  different  officers  and  under  other 
names.  The  mileage  of  the  whole  system  covers 
nearly  8,000  miles  of  main  line. 

CHICAGO  &  SPRINGFIELD  RAILROAD. 
(See  Illinois  Central  Railroad. ) 

CHICAGO  &  TEXAS  RAILROAD,  a  line 
seventy-three  miles  in  length,  extending  from 
Johnston  City  by  way  of  Carbondale  westerly  to 
the  Mississippi,  thence  southerly  to  Cape  Girar- 
deau.  The  line  was  originally  operated  by  two 
companies,  under  the  names  of  the  Grand  Tower 
&  Carbondale  and  the  Grand  Tower  &  Cape  Girar- 
deau  Railroad  Companies.  The  former  was 
chartered  in  1882,  and  the  road  built  in  1885;  the 
latter,  chartered  in  1889  and  the  line  opened  the 
same  year.  They  were  consolidated  in  1893,  and 
operated  under  the  name  of  the  Chicago  &  Texas 
Railroad  Company.  In  October,  1897,  the  last 
named  line  was  transferred,  under  a  twenty-five 
year  lease,  to  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Com- 
pany, by  whom  it  is  operated  as  its  St.  Louis  & 
Cape  Girardeau  division. 

CHICAGO  &  WESTERN  INDIANA  RAIL- 
ROAD. The  main  line  of  this  road  extends  from 
Chicago  to  Dolton,  111.  (17  miles),  and  affords  ter- 
minal facilities  for  all  lines  entering  the  Polk  St. 
Depot  at  Chicago.  It  has  branches  to  Hammond, 
Ind.  (10.28  miles);  to  Cragin  (15.9  miles;,  and  to 
South  Chicago  (5.41  miles) ;  making  the  direct 
mileage  of  its  branches  48.59  miles.  In  addition, 
its  second,  third  and  fourth  tracks  and  sidings 
increase  the  mileage  to  204. 79  miles.  The  com- 
pany was  organized  June  9,  1879 ;  the  road  opened 
in  1880,  and,  on  Jan.  26,  1882,  consolidated  with 
the  South  Chicago  &  Western  Indiana  Railroad 
Company,  and  the  Chicago  &  Western  Indiana 
Belt  Railway.  It  also  owns  some  850  acres  in  fee 
in  Chicago,  including  wharf  property  on  the 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


103 


Chicago  River,  right  of  way,  switch  and  transfer 
yards,  depots,  the  Indiana  grain  elevator,  etc. 
The  elevator  and  the  Belt  Division  are  leased  to 
the  Belt  Railway  Company  of  Chicago,  and  the 
rest  of  the  property  is  leased  conjointly  by  the 
Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois,  the  Chicago  &  Grand 
Trunk,  the  Chicago  &  Erie,  the  Louisville,  New 
Albany  &  Chicago,  and  the  Wabash  Railways 
(each  of  which  owns  $1,000,000  of  the  capital 
stock),  and  by  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe. 
These  companies  pay  the  expense  of  operation 
and  maintenance  on  a  mileage  basis. 

CHICAGO  &  WISCONSIN  RAILROAD.  (See 
Wisconsin  Central  Lines. ) 

CHILDS,  Robert  A.,  was  born  at  Malone, 
Franklin  County,  N.  Y.,  March  22,  1845,  the  son 
of  an  itinerant  Methodist  preacher,  who  settled 
near  Belvidere,  Boone  County,  111.,  in  1852.  Hid 
home  having  been  broken  up  by  the  death  of  his 
mother,  in  1854,  he  went  to  live  upon  a  farm.  In 
April,  1861,  at  the  age  of  16  years,  he  enlisted  in 
the  company  of  Captain  (afterwards  General) 
Stephen  A.  Hurlbut,  which  was  later  attached  to 
the  Fifteenth  Illinois  Volunteers.  After  being 
mustered  out  at  the  close  of  the  war,  he  entered 
school,  and  graduated  from  the  Illinois  State 
Normal  University  in  1870.  For  the  following  three 
years  he  was  Principal  and  Superintendent  of 
public  schools  at  Amboy,  Lee  County,  meanwhile 
studying  law,  and  being  admitted  to  the  bar.  In 
1873,  he  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  at 
Chicago,  making  his  home  at  Hinsdale.  After 
filling  various  local  offices,  in  1884  he  was 
chosen  Presidential  Elector  on  the  Republican 
ticket,  and,  in  1892.  was  elected  by  the  narrow 
majority  of  thirty-seven  votes  to  represent  the 
Eighth  Illinois  District  in  the  Fifty-third  Con- 
gress, as  a  Republican. 

CHILLICOTHE,  a  city  ip  Peoria  County,  situ- 
ated on  the  Illinois  River,  at  the  head  of  Peoria 
I-ake;  is  19  miles  northwest  of  Peoria,  on  the 
Peoria  branch  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  & 
Pacific  Railroad,  anil  the  freight  division  of  the 
Atkinson,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad.  It  is  an 
important  shipping-point  for  grain;  has  a  can- 
ning factory,  a  button  factor}-,  two  banks,  five 
churches,  a  high  school,  and  two  weekly  news- 
papers. Population  (1890),  1,632;  (1900),  1,699. 

CHINIQUY,  (Rev.)  Charles,  clergyman  and 
reformer,  was  born  in  Canada,  July  30,  1809,  of 
mixed  French  and  Spanish  blood,  and  educated 
for  the  Romish  priesthood  at  the  Seminary  of  St. 
Nicholet,  where  he  remained  ten  years,  gaining  a 
reputation  among  his  fellow  students  for  extraor- 
dinary zeal  and  piety.  Having  been  ordained 


to  the  priesthood  in  1833,  he  labored  in  various 
churches  in  Canada  until  1851,  when  he  accepted 
an  invitation  to  Illinois  with  a  view  to  building 
up  the  church  in  the  Mississippi  Valley.  Locat- 
ing at  the  junction  of  the  Kankakee  and  Iroquois 
Rivers,  in  Kankakee  County,  he  was  the  means 
of  bringing  to  that  vicinity  a  colony  of  some 
5,000  French  Canadians,  followed  by  colonists 
from  France,  Belgium  and  other  European 
countries.  It  has  been  estimated  that  over 
50,000  of  this  class  of  emigrants  were  settled  in 
Illinois  within  a  few  years.  The  colony  em- 
braced a  territory  of  some  40  square  miles,  with 
the  village  of  St.  Ann's  as  the  center.  Here 
Father  Chiniquy  began  his  labors  by  erecting 
churches  and  schools  for  the  colonists.  He  soon 
became  dissatisfied  with  what  he  believed  to  be 
the  exercise  of  arbitrary  authority  by  the  ruling 
Bishop,  then  began  to  have  doubts  on  the  question 
of  papal  infallibility,  the  final  result  being  a 
determination  to  separate  himself  from  the 
Mother  Church.  In  this  step  he  appears  to  have 
been  followed  by  a  large  proportion  of  the  colo- 
nists who  had  accompanied  him  from  Canada,  but 
the  result  was  a  feeling  of  intense  bitterness 
between  the  opposing  factions,  leading  to  much 
litigation  and  many  criminal  prosecutions,  of 
which  Father  Chiniquy  was  the  subject,  though 
never  convicted.  In  one  of  these  suits,  in  which 
the  Father  was  accused  of  an  infamous  crime, 
Abraham  Lincoln  was  counsel  for  the  defense, 
the  charge  being  proveQ  to  be  the  outgrowth  of 
a  conspiracy.  Having  finally  determined  to 
espouse  the  cause  of  Protestantism,  Father 
Chiniquy  allied  himself  with  the  Canadian  Pres- 
bytery, and  for  many  years  of  his  active  clerical 
life,  divided  his  time  between  Canada  and  the 
United  States,  having  supervision  of  churches  in 
Montreal  and  Ottawa,  as  well  as  in  this  country. 
He  also  more  than  once  visited  Europe  by  special 
invitation  to  address  important  religious  bodies 
in  that  country.  He  died  at  Montreal,  Canada, 
Jan.  16,  1899,  in  the  90th  year  of  his  age. 

CHOCART,  Medard,  (known  also  as  Sieur  des 
Groseilliers),  an  early  French  explorer,  supposed 
to  have  been  born  at  Touraine,  France,  about 
1621.  Coming  to  New  France  in  early  youth,  he 
made  a  voyage  of  discovery  with  his  brother-in- 
law,  Radisson,  westward  from  Quebec,  about 
1654-56,  these  two  being  believed  to  have  been 
the  first  white  men  to  reach  Lake  Superior. 
After  spending  the  winter  of  1658-59  at  La 
Pointe,  near  where  Ashland,  Wis.,  now  stands, 
they  are  believed  by  some  to  have  discovered  the 
Upper  Mississippi  and  to  have  descended  that 


104 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF    ILLINOIS. 


stream  a  Long  distance  towards  its  mouth,  as 
they  claimed  to  have  readied  a  much  milder 
climate  and  heard  of  Spanish  ships  on  the  salt 
water  (Gulf  of  Mexico).  Some  antiquarians 
credit  them,  about  this  time  (1659),  with  having 
visited  the  present  site  of  the  city  of  Chicago. 
They  were  the  first  explorers  of  Northwestern 
Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  and  are  also  credited 
with  having  been  the  first  to  discover  an  inland 
route  to  Hudson's  Bay.  and  with  being  the 
founders  of  the  original  Hudson's  Bay  Company. 
Groseillier's  later  history  is  unknown,  but  lie 
ranks  among  the  most  intrepid  explorers  of  the 
"New  World"  about  the  middle  of  the  seventh 
century. 

CHRISMAN,  a  city  of  Edgar  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chi- 
cago &  St.  Louis  and  the  Cincinnati,  Hamilton  & 
Dayton  Railroads.  24  miles  south  of  Danville ;  has 
a  pipe-wrench  factory,  grain  elevators,  and 
storage  cribs.  Population  (1890),  820;  (1900),  905. 

CHRISTIAN  COUNTY,  a  rich  agricultural 
county,  lying  in  the  "central  belt,"  and  organized 
in  1839  from  parts  of  Macon,  Montgomery, 
Sangamon  and  Shelby  Counties.  The  name  first 
given  to  it  was  Dane,  in  honor  of  Nathan  Dane, 
one  of  the  framers  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  but 
a  political  prejudice  led  to  a  change.  A  pre- 
ponderance of  early  settlers  having  come  from 
Christian  County,  Ky.,  this  name  was  finally 
adopted.  The  surface  is  level  and  the  soil  fertile, 
the  northern  half  of  the  county  being  best 
adapted  to  corn  and  the  southern  to  wheat.  Its 
area  is  about  710  square  miles,  and  its  population 
(1900),  was  32, 790.  The  life  of  the  early  settlers 
was  exceedingly  primitive.  Game  was  abun- 
dant; wild  honey  was  used  as  a  substitute  for 
sugar;  wolves  were  troublesome;  prairie  fires 
were  frequent;  the  first  mill  (on  Bear  Creek) 
could  not  grind  more  than  ten  bushels  of  grain 
per  day,  by  horse-power.  The  people  hauled  their 
corn  to  St.  Louis  to  exchange  for  groceries.  The 
first  store  was  opened  at  Robertson's  Point,  but 
the  county-seat  was  established  at  Taylorville.  A 
great  change  was  wrought  in  local  conditions  by 
the  advent  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railway,  which 
passes  through  the  eastern  part  of  the  county. 
Two  other  railroads  now  pass  centrally  through 
the  county — the  "Wabash"  and  the  Baltimore  & 
Ohio  Southwestern.  The  principal  towns  are 
Taylorville  (a  railroad  center  and  thriving  town 
of  2,829  inhabitants),  Pana,  Morrisonville,  Edin- 
burg,  and  Assumption. 

CHURCH,  Lawrence  S.,  lawyer  and  legislator, 
was  born  at  Nunda,  N.  Y.,  in  1820;  passed  his 


youth  on  a  farm,  but  having  a  fondness  for  study, 
at  an  early  age  began  teaching  in  winter  with  a 
view  to  earning  means  to  prosecute  his  studies  in 
law.  In  1843  he  arrived  at  McHenry,  then  the 
county -seat  of  McHenry  County,  111.,  having 
walked  a  part  of  the  way  from  New  York,  paying 
a  portion  of  his  expenses  by  the  delivery  of  lec- 
tures. He  soon  after  visited  Springfield,  ami 
having  been  examined  before  Judge  S.  H.  Treat, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  On  the  removal  of  the 
county-seat  from  McHenry  to  Woodstock,  he 
removed  to  the  latter  place,  where  he  continued 
to  reside  to  the  end  of  his  life.  A  member  of  the 
Whig  party  up  to  1856,  he  was  that  year  elected 
as  a  Republican  Representative  in  the  Twentieth 
General  Assembly,  serving  by  re-election  in  the 
Twenty -first  and  Twenty -second ;  in  1860.  was 
supported  for  the  nomination  for  Congress  in  the 
Northwestern  District,  but  was  defeated  by  Hon. 
E.  B.  Washburne;  in  1862.  aided  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Ninety-fifth  Illinois  Volunteers,  and 
was  commissioned  its  Colonel,  but  was  compelled 
to  resign  before  reaching  the  field  on  account  of 
failing  health.  In  1866  he  was  elected  County 
Judge  of  McHenry  County,  to  fill  a  vacancy,  and, 
in  1869  to  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1869-70. 
Died,  July  23,  1870.  Judge  Church  was  a  man  of 
high  principle  and  a  speaker  of  decided  ability. 

CHURCH,  Selden  Marvin,  capitalist,  was  born 
at  East  Haddam,  Conn.,  March  4,  1804;  taken  by 
his  father  to  Monroe  County,  X.  Y.,  in  boyhood, 
and  grew  up  on  a  farm  there,  but  at  the  age  of 
21,  went  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  where  he  engaged 
in  teaching,  being  one  of  the  earliest  teachers  in 
the  public  schools  of  that  city.  Then,  having 
spent  some  time  in  mercantile  pursuits  in  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.,  in  1835  he  removed  to  Illinois,  first 
locating  at  Geneva,  but  the  following  year 
removed  to  Rockford,  where  he  continued  to 
reside  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In  1841,  he 
was  appointed  Postmaster  of  the  city  of  Rock- 
ford  by  the  first  President  Harrison,  remaining 
in  office  three  years.  Other  offices  held  by  him 
were  those  of  County  Clerk  (1843-47),  Delegate  to 
the  Second  Constitutional  Convention  (1847). 
Judge  of  Probate  (1849-57),  Representative  in 
the  Twenty-third  General  Assembly  (1863-6.1). 
and  member  of  the  first  Board  of  Public  Charities 
by  appointment  of  Governor  Palmer,  in  1869, 
being  re-appointed  by  Governor  Beveridge,  in 
1873,  and,  for  a  part  of  the  time,  serving  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board.  He  also  served,  by  appoint- 
ment of  the  Secretary  of  War,  as  one  of  the 
Commissioners  to  assess  damages  for  the  Govern- 
ment improvements  at  Rock  Island  and  to  locate 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


It  15 


the  Government  bridge  Iwtween  Rock  Island  anil 
Davenport.  During  the  latter  years  of  his  life  he 
was  President  for  some  time  of  the  Rockford 
Insurance  Company ;  was  also  one  of  the  origina- 
tors, and,  for  many  years,  Managing  Director  of 
the  Rockford  Water  Power  Company,  which  lias 
done  so  much  to  promote  the  prosperity  of  that 
city,  and,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  was  one  of  the 
Directors  of  the  Winnebago  National  Bank.  Died 
at  Rockford,  June  23,  1892. 

CHURCHILL,  George,  early  printer  and  legis- 
lator, was  born  at  Hubbardtown,  Rutland 
County,  Vt.,  Oct.  11.  1789;  received  a  good  edu- 
cation in  his  youth,  thus  imbibing  a  taste  for 
literature  which  led  to  his  learning  the  printer's 
trade.  In  1800  he  became  an  apprentice  in  the 
office  of  the  Albany  (N.  Y.)  "Sentinel,"  and, 
after  serving  his  time,  worked  as  a  journeyman 
printer,  thereby  accumulating  means  to  purchase 
a  half-interest  in  a  small  printing  office.  Selling 
this  out  at  a  loss,  a  year  or  two  later,  he  went  to 
New  York,  and,  after  working  at  the  case  some 
five  months,  started  for  the  West,  stopping  en 
route  at  Philadelphia,  Pittsburg  and  Louisville. 
In  the  latter  place  he  worked  for  a  time  in  the 
office  of  "The  Courier,"  and  still  later  in  that  of 
"The  Correspondent,"  then  owned  by  Col.  Elijah 
C.  Berry,  who  subsequently  came  to  Illinois  and 
served  .is  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts.  In  1817 
he  arrived  in  St.  Louis,  but,  attracted  by  the  fer- 
tile soil  of  Illinois,  determined  to  engage  in  agri- 
cultural pursuits,  finally  purchasing  land  some 
six  miles  southeast  of  Edwardsville.  in  Madison 
County,  where  he  continued  to  reside  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  In  order  to  raise  means  to 
improve  his  farm,  in  the  spring  of  1819  he 
worked  as  a  compositor  in  the  office  of  "The 
Missouri  Gazette" — the  predecessor  of  "The  St. 
Louis  Republic."  While  there  he  wrote  a  series 
of  articles  over  the  signature  of  "A  Farmer  of  St. 
Charles  County,"  advocating  the  admission  of 
the  State  of  Missouri  into  the  Union  without 
slavery,  which  caused  considerable  excitement 
among  the  friends  of  that  institution.  During 
the  same  year  he  aided  Hooper  Warren  in 
establishing  his  paper,  "The  Spectator,"  at 
Edwardsville,  and,  still  later,  became  a  frequent 
contributor  to  its  columns,  especially  during  the 
campaign  of  1822-24,  which  resulted,  in  the  latter 
year,  in  the  defeat  of  the  attempt  to  plant  slavery 
in  Illinois.  In  1822  he  was  elected  Represent- 
ative in  the  Third  General  Assembly,  serving  in 
that  body  by  successive  re-elections  until  1832. 
His  re-election  for  a  second  term,  in  1824,  demon- 
strated that  his  vote  at  the  preceding  session,  in 


opposition  to  the  scheme  for  a  State  Convention 
to  revise  the  State  Constitution  in  the  interest  of 
slavery,  was  approved  by  his  constituents'.  In 
1838,  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  serving 
four  years,  and,  in  1844,  was  again  elected  to  the 
House — in  all  serving  a  period  in  both  Houses  of 
sixteen  years.  Mr.  Churchill  was  never  married 
He  was  an  industrious  and  systematic  collector  of 
historical  records,  and.  at  the  time  of  his  death  in 
the  summer  of  1872,  left  a  mass  of  documents  anil 
other  historical  material  of  great  value.  (See 
Slavery  and  Slave  IMWS;  Warren,  Hooper,  ami 
Coles,  Edward.) 

CLARE  i.i'ii.  George  Rogers,  soldier,  was 
born  near  Monticello,  Albemarle  County.  Va. . 
Nov.  19,  1752.  In  his  younger  life  he  was  a 
farmer  and  surveyor  on  the  upper  Ohio.  His 
first'  experience  in  Indian  fighting  was  under 
Governor  Dunmore,  against  the  Shawnees  (1774). 
In  1775  he  went  as  a  surveyor  to  Kentucky,  and 
the  British  having  incited  the  Indians  against 
the  Americans  in  the  following  year,  he  was 
commissioned  a  Major  of  militia.  He  soon  rose 
to  a  Colonelcy,  and  attaint"!  marked  distinction. 
Later  he  was  commissioned  Brigadier-General, 
and  planned  an  expedition  against  the  British 
fort  at  Detroit,  which  was  not  successful.  In 
the  latter  part  of  1777,  in  consultation  with  Gov. 
Patrick  Henry,  of  Virginia,  he  planned  an  expe- 
dition against  Illinois,  which  was  carried  out 
the  following  year.  On  July  4,  1778,  he  captured 
Kaskaskia  without  firing  a  gun,  and  other 
French  villages  surrendered  at  discretion.  The 
following  February  he  set  out  from  Kaskaskia  to 
cross  the  "Illinois  Country"  for  the  purpose  of 
recapturing  Vincennes,  which  had  been  taken  ami 
was  garrisoned  by  the  British  under  Hamilton. 
After  a  forced  march  cliaracterized  by  incredible 
suffering,  his  ragged  followers  effected  the  cap 
ture  of  the  post.  His  last  important  military 
service  was  against  the  savages  on  the  Big 
Miami,  whose  villages  and  fields  he  laid  waste. 
His  last  years  were  passed  in  sorrow  and  in  com- 
parative penury.  He  died  at  Louisville,  Ky.. 
Feb.  18,  1818,  and  his  remains,  after  reposing  in  a 
private  cemetery  near  that  city  for  half  a  cen- 
tury, were  exhumed  and  removed  to  Cave  Hill 
Cemetery  in  1869.  The  fullest  history  of  General 
Clark's  expedition  and  his  life  will  be  found  in 
the  "Conquest  of  the  Country  Northwest  of  tin- 
Ohio  River,  1774-1783,  and  Life  of  Gen.  George 
Rogers  Clark"  (2  volumes,  1896),  by  the  late 
William  H.  English,  of  Indianapolis. 

CLARK,  Horace  S.,  lawyer  and  politician,  was 
born  at  Huntsburg.  Ohio.  August  12,  1840.     At 


106 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OP   ILLINOIS. 


the  age  of  15,  coming  to  Chicago,  he  found 
employment  in  a  livery  stable ;  later,  worked  oc 
a  farm  in  Kane  County,  attending  school  in  the 
winter.  After  a  year  spent  in  Iowa  City  attend- 
ing the  Iowa  State  University,  he  returned  to 
Kane  County  and  engaged  in  the  dairy  business, 
later  occupying  himself  with  various  occupations 
in  Illinois  and  Missouri,  but  finally  returning  to 
his  Ohio  home,  where  he  began  the  study  of  law 
at  Circleville.  In  1861  he  enlisted  in  an  Ohio 
regiment,  rising  from  the  ranks  to  a  captaincy, 
but  was  finally  compelled  to  leave  the  service  in 
consequence  of  a  wound  received  at  Gettysburg. 
In  1865  he  settled  at  Mattoon,  III.,  where  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1868.  In  1870  he  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Legislature  on  the 
Republican  ticket,  but  was  elected  State  Senator 
in  1880,  serving  four  years  and  proving  himself 
one  of  the  ablest  speakers  on  the  floor.  In  1888 
he  was  chosen  a  delegate-at-large  to  the  National 
Republican  Convention,  and  has  long  been  a  con- 
spicuous figure  in  State  politics.  In  1896  he  was 
a  prominent  candidate  for  the  Republican  nomi- 
nation for  Governor. 

CLARK,  John  SI.,  civil  engineer  and  merchant, 
was  born  at  White  Pigeon,  Mich.,  August  1,  1836; 
came  to  Chicago  with  his  widowed  mother  in 
1847,  and,  after  five  years  in  the  Chicago  schools, 
served  for  a  time  (1852)  as  a  rodman  on  the  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad.  After  a  course  in  the 
Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  at  Troy,  N.  Y., 
where  he  graduated  in  1856,  he  returned  to  the 
service  of  the  Illinois  Central.  In  1859  he  went  to 
Colorado,  where  he  was  one  of  the  original 
founders  of  the  city  of  Denver,  and  chief  engi- 
neer of  its  first  water  supply  company.  In  1862 
he  started  on  a  surveying  expedition  to  Arizona, 
but  was  in  Santa  IV  when  that  place  was  captured 
by  a  rebel  expedition  from  Texas;  was  also 
present  soon  after  at  the  battle  of  Apache  Canon, 
when  the  Confederates,  being  defeated,  were 
driven  out  of  the  Territory.  Returning  to  Chi- 
cago in  1864.  he  became  a  member  of  the  whole- 
sale leather  firm  of  Gray,  Clark  &  Co.  The 
official  positions  held  by  Mr.  Clark  include  those 
of  Alderman  (1879-81),  Member  of  the  Board  of 
Education,  Collector  of  Customs,  to  which  he 
was  appointed  by  President  Harrison,  in  1889, 
and  President  of  the  Chicago  Civil  Service  Board 
l>y  appointment  of  Mayor  Swift,  under  an  act 
l»issed  by  the  Legislature  of  1895,  retiring  in  1897. 
In  1881  he  was  the  Republican  candidate  for  Mayor 
of  Chicago,  but  was  defeated  by  Carter  H.  Harri- 
non.  Mr.  Clark  is  one  of  the  Directors  of  the  Crerar 
Library,  named  in  the  will  of  Mr.  Crerar. 


CLARK  COUNTY,  one  of  the  eastern  counties 
of  the  State,  south  of  the  middle  line  and  front- 
ing upon  the  Wabash  River;  area,  510  square 
miles,  and  population  (1900),  34,033;  named  for 
Col.  George  Rogers  Clark.  Its  organization  was 
effected  in  1819.  Among  the  earliest  pioneers 
were  John  Bartlett,  Abraham  Washburn,  James 
Whitlock,  James  B.  Anderson,  Stephen  Archer 
and  Uri  Manly.  The  county -seat  is  Marshall,  the 
site  of  which  was  purchased  from  the  Govern- 
ment in  1833  by  Gov.  Joseph  Duncan  and  CoL 
William  B.  Archer,  the  latter  becoming  sole  pro- 
prietor in  1835,  in  which  year  the  first  log  cabin 
was  built.  The  original  county -seat  was  Darwin, 
and  the  change  to  Marshall  (in  1849)  was  made 
only  after  a  hard  struggle.  The  soil  of  the 
county  is  rich,  and  its  agricultural  products 
varied,  embracing  corn  (the  chief  staple),  oats, 
potatoes,  winter  wheat,  butter,  sorghum,  honey, 
maple  sugar,  wool  and  pork.  Woolen,  flouring 
and  lumber  mills  exist,  but  the  manufacturing 
interests  are  not  extensive.  Among  the  promi- 
nent towns,  besides  Marshall  and  Darwin,  are 
Casey  (population  844),  Martinsville  (779),  West- 
field  (510),  and  York  (294). 

CLAY,  Porter,  clergyman  and  brother  of  the 
celebrated  Henry  Clay,  was  born  in  Virginia, 
March,  1779;  in  early  life  removed  to  Kentucky, 
studied  law,  and  was,  for  a  time,  Auditor  of 
Public  Accounts  in  that  State;  in  1815,  was  con- 
verted and  gave  himself  to  the  Baptist  ministry, 
locating  at  Jacksonville,  111.,  where  he  spent 
most  of  his  life.  Died,  in  1S.V). 

CLAY  CITY,  a  village  of  Clay  County,  on  the 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  Railroad,  13 
miles  west  of  Olney ;  has  one  newspaper,  a  bank, 
and  is  in  a  grain  and  fruit-growing  region. 
Population  (1898),  612;  (1900),  907;  (1903),  1,020. 

CLAY  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  southeastern 
quarter  of  the  State;  has  an  area  of  470  square 
miles  and  a  population  (1900)  of  19,553.  It  was 
named  for  Henry  Clay.  The  first  claim  in  the 
county  was  entered  by  a  Mr.  Elliot,  in  1818,  and 
soon  after  settlers  began  to  locate  homes  in  the 
county,  although  it  was  not  organized  until  1824. 
During  the  same  year  the  pioneer  settlement  of 
Maysville  was  made  the  county-seat,  but  immi- 
gration continued  inactive  until  1837,  when 
many  settlers  arrived,  headed  by  Judges  Apper- 
son  and  Hopkins  and  Messrs.  Stanford  and  Lee, 
who  were  soon  followed  by  the  families  of  Coch- 
ran,  McCullom  and  Tender.  The  Little  Wabash 
River  and  a  number  of  small  tributaries  drain 
the  county.  A  light-colored  sandy  loam  consti- 
tutes the  greater  part  of  the  soil,  although  "black 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


107 


prairie  loam"  appears  here  and  there.  Railroad 
facilities  are  limited,  but  sufficient  to  accommo- 
date the  county's  requirements.  Fruits, 
especially  apples,  are  successfully  cultivated. 
Educational  advantages  are  fair,  although  largely 
confined  to  district  schools  and  academies  in 
larger  towns.  Louisville  was  made  the  county- 
seat  in  1842,  and,  in  1890,  had  a  population  of 
637.  Xenia  and  Flora  are  the  most  important 
towns. 

CLAYTON,  a  town  in  Adams  County,  on  the 
Wabash  Railway,  28  miles  east-northeast  of 
Quincy.  A  branch  of  the  Wabash  Railway  ex- 
tends from  this  point  northwest  to  Carthage,  111., 
and  Keokuk,  Iowa,  and  another  branch  to 
Quincy,  I1L  The  industries  include  flour  and  feed 
mills,  machine  and  railroad  repair  shops,  grain 
elevator,  cigar  and  harness  factories.  It  has  a 
bank,  four  churches,  a  higli  school,  and  a  weekly 
newspaper.  Population  (1890),  1,088;  (1900),  996. 

CLEAVER,  William,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Lon- " 
don,  England,  in  1815:  came  to  Canada  with  his 
parents  in  1831,  and  to  Chicago  in  1834;  engaged 
in  business  as  a.  chandler,  later  going  into  the 
grocery  trade;  in  1849,  joined  the  gold-seekers  in 
California,  and,  six  years  afterwards,  established 
himself  in  the  southern  part  of  the  present  city 
of  Chicago,  then  called  Cleaverville,  where  he 
served  as  Postmaster  and  managed  a  general 
store.  He  was  the  owner  of  considerable  real 
estate  at  one  time  in  what  is  now  a  densely 
populated  part  of  the  city  of  Chicago.  Died  in 
Chicago,  Nov.  13,  1896. 

CLEMENTS,  Isaac,  ex-Congressman  and  Gov- 
ernor of  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home  at  Danville, 
111.,  was  born  in  Franklin  County,  Ind.,  in  1837; 
graduated  from  Asbury  University,  at  Green- 
castle,  in  1859,  having  supported  himself  during 
his  college  course  by  teaching.  After  reading 
law  and  being  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Greencastle, 
he  removed  to  Carbondale,  111.,  where  he  again 
found  it  necessary  to  resort  to  teaching  in  order 
to  purchase  law-books.  In  July,  1861,  he  enlisted 
in  the  Ninth  Illinois  Infantry,  and  was  commis- 
sioned Second  Lieutenant  of  Company  G.  He 
was  in  the  service  for  three  years,  was  three 
times  wounded  and  twice  promoted  "for  meri- 
torious service."  lu  June,  1867,  he  was  ap- 
]*>inted  Register  in  Bankruptcy,  and  from  1873 
to  1875  was  a  Republican  Representative  in  the 
Forty-third  Congress  from  the  (then)  Eighteenth 
District.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Repub- 
lican State  Convention  of  1880.  In  1889,  lie 
became  Pension  Agent  for  the  District  of  Illinois, 
by  appointment  of  President  Harrison,  serving 


until  1893.  In  the  latter  part  of  1898,  he  was 
appointed  Superintendent  of  the  Soldiers' 
Orphans'  Home,  at  Normal,  but  served  only  a 
few  months,  when  he  accepted  the  position  of 
Governor  of  the  new  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home, 
at  Danville. 

CLEVELAND,  CINCINNATI,  CHICAGO  &  ST. 
LOUIS  RAILWAY.  The  total  length  of  this  sys- 
tem (1898)  is  1,807.34  miles,  of  which  478.39  miles 
are  operated  in  Illinois.  That  portion  of  the  main 
line  lying  within  the  State  extends  from  East  St. 
Louis,  northeast  to  the  Indiana  State  line,  181 
miles.  The  Company  is  also  the  lessee  of  the 
Peoria  &  Eastern  Railroad  (132  miles),  and  oper- 
ates, in  addition,  other  lines,  as  follows:  The 
Cairo  Division,  extending  from  Tilton,  on  the 
line  of  the  Wabash,  3  miles  southwest  of  Dan- 
ville, to  Cairo  (259  miles)  •  the  Chicago  Division, 
extending  from  Kankakee  southeast  to  the 
Indiana  State  line  (34  miles) ;  the  Alton  Branch, 
from  Wann  Junction,  on  the  main  line,  to  Alton 
(4  miles).  Besides  these,  it  enjoys  with  the  Chi- 
cago, Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad,  joint  owner- 
ship of  the  Kankakee  &  Seneca  Railroad,  which 
it  operates.  The  system  is  uniformly  of  standard 
gauge,  and  about  380  miles  are  of  double  track. 
It  is  laid  with  heavy  steel  rails  (sixty-five,  sixty- 
seven  and  eighty  pounds),  laid  on  white  oak  ties, 
and  is  amply  ballasted  with  broken  stone  and 
gravel.  Extensive  repair  shops  are  located  at 
Mattoon.  The  total  capital  of  the  entire  system 
on  June  30,  1898 — including  capital  stock  and 
bonded  and  floating  debt— was  §97,149,361.  The 
total  earnings  in  Illinois  for  the  year  were 
$3,773, 193,  and  the  total  expenditures  in  the  State 
$3,611,437.  The  taxes  paid  the  same  year  were 
§124,196.  The  history  of  this  system,  so  far  as 
Illinois  is  concerned,  begins  with  the  consolida- 
tion, in  1889,  of  the  Cincinnati,  Indianapolis,  St. 
Louis  &  Chicago,  the  Cleveland,  Coltunttei  Cin- 
cinnati &  Indianapolis,  and  the  IndianaVCs  & 
St.  Louis  Railway  Companies.  In  1890,  Certain 
leased  lines  in  Illinois  (elsewhere  mentioned) 
were  merged  into  the  system.  (For  history  of 
the  several  divisions  of  this  system,  see  St.  Louis, 
Alton  &  Terre  Haute,  Peoria  &  Eastern,  Cairo 
d:  Vincennes,  and  Kankakee  &  Seneca  Railroads. ) 

CLIMATOLOGY.  Extending,  as  it  does,  through 
six  degrees  of  latitude,  Illinois  affords  a  great 
diversity  of  climate,  as  regards  not  only  the 
range  of  temperature,  but  also  the  amount  of 
rainfall.  In  both  particulars  it  exhibits  several 
points  of  contrast  to  States  lying  between  the 
same  parallels  of  latitude,  but  nearer  the  Atlan- 
tic. The  same  statement  applies,  as  well,  to  all 


108 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


the  North  Central  and  the  Western  States. 
Warm  winds  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  come  up 
the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  impart  to  vegetation 
in  the  southern  portion  of  the  State,  a  stimulat- 
ing influence  which  is  not  felt  upon  the  seaboard. 
On  the  other  hand,  there  is  no  great  barrier  to 
the  descent  of  the  Arctic  winds,  which,  in 
winter,  sweep  down  toward  the  Gulf,  depressing 
the  temperature  to  a  point  lower  than  is  custom- 
ary nearer  the  seaboard  on  the  same  latitude. 
Lake  Michigan  exerts  no  little  influence  upon  the 
climate  of  Chicago  and  other  adjacent  districts, 
mitigating  both  summer  heat  and  winter  cold. 
If  a  comparison  be  instituted  between  Ottawa 
and  Boston — the  latter  being  one  degree  farther 
north,  but  570  feet  nearer  the  sea-level — the 
springs  and  summers  are  found  to  be  about  five 
degrees  warmer,  and  the  winters  three  degrees 
colder,  at  the  former  point.  In  comparing  the 
East  and  West  in  respect  of  rainfall,  it  is  seen 
that,  in  the  former  section,  the  same  is  pretty 
equally  distributed  over  the  four  seasons,  while 
in  the  latter,  spring  and  summer  may  be  called 
the  wet  season,  and  autumn  and  winter  the  dry. 
In  the  extreme  West  nearly  three-fourths  of  the 
yearly  precipitation  occurs  during  the  growing 
season.  This  is  a  climatic  condition  highly 
favorable  to  the  growth  of  grasses,  etc.,  but 
detrimental  to  the  growth  of  trees.  Hence  we 
find  luxuriant  forests  near  the  seaboard,  and,  in 
the  interior,  grassy  plains.  Illinois  occupies  a 
geographical  position  where  these  great  climatic 
changes  begin  to  manifest  themselves,  and  where 
the  distinctive  features  of  the  prairie  first  become 
fully  apparent.  The  annual  precipitation  of 
rain  is  greatest  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State, 
but,  owing  to  the  higher  temperature  of  that 
section,  the  evaporation  is  also  more  rapid.  The 
distribution  of  the  rainfall  in  respect  of  seasons 
is  also  more  unequal  toward  the  south,  a  fact 
which  may  account,  in  part  at  least,  for  the 
increased  area  of  woodlands  in  that  region. 
While  Illinois  lies  within  the  zone  of  southwest 
winds,  their  flow  is  affected  by  conditions  some- 
what abnormal.  The  northeast  trades,  after 
entering  the  Gulf,  are  deflected  by  the  mountains 
of  Mexico,  becoming  inward  breezes  in  Texas, 
southerly  winds  in  the  Lower  Mississippi  Valley, 
and  southwesterly  as  they  enter  the  Upper 
Valley.  It  is  to  this  aerial  current  that  the  hot, 
moist  summers  are  attributable.  The  north  and 
northwest  winds,  which  set  in  with  the  change 
of  the  season,  depress  the  temperature  to  a  point 
below  that  of  the  Atlantic  slope,  and  are 
attended  with  a  diminished  precipitation. 


CLINTON,  the  county-seat  of  De  Witt  County, 
situated  23  miles  south  of  Bloomington,  at  inter- 
section of  the  Springfield  and  the  Champaign- 
Havana  Divisions  with  the  main  line  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad ;  lies  in  a  productive  agricultural 
region;  has  machine  shops,  flour  and  planing 
mills,  brick  and  tile  works,  water  works,  electric 
lighting  plant,  piano-case  factory,  banks,  three 
newspapers,  six  churches,  and  two  public  schools. 
Population  (1890),  2,598;  (1900),  4,452. 

CLINTON  COUNTY,  organized  in  1824.  from 
portions  of  Washington,  Bond  and  Fayette  Coun- 
ties, and  named  in  honor  of  De  Witt  Clinton.  It 
is  situated  directly  east  of  St.  Louis,  has  an  area 
of  494  square  miles,  and  a  population  (1900)  of 
19,824.  It  is  drained  by  the  Kaskaskis  River  and 
by  Shoal,  Crooked,  Sugar  and  Beaver  Creeks.  Its 
geological  formation  is  similar  to  that  of  other 
counties  in  the  same  section.  Thick  layers  of 
limestone  lie  near  the  surface,  with  coal  seams 
underlying  the  same  at  varying  depths.  The 
soil  is  varied,  being  at  some  points  black  and 
loamy  and  at  others  (under  timber)  decidedly 
clayey.  The  timber  has  been  mainly  cut  for  fuel 
because  of  the  inherent  difficulties  attending 
coal-mining.  Two  railroads  cross  the  county 
from  east  to  west,  but  its  trade  is  not  important. 
Agriculture  is  the  chief  occupation,  corn,  wheat 
and  oats  being  the  staple  products. 

CLOUD,  Newton,  clergyman  and  legislator, 
was  born  in  North  Carolina,  in  1805,  and,  in  1827. 
settled  in  the  vicinity  of  Waverly,  Morgan 
County,  111.,  where  he  pursued  the  vocation  of  a 
farmer,  as  well  as  a  preacher  of  the  Methodist 
Church.  He  also  became  prominent  as  a  Demo- 
cratic politician,  and  served  in  no  less  than  nine 
sessions  of  the  General  Assembly,  besides  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1847,  of  which  he 
was  chosen  President.  He  was  first  elected 
Representative  in  the  Seventh  Assembly  (1830), 
and  afterwards  served  in  the  House  during  the 
sessions  of  the  Ninth,  Tenth,  Eleventh,  Thir- 
teenth, Fifteenth  and  Twenty-seventh,  and  as 
Senator  in  the  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth.  He 
was  also  Clerk  of  the  House  in  1844-45,  and. 
having  been  elected  Representative  two  years 
later,  was  chosen  Speaker  at  the  succeeding  ses- 
sion. Although  not  noted  for  any  specially 
aggressive  qualities,  his  consistency  of  character 
won  for  him  general  respect,  while  his  frequent 
elections  to  the  Legislature  prove  him  to  have 
been  a  man  of  large  influence. 

CLOWRY,  Robert  C.,  Telegraph  Managar,  was 
born  in  1838;  entered  the  service  of  the  Illinois  & 
Mississippi  Telegraph  Company  as  a  messenger 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


109 


boy  at  Joliet  in  1852.  became  manager  of  the 
office  at  Lockport  six  months  later,  at  Springfield 
in  1853,  and  chief  operator  at  St.  Louis  in  1854. 
Between  1859  and  '63,  he  held  highly  responsible 
positions  on  various  Western  lines,  but  the  latter 
year  was  commissioned  by  President  Lincoln 
Captain  and  Assistant  Quartermaster,  and  placed 
in  charge  of  United  States  military  lines  with 
headquarters  at  Little  Rock,  Ark. ;  was  mustered 
out  in  May,  1866,  and  immediately  appointed 
District  Superintendent  of  Western  Union  lines 
in  the  Southwest.  From  that  time  his  promotion 
was  steady  and  rapid.  In  1875  he  became 
Assistant  General  Superintendent ;  in  1878,  Assist- 
ant General  Superintendent  of  the  Central  Divi- 
sion at  Chicago;  in  1880,  succeeded  General 
Stager  as  General  Superintendent,  and,  in  1885, 
was  elected  Director,  member  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  and  Vice-President,  his  terri- 
tory extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific. 

COAL  AND  COAL-MINING.  Illinois  contains 
much  the  larger  portion  of  what  is  known  as  the 
central  coal  field,  covering  an  area  of  about 
37,000  square  miles,  and  underlying  sixty  coun- 
ties, in  but  forty-five  of  which,  however,  opera- 
tions are  conducted  on  a  commercial  scale.  The 
Illinois  field  contains  fifteen  distinct  seams. 
Those  available  for  commercial  mining  generally 
lie  at  considerable  depth  and  are  reached  by 
shafts.  The  coals  are  all  bituminous,  and  furnish 
an  excellent  steam-making  fuel.  Coke  is  manu- 
factured to  a  limited  extent  in  La  Salle  and  some 
of  the  southern  counties,  but  elsewhere  in  the 
State  the  coal  does  not  yield  a  good  marketable 
coke.  Neither  is  it  in  any  degree  a  good  gas 
coal,  although  used  in  some  localities  for  that 
purpose,  rather  because  of  its  abundance  than  on 
account  of  its  adaptability.  It  is  thought  that, 
with  the  increase  of  cheap  transportation  facili- 
ties, Pittsburg  coal  will  be  brought  into  the  State 
in  such  quantities  as  eventually  to  exclude  local 
coal  from  the  manufacture  of  gas.  In  the  report 
of  the  Eleventh  United  States  Census,  the  total 
product  of  the  Illinois  coal  mines  was  given  as 
12,104,272  tons,  as  against  6,115,377  tons  reported 
by  the  Tenth  Census.  The  value  of  the  output 
was  estimated  at  $11,735,203,  or  $0.97  per  ton  at 
the  mines.  The  total  number  of  mines  was 
stated  to  be  1,072,  and  the  number  of  tons  mined 
wjjs  nearly  equal  to  the  combined  yield  of  the 
mines  of  Ohio  and  Indiana.  The  mines  are 
divided  into  two  classes,  technically  known  as 
"regular"  and  "local."  Of  the  former,  there' 
were  358,  and  of  the  latter,  714:  These  358  regular 


mines  employed  33,934  men  and  boys,  of  whom 
21,350  worked  below  ground,  besides  an  office 
force  of  389,  and  paid,  in  wages,  $8,694,397.  The 
total  capital  invested  in  these  358  mines  was 
$17,630,351.  According  to  the  report  of  the  State 
Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  for  1898,  881  mines 
were  operated  during  the  year,  employing  35,026 
men  and  producing  18,599,299  tons  of  coal,  which 
was  1,473,459  tons  less  than  the  preceding  year— 
the  reduction  being  due  to  the  strike  of  1897. 
Five  counties  of  the  State  produced  more  tliaii 
1,000,000  tons  each,  standing  in  the  following 
order:  Sangamon,  1,763.863;  St.  Clair,  1,600.752: 
Vermilion,  1,520,G99;  Maooupin,  1.264,926;  La 
Salle,  1.165,490. 

COAL  CITY,  a  town  in  Grundy  County,  on  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railway,  29  miles 
by  rail  south-southwest  of  Joliet.  Large  coal 
mines  are  operated  here,  and  the  town  is  an  im- 
portant shipping  point  for  their  product.  It  lias  a 
bank,  a  weekly  newspaper  ami  live  churches. 
Pop.  (1890),  1,672 ;  (1900),  2.607 ;  (1903),  about  3,000. 

COBB,  Emery,  capitalist,  was  born  at  Dryden. 
Tompkins  County,  N.  Y..  August  20,  1831;  at  16, 
began  the  study  of  telegraphy  at  Ithaca,  later 
acted  as  operator  on  Western  New  York  lines, 
but,  in  1852,  became  manager  of  the  office  at 
Chicago,  continuing  until  1865,  the  various  com- 
panies having  meanwhile  been  consolidated  into 
the  Western  Union.  He  then  made  an  extensive 
tour  of  the  world,  and,  although  he  had  intro- 
duced the  system  of  transmitting  money  by 
telegraph,  he  declined  all  invitations  to  return  to 
the  key-board.  Having  made  large  investments 
in  lands  about  Kankakee,  where  he  now  resides, 
he  has  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  agriculture 
and  stock-raising;  was  also,  for  many  years,  a 
member  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Short-Horn  Breeders'  Association, 
and,  for  twenty  years  (1873-93),  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  University  of  Illinois. 
He  lias  done  much  to  improve  the  city  of  his 
adoption  by  the  erection  of  buildings,  the  con- 
struction of  electric  street-car  lines  and  the 
promotion  of  manufactures. 

COBB,  Silas  B.,  pioneer  and  real-estate  opera- 
tor, was  born  at  Montpelier.  Vt.,  Jan.  23,  1812; 
came  to  Chicago  in  1833  on  a  schooner  from  Buf- 
falo, the  voyage  occupying  over  a  month.  Being 
without  means,  he  engaged  as  a  carpenter  upon  a 
building  which  James  Kinzie,  the  Indian  trader, 
was  erecting;  later  he  erected  a  building  of  his 
own  in  which  he  started  a  harness-shop,  which 
he  conducted  successfully  for  a  number  of  years. 
He  has  since  been  connected  with  a  number 


110 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


of  business  enterprises  of  a  public  character, 
including  banks,  street  and  steam  railways,  but 
his  largest  successes  have  been  achieved  in  the  line 
of  improved  real  estate,  of  which  he  is  an  exten- 
sive owner.  He  is  also  one  of  the  liberal  bene- 
factors of  the  University  of  Chicago,  "Cobb 
Lecture  Hall,'!  on  the  campus  of  that  institution, 
being  the  result  of  a  contribution  of  his  amount- 
ing to  $150,000.  Died  iu  Chicago,  April  5,  1900. 

COBDEN,  a  village  in  Union  County,  on  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  42  miles  north  of  Cairo 
and  15  miles  south  of  Carbondale.  Fruits  and 
vegetables  are  extensively  cultivated  and  shipped 
to  northern  markets.  This  region  is  well  tim- 
bered, and  Cobden  has  two  box  factories  employ- 
ing a  considerable  number  of  men;  also  has 
several  churches,  schools  and  two  weekly  papers. 
Population  (1890),  994;  (1900.)  1,034. 

COCHRAN,  William  Granville,  legislator  and 
jurist,  was  born  in  Ross  County,  Ohio,  Nov.  13. 
1844;  brought  to  Moultrie  County,  111.,  in  1849, 
and,  at  the  age  of  17,  enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred 
and  Twenty-sixth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers, 
serving  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  three  years 
as  a  private.  Returning  home  from  the  war,  he 
resumed  life  as  a  farmer,  but  early  in  1873  began 
merchandising  at  Lovington,  continuing  this 
business  three  years,  when  he  began  the  study  of 
law;  in  1879,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  has 
since  been  in  active  practice.  In  1888  he  was 
elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  General 
Assembly,  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the 
Senate  in  1890,  but  was  re-elected  to  the  House 
in  1894,  and  again  in  1896.  At  the  special  session 
of  1890,  he  was  chosen  Speaker,  and  was  similarly 
honored  in  1895.  He  is  an  excellent  parliamen- 
tarian, clear-headed  and  just  in  his  rulings,  and 
an  able  debater.  In  June,  1897,  he  was  elected 
for  a  six  years'  term  to  the  Circuit  bench.  He  is 
also  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Soldiers'  Orphans' 
Home  at  Normal. 

IOIIDIM.,  Ichabod,  clergyman  and  anti- 
slavery  lecturer,  was  born  at  Bristol,  N.  Y.,  in 
1811;  at  the  age  of  17  he  was  a  popular  temper- 
ance lecturer;  while  a  student  at  Middlebury, 
Vt.,  began  to  lecture  in  opposition  to  slavery; 
after  leaving  college  served  five  years  as  agent 
and  lecturer  of  the  Anti-Slavery  Society;  was 
often  exposed  to  mob  violence,  but  always  retain- 
ing his  self-control,  succeeded  in  escaping 
serious  injury.  In  1842  he  entered  the  Congrega- 
tional ministry  and  held  pastorates  at  Princeton, 
Lockport,  Joliet  and  elsewhere;  between  1854 
and  '58,  lectured  extensively  through  Illinois  on 
the  Kansas  Nebraska  issue,  and  was  a  power  in 


the  organization  of  the  Republican  party.  Died 
at  Baraboo.  Wis.,  June  17,  1866. 

CODY,  Hiram  Hitchcock,  lawyer  and  Judge; 
born  in  Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  June  11,  1824;  was 
partially  educated  at  Hamilton  College,  and,  in 
1843,  came  with  his  father  to  Kendall  County, 
111.  In  1847,  he  removed  to  Naperville,  where 
for  six  years  he  served  as  Clerk  of  the  County 
Commissioners'  Court.  In  1851  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar:  in  1861,  was  elected  County  Judge 
with  practical  unanimity ,  served  as  a  member  of 
the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1869-70,  and, 
in  1874,  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Twelfth  Judi- 
cial Circuit.  His  residence  (1896)  was  at  Pasa- 
dena, Cal. 

COLCHESTER,  a  city  of  McDonough  County, 
on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad, 
midway  between  Galesburg  and  Quincy ;  is  the 
center  of  a  rich  farming  and  an  extensive  coal- 
mining region,  producing  more  than  100.000  tons 
of  coal  annually.  A  superior  quality  of  potter's 
clay  is  also  mined  and  shipped  extensively  to 
other  points.  The  city  has  brick  and  drain-tile 
works,  a  bank,  four  churches,  two  public  schools 
and  two  weekly  papers.  Population  (1890), 
1,643;  (1900),  1,635. 

COLES,  Edward,  the  second  Governor  of  the 
State  of  Illinois,  born  in  Albemarle  County,  Va. , 
Dec.  15,  1786,  the  son  of  a  wealthy  planter,  who 
had  been  a  Colonel  in  the  Revolutionary  War; 
was  educated  at  Hampden-Sidney  and  William 
and  Mary  Colleges,  but  compelled  to  leave  before 
graduation  by  an  accident  which  interrupted  his 
studies;  in  1809,  became  the  private  secretary  of 
President  Madison,  remaining  six  years,  after 
which  he  made  a  trip  to  Russia  as  a  special  mes- 
senger by  appointment  of  the  President.  He 
early  manifested  an  interest  in  the  emancipation 
of  the  slaves  of  Virginia.  In  1815  he  made  his 
first  tour  tlirough  the  Northwest  Territory,  going 
as  far  west  as  St.  Louis,  returning  three  years 
later  and  visiting  Kaskaskia  while  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1818  was  in  session.  In 
April  of  the  following  year  he  set  out  from  his 
Virginia  home,  accompanied  by  his  slaves,  for 
Illinois,  traveling  by  wagons  to  Brownsville,  Pa., 
where,  taking  flat-boats,  he  descended  the  river 
with  his  goods  and  servants  to  a  point  below 
Louisville,  where  they  disembarked,  journeying 
overland  to  Edwardsville.  While  descending 
the  Ohio,  he  informed  his  slaves  that  they  were 
free,  and,  after  arriving  at  their'  destination, 
gave  to  each  head  of  a  family  160  acres  of  land. 
This  generous  act  was,  in  after  years,  made  the 
ground  for  bitter  persecution  by  his  enemies.  At 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Ill 


Edwardsville  he  entered  upon  the  duties  of 
Register  of  the  Land  Office,  to  which  he  had 
been  appointed  by  President  Monroe.  In  1822 
he  became  the  candidate  for  Governor  of  those 
opposed  to  removing  the  restriction  in  the  State 
Constitution  against  the  introduction  of  slavery, 
and,  although  a  majority  of  the  voters  then 
favored  the  measure,  he  was  elected  by  a  small 
plurality  over  his  highest  competitor  in  conse- 
quence of  a  division  of  the  opposition  vote 
between  three  candidates.  The  Legislature 
chosen  at  the  same  time  submitted  to  the  people 
a  proposition  for  a  State  Convention  to  revise  the 
Constitution,  which  was  rejected  at  the  election 
of  1824  by  a  majority  of  1,668  in  a  total  vote  of 
11,612.  While  Governor  Coles  had  the  efficient 
aid  in  opposition  to  the  measure  of  such  men  as 
Judge  Samuel  D.  Lockwood,  Congressman  Daniel 
P.  Cook,  Morris  Birkbeck,  George  Forquer, 
Hooper  Warren,  George  Churchill  and  others,  he 
was  himself  a  most  influential  factor  in  protecting 
Illinois  from  the  blight  of  slavery,  contributing 
his  salary  for  his  entire  term  ($4,000)  to  that  end. 
In  1825  it  became  his  duty  to  welcome  La  Fay- 
ette  to  Illinois.  Retiring  from  office  in  1826,  he 
continued  to  reside  some  years  on  his  farm  near 
Edwardsville,  and,  in  1830,  was  a  candidate  for 
Congress,  but  being  a  known  opponent  of  Gen- 
eral Jackson,  was  defeated  by  Joseph  Duncan. 
Previous  to  1833,  he  removed  to  Philadelphia, 
where  he  married  during  the  following  year,  and 
continued  to  reside  there  until  his  death,  July  7, 
1868,  having  lived  to  see  the  total  extinction  of 
slavery  in  the  United  States.  (See  Slavery  and 
Slave  Laws.) 

COLES  COUNTY,  originally  a  part  of  Crawford 
County,  but  organized  in  1831,  and  named  in 
honor  of  Gov.  Edward  Coles.— lies  central  to  the 
eastern  portion  of  the  State,  and  embraces  520 
square  miles,  with  a  population  (1900)  of  34,146. 
The  Kaskaskia  River  (sometimes  called  the 
Okaw)  runs  through  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
county,  but  the  principal  stream  is  the  Embarras 
(Embraw).  The  chief  resource  of  the  people  is 
agriculture,  although  the  county  lies  within  the 
limits  of  the  Illinois  coal-belt.  To  the  north  and 
west  are  prairies,  while  timber  abounds  in  the 
southeast.  The  largest  crop  is  of  corn,  although 
wheat,  dairy  products,  potatoes,  hay,  tobacco, 
sorghum,  wool,  etc.,  are  also  important  products. 
Broom-corn  is  extensively  cultivated.  Manufac- 
turing is  carried  on  to  a  fair  extent,  the  output 
embracing  sawed  lumber,  carriages  and  wagons, 
agricultural  implements,  tobacco  and  snuff,  boots 
and  shoes,  etc.  Charleston,  the  county-seat,  is 


centrally  located,  and  has  a  number  of  handsome 
public  buildings,  private  residences  and  business 
blocks.  It  was  laid  out  in  1831,  and  incorporated 
in  1865;  in  1900,  its  population  was  5,488. 
Mattoon  is  a  railroad  center,  situated  some  130 
miles  east  of  St.  Louis.  It  has  a  population  of 
9,622,  and  is  an  important  shipping  point  for 
grain  and  live-stock.  Other  principal  towns  are 
Ashmore.  Oakland  and  Lerna. 

COLFAX,  a  village  of  McLean  County,  on  the 
Kankakee  and  Bloomington  branch  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad,  23  miles  northeast  of  Blooming- 
ton.  Farming  and  stock-growing  are  the  leading 
industries;  has  two  banks,  one  newspaper,  three 
elevators,  and  a  coal  mine.  Pop.  (1900),  1,153. 

COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS, 
located  at  Chicago,  and  organized  in  1881.  Its 
first  term  opened  in  September,  1882,  in  a  build- 
ing erected  by  the  trustees  at  a  cost  of  $60,000, 
with  a  faculty  embracing  twenty-five  professors, 
with  a  sufficient  corps  of  demonstrators,  assist- 
ants, etc.  The  number  of  matriculates  was  152. 
The  institution  ranks  among  the  leading  medical 
colleges  of  the  West.  Its  standard  of  qualifica- 
tions, for  both  matriculates  and  graduates,  is 
equal  to  those  of  other  first-class  medical  schools 
throughout  the  country.  The  teaching  faculty, 
of  late  years,  has  consisted  of  some  twenty-five 
professors,  who  are  aided  by  an  adequate  corps  of 
assistants,  demonstrators,  etc, 

COLLEGES,  EARLY.  The  early  Legislatures  of 
Illinois  manifested  no  little  unfriendliness  toward 
colleges.  The  first  charters  for  institutions  of 
this  character  were  granted  in  1833,  and  were  for 
the  incorporation  of  the  "Union  College  of  Illi- 
nois," in  Randolph  County,  and  the  "Alton  Col- 
lege of  Illinois,"  at  Upper  Alton.  The  first 
named  was  to  be  under  the  care  of  the  Scotch 
Covenanters,  but  was  never  founded.  The 
second  was  in  the  interest  of  the  Baptists,  but 
the  charter  was  not  accepted.  Both  these  acts 
contained  jealous  and  unfriendly  restrictions, 
notably  one  to  the  effect  that  no  theological 
department  should  be  established  and  no  pro- 
fessor of  theology  employed  as  an  instructor,  nor 
should  any  religious  test  be  applied  in  the  selec- 
tion of  trustees  or  the  admission  of  pupils.  The 
friends  of  higher  education,  however,  made  com- 
mon cause,  and.  in  1835,  secured  the  passage  of 
an  "omnibus  bill"  incorporating  four  private 
colleges — the  Alton;  the  Illinois,  at  Jacksonville; 
the  McKendree,  at  Lebanon,  and  the  Jonesboro. 
Similar  restrictive  provisions  as  to  theological 
teaching  were  incorporated  in  these  charters,  and 
a  limitation  was  placed  upon  the  amount  of 


112 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


property  to  be  owned  by  any  institution,  but  in 
many  respects  the  law  was  more  liberal  than  its 
predecessors  of  two  years  previous.  Owing  to 
the  absence  of  suitable  preparatory  schools,  these 
institutions  were  compelled  to  maintain  prepara- 
tory departments  under  the  tuition  of  the  college 
professors.  The  college  last  named  above  (Jones- 
boro)  was  to  have  been  founded  by  the  Christian 
denomination,  but  was  never  organized.  The 
three  remaining  ones  stand,  in  the  order  of  their 
formation,  McKendree,  Illinois,  Alton  (afterward 
Shurtleff) ;  in  the  order  of  graduating  initial 
classes  —  Illinois,  McKendree,  Shurtleff.  Pre- 
paratory instruction  began  to  be  given  in  Illinois 
College  in  1829,  and  a  class  was  organized  in  the 
collegiate  department  in  1S31.  The  Legislature 
of  1835  also  incorporated  the  Jacksonville  Female 
Academy,  the  first  school  for  girls  chartered  in 
the  State.  From  this  time  forward  colleges  and 
academies  were  incorporated  in  rapid  succession, 
many  of  them  at  places  whose  names  have  long 
since  disappeared  from  the  map  of  the  State.  It 
was  at  this  time  that  there  developed  a  strong 
party  in  favor  of  founding  what  were  termed, 
rather  euphemistically,  "Manual  Labor  Col- 
leges." It  was  believed  that  the  time  which  a 
student  might  be  able  to  "redeem"  from  study, 
could  be  so  profitably  employed  at  farm  or  shop- 
work  as  to  enable  him  to  earn  his  own  livelihood. 
Acting  upon  this  theory,  the  Legislature  of  1835 
granted  charters  to  the  "Franklin  Manual  Labor 
College,"  to  be  located  in  either  Cook  or  La  Salle 
County;  to  the  "Burnt  Prairie  Manual  Labor 
Seminary,"  in  White  County,  and  the  "Chatham 
Manual  Labor  School,"  at  Lick  Prairie.  Sanga- 
mon  County.  University  powers  were  conferred 
upon  the  institution  last  named,  and  its  charter 
also  contained  the  somewhat  extraordinary  pro- 
vision that  any  sect  might  establish  a  professor- 
ship of  theology  therein.  In  1837  six  more 
colleges  were  incorporated,  only  one  of  which 
(Knox)  was  successfully  organized.  By  1840, 
better  and  broader  views  of  education  had 
developed,  and  the  Legislature  of  1841  repealed 
all  prohibition  of  the  establishing  of  theological 
departments,  as  well  as  the  restrictions  previously 
imposed  upon  the  amount  and  value  of  property 
to  be  owned  by  private  educational  institutions. 
The  whole  number  of  colleges  and  seminaries 
incorporated  under  the  State  law  (18%)  is  forty- 
three.  (See  also  Illiitoix  College,  Knox  College, 
Lake  Forest  University,  McKendree  College,  Mon- 
mouth  College,  Juvkxonrille  Female  Seminary, 
Monticello  Female  Seminary,  Northwestern  fni- 
rerrity,  Slmrtlrff  Cntlege. ) 


COLLIER,  Robert  Laird,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Salisbury,  Md.,  August  7,  1837;  graduated  at 
Boston  University,  1858;  soon  after  became  an 
itinerant  Methodist  minister,  but,  in  1866,  united 
with  the  Unitarian  Church  and  officiated  as 
pastor  of  churches  in  Chicago,  Boston  and  Kan- 
sas City,  besides  supplying  pulpits  in  various 
cities  in  England  (1880-85).  In  1885,  he  was 
appointed  United  States  Consul  at  Leipsic,  but 
later  served  as  a  special  commissioner  of  the 
Johns  Hopkins  University  in  the  collection  of 
labor  statistics  in  Europe,  meanwhile  gaining  a 
wide  reputation  as  a  lecturer  and  magazine 
writer.  His  published  works  include:  "Every- 
Day  Subjects  in  Sunday  Sermons"  (1869)  and 
"Meditations  on  the  Essence  of  Christianity" 
(1876).  Died  near  his  birthplace,  July  27,  1890. 

COLLINS,  Frederick,  manufacturer,  was  born 
in  Connecticut,  Feb.  24-,  1804.  He  was  the  young- 
est of  five  brothers  who  came  with  their  parents 
from  Litchtield,  Conn  ,  to  Illinois,  in  1822,  and 
settled  in  the  town  of  Unionville— now  Collins- 
ville  —  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Madison 
County.  They  were  enterprising  and  public- 
spirited  business  men,  who  engaged,  quite 
extensively  for  the  time,  in  various  branches  of 
manufacture,  including  flour  and  whisky.  This 
was  an  era  of  progress  and  development,  and 
becoming  convinced  of  the  injurious  character 
of  the  latter  branch  of  their  business,  it  was 
promptly  abandoned.  The  subject  of  this  sketch 
was  later  associated  with  his  brother  Michael  in 
the  pork-packing  and  grain  business  at  Naples, 
tin-  early  Illinois  River  terminus  of  the  Sangamon 
&  Morgan  (now  Wabash)  Railroad,  but  finally 
located  at  Quincy  in  1851,  where  he  was  engaged 
in  manufacturing  business  for  many  years.  He 
was  a  man  of  high  business  probity  and  religious 
principle,  as  well  as  a  determined  opponent  of  the 
institution  of  slavery,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that 
he  was  once  subjected  by  his  neighbors  to  the 
intended  indignity  of  being  hung  in  effigy  for  the 
crime  of  assisting  a  fugitive  female  slave  on  the 
road  to  freedom.  In  a  speech  made  in  1834,  in 
commemoration  of  the  act  of  emancipation  in  the 
West  Indies,  he  gave  utterance  to  the  following 
prediction .  "Methinks  the  time  is  not  far  distant 
when  our  own  country  will  celebrate  a  day  of 
emancipation  within  her  own  borders,  and  con 
sistent  songs  of  freedom  shall  indeed  ring 
throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land." 
He  lived  to  see  this  prophecy  fulfilled,  dying  at 
Quincy,  in  1878.  Mr.  Collins  was  the  candidate  of 
the  Liberty  Men  of  Illinois  for  Lieutcnant-Oov- 
crnor  in  1842. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


113 


COLLINS,  James  H.,  lawyer  and  jurist,  was 
liorn  in  Cambridge,  Washington  County,  N.  Y., 
Imt  taken  in  early  life  to  Vernon,  Oneida  County, 
where  he  grew  to  manhood.  After  spending  a 
couple  of  years  in  an  academy,  at  the  age  of  18 
lie  began  the  study  of  law,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1834,  and  as  a  counsellor  and  solicitor  in 
1827,  coming  to  Chicago  in  the  fall  of  1833,  mak- 
ing a  part  of  the  journey  by  the  first  stage-coach 
from  Detroit  to  the  present  Western  metropolis. 
After  arriving  in  Illinois,  he  spent  some  time  in 
exploration  of  the  surrounding  country,  but 
returning  to  Chicago  in  1834.  he  entered  into 
partnership  with  Judge  John  D.  Caton,  who  had 
been  his  preceptor  in  New  York,  still  later  being 
a  partner  of  Justin  Butterfield  under  the  firm 
name  of  Butterfield  &  Collins.  He  was  con- 
sidered an  eminent  authority  in  law  and  gained 
an  extensive  practice,  being  regarded  as  espe- 
cially strong  in  chancery  cases  as  well  as  an  able 
pleader.  Politically,  he  was  an  uncompromising 
anti-slavery  man,  and  often  aided  runaway 
slaves  in  securing  their  liberty  or  defended  others 
who  did  so.  He  was  also  one  <>f  the  original 
promoters  of  the  old  Galena  &  Chicago  Union 
Railroad  and  one  of  its  first  Board  of  Directors. 
Died,  suddenly  of  cholera,  while  attending  court 
at  Ottawa,  in  1854. 

COLLINS,  Loren  (  ..  jurist,  was  born  at  Wind- 
sor. Conn.,  August  1,  1848;  at  the  age  of  1* 
accompanied  his  family  to  Illinois,  and  was 
educated  at  the  Northwestern  University.  He 
read  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  soon 
built  up  a  remunerative  practice.  He  was 
elected  to  the  Legislature  in  1878,  and  through 
his  ability  as  a  debater  and  a  parliamentarian, 
.soon  became  one  of  the  leaders  of  his  party  on 
the  floor  of  the  lower  house.  He  was  re-elected 
in  1880  and  1882.  and,  in  1883,  was  chosen  Speaker 
of  the  Thirty-third  General  Assembly.  In 
December,  1884,  he  was  appointed  a  Judge  of  the 
Circuit  Court  of  Cook  County,  to  fill  the  vacancy 
created  by  the  resignation  of  Judge  Barnum,  was 
elgcted  to  succeed  himself  in  1885,  and  re-elected 
in  1891,  but  resigned  in  1894,  since  that  time 
devoting  his  attention  to  regular  practice  in  the 
city  of  Chicago. 

COLLINS,  William  H.,  retired  manufacturer, 
born  at  Collinsville.  111..  March  20,  1831;  was 
educated  in  the  common  schools  am  I  at  Illinois 
College,  later  taking  a  course  in  literature, 
philosophy  and  theology  at  Yale  College;  served 
as  pastor  of  a  Congregational  church  at  La  Salle 
several  years;  in  1858,  became  editor  and  propri- 
etor of  "The  Jacksonville  Journal,"  which  he 


conducted  some  four  years.  The  Civil  War  hav- 
ing begun,  he  then  accepted  the  chaplaincy  of 
the  Tenth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers,  but 
resigning  in  1863.  organized  a  company  of  the 
One  Hundred  and  Fourth  Volunteers,  of  which 
he  was  chosen  Captain,  participating  in  the 
battles  of  Chickamauga,  Lookout  Mountain  and 
Missionary  Ridge.  Later  he  served  on  the  staff 
of  Gen.  John  M.  Palmer  and  at  Fourteenth  Army 
Corps  headquarters,  until  after  the  fall  of 
Atlanta.  Then  resigning,  in  November,  1864,  he 
was  appointed  by  Secretary  Stanton  Provost- 
Marshal  for  the  Twelfth  District  of  Illinois,  con- 
tinuing in  this  service  until  the  close  of  1865. 
when  he  engaged  in  the  manufacturing  business 
as  head  of  the  Collins  Plow  Company  at  Quincy. 
This  business  he  conducted  successfully  some 
twenty-five  years,  when  he  retired.  Mr.  Collins 
has  served  as  Alderman  and  Mayor,  ad  interim. 
of  the  city  of  Quincy;  Representative  in  the 
Thirty-fourth  and  Thirty-fifth  General  Assem- 
blies— during  the  latter  being  chosen  to  deliver 
the  eulogy  on  Gen.  John  A.  Logan ;  was  a  promi- 
nent candidate  for  the  nomination  for  Lieutenant 
Governor  in  1888,  and  the  same  year  Republican 
candidate  for  Congress  in  the  Quincy  District; 
in  1894.  was  the  Republican  nominee  for  State 
Senator  in  Adams  Count}',  and.  though  a  Repub- 
lican, has  been  twice  elected  Supervisor  in  a 
strongly  Democratic  city. 

COLLINSVILLE,  a  city  on  the  southern  border 
of  Madison  County,  13  miles  (by  rail)  east-north- 
east of  St.  Louis,  on  the  "Vandalia  Line"  (T.  H. 
&  I.  Kv.i.  about  11  miles  south  of  Edwardsville. 
The  place  was  originally  settled  in  1817  by  four 
brothers  named  Collins  from  Li  tch  field.  Conn., 
who  established  a  tan-yard  and  erected  an  ox-mill 
for  grinding  corn  and  wheat  and  sawing  lumber 
The  town  was  platted  by  surviving  members  of 
this  family  in  1836.  Coal-mining  is  the  principal 
industry,  and  one  or  two  mines  are  operated 
within  the  corporate  limits.  The  city  lias  zinc 
works,  as  well  as  flour  mills  and  brick  and  tile 
factories,  two  building  and  loan  associations,  a 
lead  smelter,  stock  bell  factory,  electric  street 
railways,  seven  churches,  two  banks,  a  high 
school,  and  a  newspaper  office.  Population 
(1890),  3,498;  (1900),  4.081;  (1903,  est.),  7,500. 

COLLTER,  Robert,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Keighly.  Yorkshire,  England,  Dec.  8,  1823:  left 
school  at  eight  years  of  age  to  earn  his  living  in 
a  factory ;  at  fourteen  was  apprenticed  to  a  black- 
smith and  learned  the  trade  of  a  hammer-maker. 
His  only  opportunity  of  acquiring  an  education 
during  this  period,  apart  from  private  study,  was 


114 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


in  a  night-school,  which  he  attended  two  winters. 
In  1849  he  became  a  local  Methodist  preacher, 
came  to  the  United  States  the  next  year,  settling 
in  Pennsylvania,  where  he  pursued  his  trade, 
preaching  on  Sundays.  His  views  on  the  atone- 
ment having  gradually  been  changed  towards 
Unitarianism,  his  license  to  preach  was  revoked 
by  the  conference,  and,  in  1859,  he  united  with 
the  Unitarian  Church,  having  already  won  a 
wide  reputation  as  an  eloquent  public  speaker. 
Coming  to  Chicago,  he  began  work  as  a  mission- 
ary, and,  in  1860,  organized  the  Unity  Church, 
beginning  with  seven  members,  though  it  has 
since  become  one  of  the  strongest  and  most  influ- 
ential churches  in  the  city.  In  1879  he  accepted 
a  call  to  a  church  in  New  York  City,  where  he 
still  remains.  Of  strong  anti-slavery  views  and 
a  zealous  Unionist,  he  served  during  a  part  of  the 
Civil  War  as  a  camp  inspector  for  the  Sanitary 
Commission.  Since  the  war  he  has  repeatedly 
visited  England,  and  has  exerted  a  wide  influence 
as  a  lecturer  and  pulpit  orator  on  both  sides  of 
the  Atlantic.  He  is  the  author  of  a  number  of 
volumes,  including  "Nature  and  Life"  (1866) ; 
"A  Man  in  Earnest:  Lifeof  A.  H.  Conant"  (1868); 
"A  History  of  the  Town  and  Parish  of  likely" 
(1886),  and  "Lectures  to  Young  Men  and  Women" 
(1886). 

COLTON,  Channcey  Sill,  pioneer,  was  born  at 
Springfield,  Pa.,  Sept.  21,  1800;  taken  to  Massachu- 
setts in  childhood  and  educated  at  Monson  in  that 
State,  afterwards  residing  for  many  years,  dur- 
ing his  manhood,  at  Monson,  Maine.  He  came  to 
Illinois  in  1836,  locating  on  the  site  of  the  present 
city  of  Galesburg,  where  he  built  the  first  store 
and  dwelling  house;  continued  in  general  mer- 
chandise some  seventeen  or  eighteen  years,  mean- 
while associating  his  sons  with  him  in  business 
under  the  firm  name  of  C.  S.  Colton  &  Sons.  Mr. 
Colton  was  associated  with  the  construction  of 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad  from 
the  beginning,  becoming  one  of  the  Directors  of 
the  Company;  was  also  a  Director  of  the  First 
National  Bank  of  Galesburg,  the  first  organizer 
and  first  President  of  the  Farmers'  and  Mechan- 
ics' Bank  of  that  city,  and  one  of  the  Trustees  of 
Knox  College.  Died  in  Galesburg,  July  27,  1885. 
— Francis  (Colton),  son  of  the  preceding;  born 
at  Monson,  Maine,  May  24,  1834,  came  to  Gales- 
burg with  his  father's  family  in  1836,  and  was 
educated  at  Knox  College,  graduating  in  1855, 
and  receiving  the  degree  of  A.M.  in  1858.  After 
graduation,  he  was  in  partnership  with  his  father 
some  seven  years,  also  served  as  Vice-President 
of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Galesburg,  and,  in 


1866,  was  appointed  by  President  Johnson  United 
States  Consul  at  Venice,  remaining  there  until 
1869.  The  latter  year  he  became  the  General 
Passenger  Agent  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad, 
continuing  in  that  position  until  1871,  meantime 
visiting  China,  Japan  and  India,  and  establishing 
agencies  for  the  Union  and  Central  Pacific  Rail- 
ways in  various  countries  of  Europe.  In  1872  he 
succeeded  his  father  as  President  of  the  Farmers' 
and  Mechanics'  Bank  of  Galesburg,  but  retired  in 
1884,  and  the  same  year  removed  to  Washington, 
D.  C.,  where  he  has  since  resided.  Mr.  Colton  is 
a  large  land  owner  in  some  of  the  Western  States, 
especially  Kansas  and  Nebraska. 

COLUMBIA,  a  town  of  Monroe  County,  on 
Mobile  &  Ohio  Railroad,  15  miles  south  of  St. 
Louis;  has  a  machine  shop,  large  flour  mill, 
brewery,  five  cigar  factories,  electric  light  plant, 
telephone  system,  stone  quarry,  five  churches, 
and  public  school.  Pop.  (1900),  1,197;  (1903),  1,205. 

COMPANY  OF  THE  WEST,  THE,  a  company 
formed  in  France,  in  August,  1717,  to  develop 
the  resources  of  "New  France,"  in  which  the 
"Illinois  Country"  was  at  that  time  included. 
At  the  head  of  the  company  was  the  celebrated 
John  Law,  and  to  him  and  his  associates  the 
French  monarch  granted  extraordinary  powers, 
both  governmental  and  commercial.  They  were 
given  the  exclusive  right  to  refine  the  precious 
metals,  as  well  as  a  monopoly  in  the  trade  in 
tobacco  and  slaves.  Later,  the  company  became 
known  as  the  Indies,  or  East  Indies,  Company, 
owing  to  the  king  having  granted  them  conces- 
sions to  trade  with  the  East  Indies  and  China. 
On  Sept.  27,  1717,  the  Royal  Council  of  France 
declared  that  the  Illinois  Country  should  form  a 
part  of  the  Province  of  Louisiana ;  and,  under  the 
shrewd  management  of  Law  and  his  associates, 
immigration  soon  increased,  as  many  as  800 
settlers  arriving  in  a  single  year.  The  directors 
of  the  company,  in  the  exercise  of  their  govern- 
mental powers,  appointed  Pierre  Duque  de  Bois- 
briant  Governor  of  the  Illinois  District.  He 
proceeded  to  Kaskaskia,  and,  within  a  few  miles 
of  that  settlement,  erected  Fort  Chartres.  (See 
Fort  Chartres. )  The  policy  of  the  Indies  Company 
was  energetic,  and,  in  the  main,  wise.  Grants  of 
commons  were  made  to  various  French  villages, 
and  Cahokia  and  Kaskaskia  steadily  grew  in  size 
and  population.  Permanent  settlers  were  given 
grants  of  land  and  agriculture  was  encouraged. 
These  grants  (which  were  allodial  in  their  char- 
acter) covered  nearly  all  the  lands  in  that  part  of 
the  American  Bottom,  lying  between  the  Missis- 
sippi and  the  Kaskaskia  Rivers.  Many  grantees 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


115 


held  their  lands  in  one  great  common  field,  each 
proprietor  contributing,  pro  rata,  to  the  mainte- 
nance of  a  surrounding  fence.  In  1721  the  Indies 
Company  divided  the  Province  of  Louisiana  into 
nine  civil  and  military  districts.  That  of  Illinois 
was  numerically  the  Seventh,  and  included  not 
only  the  southern  half  of  the  existing  State,  but 
also  an  immense  tract  west  of  the  Mississippi, 
extending  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  embrac- 
ing the  present  States  of  Missouri,  Kansas,  Iowa 
and  Nebraska,  besides  portions  of  Arkansas  and 
Colorado.  The  Commandant,  with  his  secretary 
and  the  Company's  Commissary,  formed  the 
District  Council,  the  civil  law  being  in  force.  In 
1 732,  the  Indies  Company  surrendered  its  charter, 
and  thereafter,  the  Governors  of  Illinois  were 
appointed  directly  by  the  French  crown. 

COJiCORWIA  SEMINARY,  an  institution  lo- 
cated at  Springfield,  founded  in  1879;  the  succes- 
M>r  of  an  earlier  institution  under  the  name  of 
Illinois  University.  Theological,  scientific  and 
preparatory  departments  are  maintained,  al- 
though there  is  no  classical  course.  The  insti- 
tution is  under  control  of  the  German  Lutherans. 
The  institution  reports  $123,000  worth  of  real 
property.  The  members  of  the  Faculty  (1898) 
are  five  in  number,  and  there  were  about  171 
students  in  attendance. 

CONDEE,  Leander  D.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Athens  County,  Ohio,  Sept.  26,  1847;  brought 
by  his  parents  to  Coles  County,  111.,  at  the  age  of 
seven  years,  and  received  his  education  in  the 
common  schools  and  at  St.  Paul's  Academy,  Kan- 
kakee,  taking  a  special  course  in  Michigan  State 
University  and  graduating  from  the  law  depart- 
ment of  the  latter  in  1868.  He  then  began  prac- 
tice at  Butler,  Bates  County,  Mo.,  where  he 
served  three  years  as  City  Attorney,  but,  in  1873, 
returned  to  Illinois,  locating  in  Hyde  Park  (now 
a  part  of  Chicago),  where  he  served  as  City 
Attorney  for  four  consecutive  terms  before  its 
annexation  to  Chicago.  In  1880,  he  was  elected 
as  a  Republican  to  the  State  Senate  for  the 
Second  Senatorial  District,  serving  in  the  Thirty- 
second  and  the  Thirty-third  General  Assemblies. 
In  1892,  he  was  the  Republican  nominee  for  Judge 
of  the  Superior  Court  of  Cook  County,  but  was 
defeated  with  the  National  and  the  State  tickets 
of  that  year,  since  when  he  has  given  his  atten- 
tion to  regular  practice,  maintaining  a  high  rank 
in  his  profession. 

CONGER,  Edwin  Hard,  lawyer  and  diploma- 
tist, was  born  in  Knox  County,  III.,  March  7, 1843; 
graduated  at  Lombard  University,  Galesburg,  in 
1862,  and  immediately  thereafter  enlisted  as  a 


private  in  the  One  Hundred  and  Second  Illinois 
Volunteers,  serving  through  the  war  and  attain- 
ing the  rank  of  Captain,  besides  being  brevetted 
Major  for  gallant  service.  Later,  he  graduated 
from  the  Albany  Law  School  and  practiced  for  a 
time  in  Galesburg,  but,  in  1868,  removed  to  Iowa, 
where  he  engaged  in  farming,  stock-raising  and 
banking;  was  twice  elected  County  Treasurer  of 
Dallas  County,  and,  in  1880,  State  Treasurer, 
being  re-elected  in  1882 .  in  1886,  was  elected  to 
Congress  from  the  Des  Moines  District,  and  twice 
re-elected  (1888  and  '90),  but  before  the  close  of 
his  last  term  was  appointed  by  President  Harri- 
son Minister  to  Brazil,  serving  until  1893.  In 
1896,  he  served  as  Presidential  Elector  for  the 
State-at-large,  and,  in  1897,  was  re-appointed 
Minister  to  Brazil,  but,  in  1898,  was  transferred 
to  China,  where  (1899)  he  now  is.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded at  Rio  Janeiro  by  Charles  Page  Bryan  of 
Illinois. 

COXGREtJATIONALISTS,  THE.  Two  Congre- 
gational ministers  —  Rev.  S.  J.  Mills  and  Rev. 
Daniel  Smith — visited  Illinois  in  1814,  and  spent 
some  time  at  Kaskaskia  and  Shawneetown,  but 
left  for  New  Orleans  without  organizing  any 
churches.  The  first  church  was  organized  at 
Mendon,  Adams  County,  in  1833.  followed  by 
others  during  the  same  year,  at  Naperville,  Jack- 
sonville and  Quincy.  By  1836,  the  number  had 
increased  to  ten.  Among  the  pioneer  ministers 
were  Jabez  Porter,  who  was  also  a  teacher  at 
Quincy,  in  1828,  and  Rev.  Asa  Turner,  in  1830. 
who  became  pastor  of  the  first  Quincy  church, 
followed  later  by  Revs.  Julian  M.  Sturtevant 
(afterwards  President  of  Illinois  College),  Tru- 
man M.  Post,  Edward  Beecher  and  Horatio  Foot. 
Other  Congregational  ministers  who  came  to  t'>e 
State  at  an  early  day  were  Rev.  Salmon  Gridley. 
who  finally  located  at  St.  Louis;  Rev.  John  M 
Ellis,  who  served  as  a  missionary  and  was  instru- 
mental in  founding  Illinois  College  and  the  Jack- 
sonville Female  Seminary  at  Jacksonville ;  Revs. 
Thomas  Lippincott,  Cyrus  L.  Watson,  Tkeron 
Baldwin,  Elisha  Jenney,  William  Kirby,  the  two 
Love  joys  (Owen  and  Elijah  P.),  and  many  more 
of  whom,  either  temporarily  or  permanently, 
became  associated  with  Presbyterian  churches. 
Although  Illinois  College  was  under  the  united 
patronage  of  Presbyterians  and  Congregational 
ists,  the  leading  spirits  in  its  original  establish  - 
ment  were  Congregationalists,  and  the  same  was 
true  of  Knox  College  at  Galesburg.  In  1835,  at 
Big  Grove,  in  an  unoccupied  log-cabin,  was 
convened  the  first  Congregational  Council,  known 
in  the  denominational  history  of  th/  State  as 


in; 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


that  of  Fox  River.  Since  then  some  twelve  to 
fifteen  separate  Associations  have  been  organized. 
By  1890,  the  development  of  the  denomination 
had  been  such  that  it  had  280  churches,  support- 
ing 312  ministers,  with  33, 126  members.  During 
that  year  the  disbursements  on  account  of  chari- 
ties and  home  extension,  by  the  Illinois  churches, 
v  were  nearly  $1,000, 000.  The  Chicago  Theological 
Seminary,  at  Chicago,  is  a  Congregational  school 
of  divinity,  its  property  holdings  being  worth 
nearly  §700,000.  "The  Advance"  (published  at 
Chicago)  is  the  chief  denominational  organ. 
(See  also  Religious  Denominations. ) 

CONGRESSIONAL  APPORTIONMENT.  (See 
Apportionment,  Congressional;  also  Represent- 
atives in  Congress.) 

CONKLING,  James  Cook,  lawyer,  wae  born  in 
New  York  City,  Oct.  13, 1816 ;  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton College  in  1835,  and,  after  studying  law  and 
being  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Morristown,  N.  J.,  in 
1838,  removed  to  Springfield,  111.  Here  his  first 
business  partner  was  Cyrus  Walker,  an  eminent 
and  widely  known  lawyer  of  his  time,  while  at  a 
later  period  he  was  associated  with  Gen.  James 
Shields,  afterwards  a  soldier  of  the  Mexican  War 
and  a  United  States  Senator,  at  different  times, 
from  three  different  States.  As  an  original 
Whig,  Mr.  Conkling  early  became  associated 
with  Abraham  Lincoln,  whose  intimate  and 
trusted  friend  he  was  through  life.  It  was  to 
him  that  Mr.  Lincoln  addressed  his  celebrated 
letter,  which,  by  his  special  request,  Mr.  Conk- 
ling  read  before  the  great  Union  mass-meeting  at 
Springfield,  held,  Sept.  3,  1863,  now  known  as  the 
"Lincoln-Conkling  Letter."  Mr.  Conkling  was 
chosen  Mayor  of  the  city  of  Springfield  in  1844, 
and  served  in  the  lower  branch  of  the  Seven- 
teenth and  the  Twenty-fifth  General  Assemblies 
( 1851  and  1867).  It  was  largely  due  to  his  tactful 
management  in  the  latter,  that  the  first  appropri- 
ation was  made  for  the  new  State  House,  which 
established  the  capital  |>ermanently  in  that  city. 
At  the  Bloomington  Convention  of  1856,  where 
the  Republican  party  in  Illinois  may  be  said  to 
have  been  formally  organized,  with  Mr.  Lincoln 
and  three  others,  he  represented  Sangamon 
C'ounty,  served  on  the  Committee  on  Resolutions. 
;ui(l  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  State  Central 
Committee  which  conducted  the  campaign  of 
that  year.  In  I860,  and  again  in  1864,  his  name 
was  on  the  Republican  State  ticket  for  Presiden- 
tial Elector,  and.  on  both  occasions,  it  became  his 
duty  to  cast  the  electoral  vote  of  Mr.  Lincoln's 
own  District  for  him  for  President.  The  intimacy 
of  personal  friendship  existing  between  him  and 


Mr.  Lincoln  was  fittingly  illustrated  by  his  posi- 
tion for  over  thirty1  years  as  an  original  member 
of  the  Lincoln  Monument  Association.  Other 
public  positions  held  by  him  included  those  of 
State  Agent  during  the  Civil  War  by  appointment 
of  Governor  Yates,  Trustee  of  the  State  University 
at  Champaign,  and  of  Blackburn  University  at 
Carlinville,  as  also  that  of  Postmaster  of  the  city 
of  Springfield,  to  which  he  was  appointed  in  1890, 
continuing  in  office  four  years.  High-minded 
and  honorable,  of  pure  personal  character  and 
strong  religious  convictions,  public-spirited  and 
liberal,  probably  no  man  did  more  to  promote 
the  growth  and  prosperity  of  the  city  of  Spring- 
field, during  the  sixty  years  of  his  residence  there, 
than  he.  His  death,  as  a  result  of  old  age, 
occurred  in  that  city,  March  1,  1899.— Clinton  L. 
(Conkling),  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
Springfield,  Oct.  16,  1843;  graduated  at  Yale 
College  in  1864,  studied  law  with  his  father,  and 
was  licensed  to  practice  in  the  Illinois  courts  in 
1866,  and  in  the  United  States  courts  in  1867. 
After  practicing  a  few  years,  he  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  manufacturing,  but,  in  1877,  resumed 
practice  and  has  proved  successful.  He  has 
devoted  much  attention  of  late  years  to  real 
estate  business,  and  has  represented  large  land 
interests  in  this  and  other  States.  For  many 
years  he  was  Secretary  of  the  Lincoln  Monument 
Association,  and  has  served  on  the  Board  of 
County  Supervisors,  which  is  the  only  political 
office  he  has  held.  In  1897  he  was  the  Repub- 
lican nominee  for  Judge  of  the  Springfield  Cir- 
cuit, but,  although  confessedly  a  man  of  the 
highest  probity  and  ability,  was  defeated  in  a 
district  overwhelmingly  Democratic. 

CONNOLLY,  James  Austin,  lawyer  and  Con- 
gressman, was  born  in  Newark,  N.  J. ,  March  8, 
1843;  went  with  his  parents  to  Ohio  in  1850, 
where,  in  1858-59,  he  served  as  Assistant  Clerk  of 
the  State  Senate;  studied  law  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  that  State  in  1861,  and  soon  after 
removed  to  Illinois;  the  following  year  (1863)  he 
enlisted  as  a  private  soldier  in  the  One  Hundred 
and  Twenty-third  Illinoix  Volunteers,  but  was 
successively  commissioned  as  Captain  and  Major, 
retiring  with  the  rank  of  brevet  Lieutenant- 
Colonel.  In  1872  he  was  elected  Representative 
in  the  State  Legislature  from  Coles  County  and 
re-elected  in  1874;  was  United  States  District 
Attorney  for  the  Southern  District  of  Illinois 
from  1876  to  188.'5,  and  again  from  1889  to  1893 ; 
in  1886  was  appointed  and  confirmed  Solicitor  of 
the  Treasury,  but  declined  the  olfice;  the  same 
year  ran  as  the  Republican  r:indidate  for  Con- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


117 


gress  in  the  Springfield  (then  the  Thirteenth) 
District  in  opposition  to  Win.  M.  Springer,  and 
was  defeated  by  less  than  1,000  votes  in  a  district 
usually  Democratic  by  3,000  majority.  He 
declined  asecond  nomination  in  1888,  but,  in  1894, 
was  nominated  for  a  third  time  (this  time  for  the 
Seventeenth  District),  and  was  elected,  as  he  was 
for  a  second  term  in  1896.  He  declined  a  renomina- 
tion  in  1898,  returning  to  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession at  Springfield  at  the  close  of  the  Fifty-fifth 
Congress. 

CONSTABLE,  Charles  H.,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Chestertown,  lid., July  6,  1817;  educated  at  Belle 
Air  Academy  and  the  University  of  Virginia, 
graduating  from  the  latter  in  1838.  Then,  having 
studied  law,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  came  to 
Illinois  early  in  1840,  locating  at  Mount  Carmel, 
Wabash  County,  and,  in  1844,  was  elected  to  the 
State  Senate  for  the  district  composed  of  Wabash, 
Edwards  and  Wayne  Counties,  serving  until  1848. 
He  also  served  as  a  Delegate  in  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1847.  Originally  a  Whig,  on  the 
dissolution  of  that  party  in  1854,  he  became  a 
Democrat;  in  1856,  served  as  Presidential 
Elector-at-large  on  the  Buchanan  ticket  and, 
during  the  Civil  War,  was  a  pronounced  oppo- 
nent of  the  policy  of  the  Government  in  dealing 
with  secession.  Having  removed  to  Marshall, 
Clark  County,  in  1852,  he  continued  the  practice 
of  his  profession  there,  but  was  elected  Judge  of 
the  Circuit  Court  in  1861,  serving  until  his  death, 
which  occurred,  Oct.  9,  1865.  While  holding 
court  at  Charleston,  in  March,  1863,  Judge  Con- 
stable was  arrested  because  of  his  release  of  four 
deserters  from  the  army,  and  the  holding  to  bail, 
(in  the  charge  of  kidnaping,  of  two  Union  officers 
who  had  arrested  them.  He  was  subsequently 
released  by  Judge  Treat  of  the  United  States 
District  Court  at  Springfield,  but  the  affair  cul- 
minated in  a  riot  at  Charleston,  on  March  22,  in 
which  four  soldiers  and  three  citizens  were  killed 
outright,  and  eight  persons  were  wounded. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  CONVENTIONS.  Illinois 
lias  had  four  State  Conventions  called  for  the 
purpose  of  formulating  State  Constitutions.  Of 
these,  three— those  of  1818,  1847  and  1869-70— 
adopted  Constitutions  which  went  into  effect, 
while  the  instrument  framed  by  the  Convention 
of  1862  was  rejected  by  the  people.  A  synoptical 
history  of  eacli  will  be  found  talow: 

CONVENTION  OF  1818.— In  January.  1818,  the 
Territorial  Legislature  adopted  a  resolution 
instructing  the  Delegate  in  Congress  (Hon. 
Xathaniel  Pope)  to  present  a  petition  to  Congress 
requesting  the  passage  of  an  act  authorizing  the 


people  of  Illinois  Territory  to  organize  a  State 
Government.  A  bjll  to  this  effect  was  intro- 
duced, April  7,  and  became  a  law,  April  18,  follow- 
ing. It  authorized  the  people  to  frame  a 
Constitution  and  organize  a  State  Government — 
apportioning  the  Delegates  to  be  elected  from 
each  of  the  fifteen  counties  into  which  the  Ter- 
ritory was  then  divided,  naming  the  first  Monday 
of  July,  following,  as  the  day  of  election,  and  the 
first  Monday  of  August  as  the  time  for  the  meet- 
ing of  the  Convention.  The  act  was  conditioned 
upon  a  census  of  the  people  of  the  Territory  (to 
be  ordered  by  the  Legislature),  showing  a  popu- 
lation of  not  less  than  40,000.  The  census,  as 
taken,  showed  the  required  population,  but,  as 
finally  corrected,  this  was  reduced  to  34,620 — 
being  the  smallest  with  which  any  State  was  ever 
admitted  into  the  Union.  The  election  took 
place  on  July  6,  1818,  and  the  Convention  assem- 
bled at  Kaskaskia  on  August  3.  It  consisted  of 
thirty-three  members.  Of  these,  a  majority  were 
farmers  of  limited  education,  but  with  a  fair 
portion  of  hard  common-sense.  Five  of  the 
Delegates  were  lawyers,  and  these  undoubtedly 
wielded  a  controlling  influence.  Jesse  B. 
Thomas  (afterwards  one  of  the  first  United 
States  Senators)  presided,  and  Elias  Kent  Kane, 
also  a  later  Senator,  was  among  the  dominating 
spirits.  It  lias  been  asserted  that  to  the  latter 
should  be  ascribed  whatever  new  matter  was 
incorporated  in  the  instrument,  it  being  copied 
in  most  of  its  essential  provisions  from  the  Con- 
stitutions of  Ohio,  Kentucky  and  Indiana.  The 
Convention  completed  its  labors  and  adjourned, 
August  26,  the  Constitution  was  submitted  to 
Congress  by  Delegate  John  McLean,  without  the 
formality  of  ratification  by  the  people,  and  Illi- 
nois was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  State  by 
resolution  of  Congress,  adopted  Dec.  3,  1818. 

CONVENTION  OF  1847. — An  attempt  was  made  in 
1822  to  obtain  a  revision  of  the  Constitution  of 
1818,  the  object  of  the  chief  promoters  of  the 
movement  being  to  secure  the  incorporation  of  a 
provision  authorizing  the  admission  of  slavery 
into  Illinois.  The  passage  of  a  resolution,  by  the 
necessary  two-thirds  vote  of  both  Houses  of  the 
General  Assembly,  submitting  the  proposition  to 
it  vote  of  the  people,  was  secured  by  the  most 
questionable  methods,  at  the  session  of  1822,  but 
after  a  heated  campaign  of  nearly  two  years,  it 
was  rejected  at  the  election  of  1824.  (See 
Slavery  and  Slave  Laws;  also  Coles.  Edward.) 
At  the  session  of  1840-41.  another  resolution  on 
the  subject  was  submitted  to  the  people,  but  it 
was  rejected  by  the  narrow  margin  of  1.039 


118 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


votes.  Again,  in  1845,  the  question  was  submit- 
ted, and,  at  the  election  of  1840,  was  approved. 
The  election  of  delegates  occurred,  April  19,  1847, 
and  the  Convention  met  at  .Springfield,  June  19. 
following.  It  was  composed  of  162  members, 
ninety-two  of  whom  were  Democrats.  The  list 
of  Delegates  embraced  the  names  of  many  who 
afterwards  attained  high  distinction  in  public 
affairs,  and  the  body,  as  a  whole,  was  represent- 
ative in  character.  The  Bill  of  Rights  attached 
to  the  Constitution  of  1818  was  but  little  changed 
in  its  successor,  except  by  a  few  additions, 
among  which  was  a  section  disqualifying  any 
person  who  had  been  concerned  in  a  duel  from 
holding  office.  The  earlier  Constitution,  how- 
ever, was  carefully  revised  and  several  important 
changes  made.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned 
the  following:  Limiting  the  elective  franchise 
for  foreign-born  citizens  to  those  who  had 
become  naturalized ;  making  the  judiciary  elect- 
ive; requiring  that  all  State  officers  be  elected 
by  the  people .  changing  the  time  of  the  election 
of  the  Executive,  and  making  him  ineligible  for 
immediate  re-election;  various  curtailments  of 
the  power  of  the  Legislature;  imposing  a  two- 
mill  tax  for  payment  of  the  State  debt,  and  pro- 
viding for  the  establishment  of  a  sinking  fund. 
The  Constitution  framed  was  adopted  in  conven- 
tion, August  31.  1847;  ratified  by  popular  vote, 
March  8,  1848,  and  went  into  effect,  April  1.  1848. 
CONVENTION  OF  1862. — The  proposition  for 
holding  a  third  Constitutional  Convention  was 
submitted  to  rote  of  the  people  by  the  Legislature 
of  1859.  endorsed  at  the  election  of  1860,  and  the 
election  of  Delegates  held  in  November,  1861.  In 
the  excitement  attendant  upon  the  early  events 
of  the  war,  people  paid  comparatively  little 
attention  to  the  choice  of  its  members.  It  was 
composed  of  forty-five  Democrats,  twenty-one 
Republicans,  seven  "fusionists"  and  two  classed 
as  doubtful.  The  Convention  assembled  at 
Springfield  on  Jan.  7,  1862,  and  remained  in  ses- 
sion until  March  24,  following.  It  was  in  many 
respects  a  remarkable  body.  The  law  providing 
for  its  existence  prescribed  that  the  members, 
before  proceeding  to  business,  should  take  an 
oath  to  support  the  State  Constitution.  This  the 
majority  refused  to  do.  Their  conception  of 
their  powers  was  such  that  they  seriously  deliber- 
ated upon  electing  a  United  States  Senator, 
assumed  to  make  appropriations  from  the  State 
treasury,  claimed  the  right  to  interfere  with 
military  affairs,  and  called  upon  the  Governor 
for  information  concerning  claims  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad,  which  the  Executive  refused  to 


lay  before  them.  The  instrument  drafted  pro- 
posed numerous  important  changes  in  the  organic 
law,  and  was  generally  regarded  as  objectionable. 
It  was  rejected  at  an  election  held,  June  17.  lK6i, 
by  a  majority  of  over  10,000  votes.  , 

CONVENTION  OF  1869-70.— The  second  attempt 
to  revise  the  Constitution  of  1848  resulted  in 
submission  to  the  people,  by  the  Legislature  of 
1867,  of  a  proposition  for  a  Convention,  which  was 
approved  at  the  election  of  1868  by  a  bare  major- 
ity of  704  votes.  The  election  of  Delegates  was 
provided  for  at  the  next  session  (1869),  the  elec- 
tion held  in  November  and  the  Convention 
assembled  at  Springfield,  Dec.  13.  Charles 
Hitchcock  was  chosen  President,  John  Q.  Har- 
mon, Secretary,  and  Daniel  Shepard  and  A.  H. 
Swain,  First  and  Second  Assistants.  There  were 
eighty-five  members,  of  whom  forty-four  were 
Republicans  and  forty -one  Democrats,  although 
fifteen  had  been  elected  nominally  as  "Independ 
ents."  It  was  an  assemblage  of  some  of  the 
ablest  men  of  the  State,  including  representatives 
of  all  the  learned  professions  except  the  clerical. 
l» •sides  merchants,  farmers,  bankers  and  journal- 
ists. Its  work  was  completed  May  13,  1870,  anil 
in  the  main  good.  Some  of  the  principal  changes 
made  in  the  fundamental  law,  as  proposed  by  the 
Convention,  were  the  following:  The  prohibi- 
tion of  special  legislation  where  a  general  law 
may  be  made  to  cover  the  necessities  of  the  case, 
and  the  absolute  prohibition  of  such  legislation 
in  reference  to  divorces,  lotteries  and  a  score  of 
"I  her  matters;  prohibition  of  the  passage  of  any 
law  releasing  any  civil  division  (district,  county, 
city,  township  or  town)  from  the  payment  of  its 
just  proportion  of  any  State  tax;  recommenda 
tions  to  the  Legislature  to  enact  laws  ujioii 
certain  specified  subjects,  such  as  liberal  home 
stead  and  exemption  rights,  the  construction  of 
drains,  the  regulation  of  charges  on  railways 
(which  were  declared  to  be  public  highways), 
etc. ,  etc. ;  declaring  all  elevators  and  storehouses 
public  warehouses,  and  providing  for  their  lex>* 
lative  inspection  and  supervision.  The  mainte 
nance  of  an  "efficient  system  of  public  schools" 
was  made  obligatory  upon  the  Legislature,  am) 
the  appropriation  of  any  funds — State,  munioi|«l 
town  or  district  —  to  the  support  of  sectarian 
schools  was  prohibited.  The  principle  of  cuinii 
lative  voting,  or  "minority  representation."  in 
the  choice  of  membersof  the  House  of  Represent- 
atives was  provided  for,  and  additional  wife 
guards  thrown  around  the  passage  of  bills.  The 
ineligibility  of  the  Governor  to  re-election  for  • 
second  consecutive  term  was  set  aside,  ami  a 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


119 


two-thirds  vote  of  the  Legislature  made  necessary 
to  override,  an  executive  veto.  The  list  of  State 
officers  was  increased  by  the  creation  of  the 
offices  of  Attorney-General  and  Superintendent 
of  Public  Instruction,  these  having  been  previ- 
ously provided  for  only  by  statute.  The  Supreme 
Court  bench  was  increased  by  the  addition  of 
four  members,  making  the  whole  number  of 
Supreme  Court  judges  seven;  Appellate  Courts 
authorized  after  1874,  and  County  Courts  were 
made  courts  of  record.  The  compensation  of  all 
State  officers — executive,  judicial  and  legislative 
— was  left  discretionary  with  the  Legislature, 
and  no  limit  was  placed  upon  the  length  of  the 
sessions  of  the  General  Assembly.  The  instru- 
ment drafted  by  the  Convention  was  ratified  at 
an  election  held,  July  6, 1870,  and  went  into  force. 
August  8,  following.  Occasional  amendments 
have  been  submitted  and  ratified  from  time  to 
time.  (See  Constitutions,  Elections  and  Repre- 
sentation; also  Minority  Representation. ) 

CONSTITUTIONS.  Illinois  has  had  three  con- 
stitutions—that of  1870  being  now  (1898)  in  force. 
The  earliest  instrument  was  that  approved  by 
Congress  in  1818,  and  the  first  revision  was  made 
in  1847 — the  Constitution  having  been  ratified  at 
an  election  held.  March  5,  1848,  and  going  into 
force,  April  1,  following.  The  term  of  State 
officers  has  been  uniformly  fixed  at  four  years, 
except  that  of  Treasurer,  which  is  two  years. 
Biennial  elections  and  sessions  of  the  General 
Assembly  are  provided  for.  Senators  holding  their 
seats  for  four  years,  and  Representatives  two 
years.  The  State  is  required  to  be  apportioned 
after  each  decennial  census  into  fifty-one  dis- 
tricts, each  of  which  elects  one  Senator  and  three 
Representatives.  The  principle  of  minority  rep- 
resentation has  been  incorporated  into  the 
organic  law,  each  elector  being  allowed  to  cast  as 
many  votes  for  one  legislative  candidate  as  there 
are  Representatives  to  be  chosen  in  his  district 
or  he  may  divide  his  vote  equally  among  all  the 
three  candidates  or  between  two  of  them,  as  he 
may  see  fit.  One  of  the  provisions  of  the  Consti 
tution  of  1870  is  the  inhibition  of  the  General 
Assembly  from  passing  private  laws.  Munici- 
palities are  classified,  and  legislation  is  for  all 
cities  of  a  class,  not  for  an  individual  cor|>ora- 
tion.  Individual  citizens  with  a  financial  griev- 
ance must  secure  payment  of  their  claims  under 
the  terms  of  some  general  appropriation.  The 
sessions  of  the  Legislature  are  not  limited  as  to 
time,  nor  is  there  any  restriction  upon  the  power 
of  the  Executive  to  summon  extra  sessions. 
(See  also  Conxtitiitinnal  Conrrntionx:  Elertionis; 


Governors   and    other    State    Officers;    Judicial 
System;  Suffrage,  Etc. ) 

COOK,  Burton  (.'.,  lawyer  and  Congressman, 
was  bom  in  Monroe  County,  N.  Y.,  May  11,  1819; 
completed  his  academic  education  at  the  Collegi- 
ate Institute  in  Rochester,  and  after  studying 
law,  removed  to  Illinois  (1835),  locating  first  at 
Hennepin  and  later  at  Ottawa.  Here  he  began 
the  practice  of  his  profession,  and,  in  1846.  was 
elected  by  the  Legislature  State's  Attorney  for 
the  Ninth  Judicial  District,  serving  two  years, 
when,  in  1848,  he  was  re-elected  by  the  people 
under  the  Constitution  of  that  year,  for  four 
years.  From  1833  to  1860,  he  was  State  Senator, 
taking  part  in  the  election  which  resulted  in 
making  Ly  man  Trumbull  United  States  Senator 
in  1855.  In  1861  he  served  as  one  of  the  Peace 
Commissioners  from  Illinois  in  the  Conference 
which  met  at  Washington.  He  may  be  called 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Republican  party  in 
this  State,  having  been  a  member  of  the  State 
Central  Committee  appointed  at  Bloomington  in 
1856,  and  Chairman  of  the  State  Central  Com- 
mittee in  1862.  In  1864,  he  was  elected  to  Con- 
gress, and  re-elected  in  1866,  '68  and  '70,  but 
resigned  in  1871  to  accept  the  solicitorship  of  the 
Northwestern  Railroad,  which  he  resigned  in 
1886.  He  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Abraham 
Lincoln,  serving  as  a  delegate  to  both  the  National 
Conventions  which  nominated  him  for  the  Presi- 
dency, and  presenting  his  name  at  Baltimore  in 
1864.  His  death  occurred  at  Evanston,  August 
18,  1894. 

COOK,  Daniel  Pope,  early  Congressman,  was 
born  in  Scott  County,  Ky.,  in  1795,  removed  to 
Illinois  and  began  the  practice  of  law  at  Kaskas 
kia  in  1815.  Early  in  1816,  he  became  joint  owner 
and  editor  of  "The  Illinois  Intelligencer,'  and  at 
the  same  time  served  as  Auditor  of  Public 
Accounts  by  appointment  of  Governor  Edwards : 
the  next  year  (1817)  was  sent  by  President  Mon- 
roe as  bearer  of  dispatches  to  John  Quincy  Adams, 
then  minister  to  London,  and,  on  liis  return,  was 
appointed  a  Circuit  Judge.  On  the  admission  of 
the  State  he  was  elected  the  first  Attorney - 
General,  but  almost  immediately  resigned  and, 
in  September,  1819,  was  elected  to  Congress,  serv- 
ing as  Representative  until  1827.  Having  married 
a  daughter  of  Governor  Edwards,  he  became  a 
resident  of  Edwardsville.  He  was  a  conspicuous 
opponent  of  the  proposition  to  make  Illinois  a 
slave  State  in  1823-24.  and  did  much  to  prevent 
the  success  of  that  scheme.  He  also  bore  a 
prominent  part  while  in  Congress  in  securing  the 
donation  of  lands  for  the  construction  of  the 


120 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Illinois  &  Michigan  Canal.  He  was  distinguished 
for  his  eloquence,  and  it  was  during  his  first 
Congressional  campaign  that  stump-speaking  was 
introduced  into  the  State.  Suffering  from 
consumption,  he  visited  Cuba,  and,  after  return- 
ing to  his  home  at  Edwardsville  and  failing  to 
improve,  he  went  to  Kentucky,  where  he  died, 
Oct.  16,  1827.— John  (Cook),  soldier,  born  at 
Edwardsville,  111.,  June  12,  1825,  the  son  of 
Daniel  P.  Cook,  the  second  Congressman  from 
Illinois,  and  grandson  of  Gov.  Ninian  Edwards, 
was  educated  by  private  tutors  and  at  Illinois 
College ;  in  1855  was  elected  Mayor  of  Springfield 
and  the  following  year  Sheriff  of  Sangamon 
County,  later  serving  as  Quartermaster  of  the 
State.  Raising  a  company  promptly  after  the 
firing  on  Fort  Sumter  in  1861,  he  was  commis- 
sioned Colonel  of  the  Seventh  Illinois  Volunteers 
— the  first  regiment  organized  in  Illinois  under 
the  first  call  for  troops  by  President  Lincoln ;  was 
promoted  Brigadier-General  for  gallantry  at  Fort 
Donelson  in  March,  18C2;  in  1864  commanded  the 
District  of  Illinois,  with  headquarters  at  Spring- 
field, being  mustered  out,  August,  1865,  with  the 
brevet  rank  of  Major-Geueral.  General  Cook  was 
elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly from  Sangamon  County,  in  1868.  During 
recent  years  his  home  has  been  in  Michigan. 

COOK  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  northeastern 
section  of  the  State,  bordering  on  Lake  Michigan, 
and  being  the  most  easterly  of  the  second  tier  of 
counties  south  of  the  Wisconsin  State  line.  It 
has  an  area  of  890  square  miles ;  population  (1890), 
1,191,922;  (1900),  1,838,735;  county-seat,  Chicago. 
The  county  was  organized  in  1831,  having  origi- 
nally embraced  the  counties  of  Du  Page,  Will, 
Lake,  McHenry  and  Iroquois,  in  addition  to  its 
present  territorial  limits.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Daniel  P.  Cook,  a  distinguished  Repre- 
sentative of  Illinois  in  Congress.  (See  Cook, 
Daniel  P. )  The  first  County  Commissioners  were 
Samuel  Miller,  Gholson  Kercheval  and  James 
Walker,  who  took  the  oath  of  office  before  Justice 
John  S.  C.  Hogan,  on  March  8,  1831.  William 
Lee  was  appointed  Clerk  and  Archibald  Cly  bourne 
Treasurer.  Jedediah  Wormley  was  first  County 
Surveyor,  and  three  election  districts  (Chicago, 
Du  Page  and  Hickory  Creek)  were  created.  A 
scow  ferry  was  established  across  the  South 
Branch,  with  Mark  Beaubien  as  ferryman.  Only 
non-residents  were  required  to  pay  toll.  Geolo- 
gists are  of  the  opinion  that,  previous  to  the 
glacial  epoch,  a  large  portion  of  the  county  lay 
under  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan,  which  was 
connected  with  the  Mississippi  by  the  Des  Plaines 


River.  This  theory  is  borne  out  by  the  finding 
of  stratified  beds  of  coal  and  gravel  in  the  eastern 
and  southern  portions  of  the  county,  either  under- 
lying the  prairies  or  assuming  the  form  of  ridges. 
The  latter,  geologists  maintain,  indicate  the  exist- 
ence of  an  ancient  key,  and  they  conclude  that, 
at  one  time,  the  level  of  the  lake  was  nearly  forty 
feet  higher  than  at  present.  Glacial  action  is 
believed  to  have  been  very  effective  in  establish- 
ing surface  conditions  in  this  vicinity.  Lime- 
stone and  building  stone  are  quarried  in  tolerable 
abundance.  Athens  marble  (white  when  taken 
out,  but  growing  a  rich  yellow  through  exposure) 
is  found  in  the  southwest.  Isolated  beds  of  peat 
have  also  been  found.  The  general  surface  is 
level,  although  undulating  in  some  portions.  The 
soil  near  the  lake  is  sandy,  but  in  the  interior 
becomes  a  black  mold  from  one  to  four  feet  in 
depth.  Drainage  is  afforded  by  the  Des  Plaines, 
Chicago  and  Calumet  Rivers,  which  is  now  being 
improved  by  the  construction  of  the  Drainage 
Canal.  Manufactures  and  agriculture  are  the 
principal  industries  outside  of  the  city  of  Chi- 
cago. (See  also  Chicago.) 

COOK  COUNTY  HOSPITAL,  located  in  Chi 
cago  and  under  control  of  the  Commissioners  of 
Cook  County.  It  was  originally  erected  by  the 
City  of  Chicago,  at  a  cost  of  $80,000,  and  was 
intended  to  be  used  as  a  hospital  for  patients 
suffering  from  infectious  diseases.  For  several 
years  the  building  was  unoccupied,  but,  in  1858, 
it  was  leased  by  an  association  of  physicians,  who 
opened  a  hospital,  with  the  further  purpose  of 
affording  facilities  for  clinical  instruction  to  the 
students  of  Rush  Medical  College.  In  1863  the 
building  was  taken  by  the  General  Government 
for  military  purposes,  being  used  as  an  eye  and 
ear  hospital  for  returning  soldiers.  In  1865  it 
reverted  to  the  City  of  Chicago,  and,  in  1866,  was 
purchased  by  Cook  County.  In  1874  the  County 
Commissioners  purchased  a  new  and  more  spa- 
cious site  at  acost  of  §145,000,  and  began  the  erec- 
tion of  buildings  thereon.  The  two  principal 
pavilions  were  completed  and  occupied  before  the 
close  of  1875;  the  clinical  amphitheater  and 
connecting  corridors  were  built  in  1876-77,  and  an 
administrative  building  and  two  additional 
pavilions  were  added  in  1882-84.  Up  to  that  date 
the  total  cost  of  the  buildings  had  been  $719,574, 
and  later  additions  and  improvements  have 
swelled  the  outlay  to  more  than  $1,000.000.  It 
accommodates  about  800  patients  and  constitutes 
a  part  of  the  county  machinery  for  the  care  of 
the  poor.  A  certain  number  of  beds  are  placed 
under  the  care  of  homeopathic  physicians.  The 


^ 


\ 


r 
x 
o 
z 


K'O 


IIISTOlMt  AI.    KNrYrLOl'KDIA    <>K    ILLINOIS. 


-iV  Michigan  Canal,  lie  was  di-lingnished 
for  hi.-  eloquence,  and  it  was  during  his  lirst 
(  'ongrcssional  campaign  that  Stump-speaking  was 
mi  lodii.'.-d  into  UK-  Stall-.  Snll'ering  from 
consumption,  hi-  visited  Cuba,  ami  alter  return- 
ing to  his  IIOMIC  at  F.dward-ville  ami  failing  to 
improve,  lie  went  to  Kentucky,  where  he  died, 
Oct.  lli.  1*^7.—  John  (C.Nik  i.  soldier,  born  at 
F.dwardsville.  III.  June  I'.'.  I"--,1:.,  tin-  son  of 

Daniel    I'    Cook,    the  second   Congressman    fr 

Illinois.  and  grandson  of  (im  Ninian  F.dward-. 
was  educalcd  by  private  tutors  ami  at  Illinois 
College;  in  I  K.Vi  was  elected  Mayor  of  Springfield 
ami  the  following  year  Shcrilf  of  Sangamon 
County.  Inter  serving  as  i^uartermustcr  of  the 
State  liaising  a  <'oin|iany  promptly  after  the 
tiiinu'  OH  Fort  Stiniter  in  lstll.  he  \vas  commis- 
.sinneil  Colonel  of  the  Seventh  Illinois  Volunteers 
— the  lirst  regiment  organi/cd  ill  Illinois  under 
thelirst  call  for  troops  hy  President  Lincoln,  was 
promoted  Urigudier-licncral  for  gallantry  at  Fort 
Donelson  in  March,  IxiW;  in  1*111  commanded  the 
Distri<'t  of  Illinois,  with  head.|iiarters  at  Spring- 
field, tetag BMMtOTeO  out.  .August.  Isfl'i.  with  the 
brevet  rank  of  Major-!  ieneral.  (ieneral  Cook  was 
elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  (ieneral  Asseni- 
lilv  from  Sangamon  (.'oiinty,  in  Isiis.  During 
recent  years  his  home  has  liecn  in  Michigan. 

i  iiuh    COUNTY,  situateil  in  astern 

seel  ion  of  the  Stall',  bordering  on  l*uke  Michigan, 
ami  being  the  most  easterly  of  the  second  tier  of 
counties  south  of  the  Wisconsin  State  line  It 
has  an  area  of  siin-ipiarc  miles,  population  (IMMH 
l.l'Jl.'.rJ'J:  d'.MHi).  l.s:js.7a.");  county-seat.  Chicago. 
The  county  was  or^ani/ed  in  |s:j|.  having  origi- 
nally emhraccd  the  counties  of  Du  I'a^e.  Will, 
Lake,  Jlcllenry  ami  lroi|iioi-,.  in  addition  to  its 
present  territorial  limit.-.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Daniel  P.  Took,  a  distinguished  liepn- 
sentativu  of  Illinois  in  Congress.  (See  <',,<,!;. 
Jlaniil  1'.)  The  lirst  County  » 'oniiiiir-sioners  were 
Samuel  Miller.  Clml-on  Kerrlicval  and  James 
Walker,  who  took  the  oath  of  ollicc  hefon^  .Justice 
John  S.  C.  llo^an.  on  Mari'h  s,  |s:;i  \Villiam 
Lei'  wasap|Hiinted  ( 'lerk  and  . \rchiliald  t'lyl»>nrne 
Treasurer.  .ledf'diah  AVormley  was  tirst  County 
SurM'Vor.  and  lliree  election  districts  (Chicago. 
I)n  I'aj^e  ami  Iliekory  Creek)  were  created.  A 
scow  lurry  was  established  across  the  South 
Brunch,  with  Mark  Ucauhieii  as  ferryman.  Only 
non-residents  were  rei|iiired  to  pay  toll,  (ieolo- 
(;ists  are  of  the  opinion  thai,  previous  to  the 
glacial  e|Xich.  a  law  |»n -lion  of  the  county  lay 
under  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan,  which  was 
counected  with  the  Mississippi  hy  the  L)es  1'laines 


Iliver.  Tliis  theory  is  iKirne  out  by  the  finding 
of  -iratilied  U-dsot  coal  and  gravel  in  the  eastern 
ami  soi it  hern  port  ions  of  the  county,  cither  under- 
lyin-;  the  prairies  or  assuming  the  form  of  ridges. 
The  latter,  ^eolo^i-ts  maintain,  indicale  Ihe  exist- 
ence- of  an  ancient  key.  and  they  conclude  that, 
at  one  time,  the  level  of  the  lake  was  nearly  forty 
fi-et  higher  than  at  present  (ilaciul  action  is 
liclicxcd  to  have  been  very  elfective  in  estahlish 
iiix'  surface  conditions  in  this  vicinity.  Lime- 
stone and  Imildinx  stone  are  quarried  in  tolerable 
abundance.  Athens  marble  (while  when  taken 
out.  but  growing  a  rich  yellow  through  exposure) 
is  found  in  the  southwest.  Isolated  U-ils  of  peat 
have  also  been  found.  The  general  surface  is 
level,  although  undulating  in  some  |mrtions.  The 
soil  near  the  lake  is  samly.  but  in  the  interior 
becomes  a  black  mold  from  one  to  four  feet  in 
depth.  Drainage  isalforded  by  the  Ues  I'laines 
Chicago ADii  Calumet  Kivers.  which  is  now  bein^ 
improved  by  thu  construction  of  the  Draina^i 
Canal.  Manufactures  ami  agriculture  ar«  the 
principal  industries  outside  of  the  cily  of  Chi- 
cago. (See  also  f  'liii'ttt/tt. ) 

COOK  COf.NTY  HOSPITAL,  locate.)  in  Chi 
ca^o  and  under  control  of  the  Commissioners  of 
Cook  Comity.  It  was  originally  erected  by  tin- 
City  of  Chicago,  at  a  cost  of  :-Mil,(loo,  and  was 
intended  to  l>e  used  as  a  hospital  for  patients 
sulferini;  from  infectious  diseases.  For  several 
years  the  building  was  unoccupied,  but.  in  ls"»s 
it  was  leased  by  an  association  of  physicians,  who 
opened  a  hospital,  with  the  further  purpose  of 
alVordini;  facilities  for  clinical  instrti.  lion  to  the 
students  of  l.'u-h  Medical  College.  In  IM;:;  ||,,. 
building  was  taken  liy  the  (ieneral  (Government 
for  military  |. urpo.es.  bein^  use. I  as  a:i  eye  and 
ear  hospital  for  returning  soldiers.  In  Isii.'i  it 
reverted  to  the  City  of  I  'liirago.  and.  in  iMiii.  wa- 
purchased  by  Cook  Ciuinly.  In  IS71  Ihe  County 
Coiiuni— ioiiers  purchased  a  new  and  more  spa- 
cion-  site  at  a  cost  of  >>1  I.'J.IKMI.  and  lie^an  the  erec- 
tion of  buildings  thereon.  The  two  principal 
|K;\  ilions were  completed  and  occupied  In-fore  the 
elo->e  of  Is^.'t;  the  clinical  amphitheater  and 
connecting  corridors  were  built  in  1*7(1-77,  and  an 
administrative  building  and  two  addilional 
pavilions  were  added  in  l*s->.s|.  t'p  to  that  date 
the  total  cost  of  the  buildings  had  licen  *71!l..'i74 
and  later  additions  and  improvements  have 
swelled  the  outlay  lo  more  ili.m  >i  .i.ni  o..o  It 
accommodales  aUnil  MM  I  palienls  and  constitutes 
a  part  of  the  county  machinery  for  the  care  of 
the  |»ior  A  certain  number  of  IH-.IS  are  placed 
under  the  care  ..I  homeupathic  physicians.  The 


T. 

*" 

7 

> 
v. 


ALONG  SHERIDAN    KOAI)  AND  ON  THE  BOULEVARDS. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


121 


present  (1896)  allopathic  medical  staff  consists  of 
fifteen  physicians,  fifteen  surgeons,  one  oculist 
and  aurist  and  one  pathologist;  the  homeopathic 
staff  comprises  five  physicians  and  five  surgeons. 
In  addition,  there  is  a  large  corps  of  internes,  or 
house  physicians  and  surgeons,  composed  of 
recent  grad.iates  from  the  several  medical  col- 
leges, who  gain  their  positions  through  competi- 
tive examination  and  hold  them  for  eighteen 
months. 

COOK  I:,  Edward  Dean,  lawyer  and  Congress- 
man, born  in  Dubuque  County,  Iowa,  Oct.  17, 
1849;  was  educated  in  the  common  schools  and 
the  high  school  of  Dubuque;  studied  law  in  that 
city  and  at  Columbian  University,  Washington, 
D.  C.,  graduating  from  that  institution  with  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Laws,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  Washington  in  1873.  Coming  to  Chi- 
cago the  same  year,  he  entered  upon  the  practice 
of  his  profession,  which  he  pursued  for  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  In  1882  he  was  elected  a 
Representative  in  the  State  Legislature  from 
Cook  County,  serving  one  term ;  was  elected  as  a 
Republican  to  the  Fifty-fourth  Congress  for  the 
Sixth  District  (Chicago),  in  1894,  and  re-elected  in 
1896.  His  death  occurred  suddenly  while  in 
attendance  on  the  extra  session  of  Congress  in 
Washington,  June  24,  1897. 

COOLBAUGH,  William  Findlay,  financier,  was 
born  in  Pike  County,  Pa.,  July  1,  1821;  at  the 
age  of  15  became  clerk  in  a  dry-goods  store  in 
Philadelphia,  but,  in  1842,  opened  a  branch 
establishment  of  a  New  York  firm  at  Burlington, 
Iowa,  where  he  afterwards  engaged  in  the  bank-' 
ing  business,  also  serving  in  the  Iowa  State 
Constitutional  Convention,  and,  as  the  candidate 
of  his  party  for  United  States  Senator,  being 
defeated  by  Hon.  James  Harlan  by  one  vote.  In 
18G2  he  came  to  Chicago  and  opened  the  banking 
house  of  W.  F.  Coolbaugh  &  Co.,  which,  in  1865, 
became  the  Union  National  Bank  of  Chicago. 
Later  he  became  the  first  President  of  the  Chi- 
cago Clearing  House,  as  also  of  the  Bankers' 
Association  of  the  West  and  South,  a  Director  of 
the  Board  of  Trade,  and  an  original  incorporator 
of  the  .Chamber  of  Commerce,  besides  being  a 
member  of  the  State  Constitutional  Convention 
of  1869-70.  His  death  by  suicide,  at  the  foot  of 
Douglas  Monument,  Nov.  14,  1877,  was  a  shock  to 
the  whole  city  of  Chicago. 

COOLEY,  Horace  S.,  Secretary  of  State,  was 
born  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  1806,  studied  medi- 
cine for  two  years  in  early  life,  then  went  to  Ban- 
gor,  Maine,  where  he  began  the  study  of  law ;  in 
1840  he  came  to  Illinois,  locating  first  at  Rushville 


and  finally  in  the  city  of  Quincy ;  in  1842  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  campaign  which  resulted 
in  the  election  of  Thomas  Ford  as  Governor — also 
received  from  Governor  Carlin  an  appointment  as 
Quartermaster-General  of  the  State.  On  the 
accession  of  Governor  French  in  December,  1846, 
he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State  and  elected 
to  the  same  office  under  the  Constitution  of  1848. 
dying  before  the  expiration  of  his  term,  April  2. 
1850. 

GORBUS,  (Dr.)  J.  C.,  physician,  was  born  in 
Holmes  County,  Ohio,  in  1833,  received  his  pri 
mary  education  in  the  public  schools,  followed 
by  an  academic  course,  and  began  the  study  of 
medicine  at  Millersburg,  finally  graduating  from 
the  Western  Reserve  Medical  College  at  Cleve- 
land. In  1855  he  began  practice  at  Orville,  Ohio, 
but  the  same  year  located  at  Mendota,  111.,  soon 
thereafter  removing  to  Lee  County,  where  he 
remained  until  1862.  The  latter  year  he  was 
appointed  Assistant  Surgeon  of  the  Seventy -fifth 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  but  was  soon  pro- 
moted to  the  position  of  Surgeon,  though  com- 
pelled to  resign  the  following  year  on  account  of 
ill  health.  Returning  from  the  army,  he  located 
at  Mendota.  Dr.  Corbus  served  continuously  as  a 
member  of  the  State  Board  of  Public  Charities 
from  1873  until  the  accession  of  Governor  Altgeld 
to  the  Governorship  in  1893,  when  he  resigned. 
He  was  also,  for  fifteen  years,  one  of  the  Medical 
Examiners  for  his  District  under  the  Pension 
Bureau,  and  has  served  as  a  member  of  the 
Republican  State  Central  Committee  for  the 
Mendota  District.  In  1897  he  was  complimented 
by  Governor  Tanner  by  reappointment  to  the 
State  Board  of  Charities,  and  was  made  President 
of  the  Board.  Early  in  1899  he  was  appointed 
Superintendent  of  the  Eastern  Hospital  for  the 
Insane  at  Kankakee,  as  successor  to  Dr.  William 
G.  Stearns. 

CORNELL,  Paul,  real-estate  operator  and  capi- 
talist, was  born  of  English  Quaker  ancestry  in 
Washington  County,  N.  Y.,  August  5,  1822:  at  9 
years  of  age  removed  with  his  step-father,  Dr. 
Barry,  to  Ohio,  and  five  years  later  to  Adams. 
County,  111.  Here  young  Cornell  lived  the  life  of 
a  farmer,  working  part  of  the  year  to  earn  money 
to  send  himself  to  school  the  remainder;  also 
taught  for  a  time,  then  entered  the  office  of  W.  A. 
Richardson,  at  Rushville,  Schuyler  County,  as  a 
law  student.  In  1845  he  came  to  Chicago,  but 
soon  after  became  a  student  in  the  law  office  of 
Wilson  &  Henderson  at  Joliet,  and  was  admitted 
to  practice  in  that  city.  Removing  to  Chicago  in 
1847,  he  was  associated,  successively,  with  the  lat« 


M>  "\   TIIK   II"  >l   I.I  .\'AU  1 1 


Al.oNi,   MIK KlU \N 


ItlSTOItlCAL    K\(  Y(  LOPK1HA    ol'    H,LI\(U>. 


present  ( IK'.iii)  .ill,  i|i,-ii  In.-  m. "lie, il  slalf  consists  of 
lifteen  physicians,  lifteen  surgeons,  one-  oculist 
and  Biirist  and  one  pathologist;  the  homeopathic 
stalf  comprises  live  physicians  ami  live  surgeons. 
In  addition,  tlieiv  is  a  large  corps  of  internes,  or 
house  physicians  ami  surgeons,  composed  of 
recent  grad  iates  from  the  several  meilicul  col- 
leges, who  gain  their  positions  through  competi- 
tive examination  ami  hold  them  for  eighteen 
months 

COOKK,  Edward  I»can,  lawyer  ami  Congress- 
man, horn  in  Dubui|ue  County.  Iowa,  Oct.  17, 
|x|!l;  was  educated  ill  the  common  schools  and 
the  high  school  of  Duhuijm1:  studied  law  in  that 
city  and  at  Columbian  University,  Washington, 
D.C..  graduating  from  that  institution  with  the. 
decree  of  Bachelor  of  Laws,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  liar  in  Washington  in  1ST:!  Coming  to  Chi- 
cago the  same  year,  he  entered  upon  the  practice 
of  his  profession,  which  he  pursued  for  the, 
remainder  of  his  life.  In  I*1*','  he  was  elected  a 
Representative  in  the  State  Legislature  from 
Cook  County,  serving  one  term ;  was  elected  as  a 
Republican  to  the  Fifty-fourth  Congress  for  the 
Sixth  District  (Chicago),  in  1^114.  and  re-elected  in 
l*!»i.  His  death  occurred  suddenly  while,  in 

atlendan ni    I  he  extra  session  of  Congress  in 

Washington,  June  -Jl.  IS',17. 

(  OOl.l'.An.ll.  William  Kindlay,  finan<-ier.  was 
Imrn  in  Pike  County.  Pa..  July  1,  IS'.M;  at  lin- 
age of  |.~i  became  clerk  in  a  dry-goods  store  in 
1'iiiladclphia.  hut.  in  1-1-  opc.ned  a  branch 
establishment  of  a  New  York  linn  at  Rurlington, 
Iowa,  where  he  afterwards  engaged  in  the  liank-' 
ing  business,  also  serving  in  the  Iowa  State 
Const  it  nl  i,  - 1:  'I  <  ''invention,  and.  as  the  candidate 
of  his  p.nly  lor  I'nitcd  Sl-ites  Senator,  being 
defeated  hv  II, ui.  James  Ilarlail  by  one  vote.  In 
IS.ii  he  came  to  Chicago  and  opened  the  banking 
house  of  W.  K.  Coolliaiigh  iV  Co.,  which,  in  lS(i.">. 
liccame  tins  Union  National  liank  of  Chicago 
loiter  he  iH'came  t!ie  first  President  of  the  Chi- 
cago Clearing  House,  as  also  of  the  Hankers' 
Association  of  the  West  and  South,  a  Director  of 
the  Hoard  of  Trade,  and  an  original  incur]  (orator 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  besides  Itcing  a 
member  of  the  State  Constitutional  Convention 
of  isr,'.t-7ll.  llis  death  by  suicide,  at  the  toot  of 
Douglas  Monument,  Nov.  11,  1*77,  was  a  shock  to 
the  whole  city  of  Chicago. 

COOI.KY,  Horace  S.,  Secretary  of  Stale,  was 
born  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  INK!,  studied  medi- 
cine for  two  years  in  early  life,  then  went  to  Han- 
gor.  Maine,  where  he  liegan  the  st  udv  of  law;  in 
1*40  h<' came  to  Illinois  locating  tirsl  at  Itushville 


ami   linally  in  the  city  of  Quincy  ;  in  1S40  tool;  a 

prominent    part  in  tl ainpai^n  which  resulted 

in  the  election  ot'  Thomas  I-'ord  as  t  Jovernor — als*- 
receive.!  from  <  iovernor  Carlin  an  ap|x)intmem  a- 
tJiiartermaster-(  ieiieral  ol  the  Stale  On  tin 
ai'cession  of  Governor  I-'rench  in  December,  l^li. 
he  was  ap|Miinted  Secretary  of  State  and  elected 
to  the  same  ollice  under  the  ( '.institution  of  IS|v 
<lyin^  before  tin- expiration  of  his  term,  April '.' 
1850. 

C'ORIU'S,  (llr.l  J.  ('.,  physi.-iaii,  was  horn  n 
Holmes  Comity.  Ohio,  in  I*:::;,  received  his  pri 
mary  education  in  the  public  schools,  followed 
by  an  academic  course,  and  licjsin  the  study  ol 
medicine  at  Millersbun;.  linally  ^ra<luatin^  from 
the  Western  Heserve  Medical  College  at  Cleve 
land.  In  1M.";.~>  he  liegan  pra«'tici'  at  Orville.  Ohio 
but  the  sunn*  year  located  at  Mendota.  111.,  soot. 
thereafter  removing  to  l>'e  County,  where  lie 
remained  until  I*!!'-'  The  latter  year  he  wa- 
apjHiinted  Assistant  Surgeon  of  the  Seventy  -fifth 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry  but  was  soon  pro- 
moted, to  the  |Hisition  of  Surgeon,  though  com 
pelleil  to  resign  the  following  year  on  account  of 
ill  health,  llcturning  from  the  army,  he  locale. I 
at  Mendota.  Dr.  Corbus  served  continuously  as  a 
member  of  the  State  Hoard  of  .Public  Charities 
from  is;:;  until  the  accession  ol  (Governor  Altgeld 
to  the  Governorship  in  IS'.i:!.  when  he  resigned 
He  was  also,  for  lil'teen  years,  one  of  the  Medical 
Examiners  for  his  District  under  the  PensTon 
Bureau,  anil  has  served  as  a  menilier  of  tut* 
Republican  State  Central  Committee  for  the 
Mendota  District.  In  ISD;  |,,.  was  complimented 
by  (iovcrnor  Tanner  l.\  reap|*»iMtMient  to  the 
Sta'e  HoarJ  of  Cli.tritie.s.  aad  was  n.adi-  President 
of  the  Hoard  l!ai-|y  in  IS'.HI  he  was  ap|Kiinteil 
Sii|)erintendcnt  of  tin1  Kasl.-rn  llospiial  for  the 
Insane  at  Kankaki'e.  as  sncci-.s,,i  to  Dr.  William 
<i.  Stearns. 

('(MiXKI.L,  I'.nil.  i-.-.il  I'stalc  operator  and  cap! 
talist.  was  liorn  of  Knglish  Ouaker  ancestry  in 
Washington  County.  N.  Y.,  August  .1.  1IS'.'-J;  at  !( 
years  of  age  removed  with  his  sU.p-faihcr.  Dr. 
Harry,  to  Ohio,  and  live  years  later  to  Adams 
County.  Ill  Here  yoiingCorncll  li\ed  the  life  of 
a  farmer,  working  part  of  the  year  to  earn  money 
to  send  himscll  t.i  school  tin'  remainder;  also 
taught  tor  a  time,  t hen  entered  theolliceol  W  A 
Richardson,  at  Knshville,  Schuyler  County,  as  a 
law  sliidonl.  In  1N4.">  he  came  I,  Chii-ago.  but 
soon  alter  licc.ime  a  student  ill  the  law  ollice  of 
Wilson  A'  Henderson  at  Joliet.  and  wasadmilteil 
to  practice  in  that  city.  Removing  to  Chicago  in 
!••  17  he  was  associated,  successively,  with  tin'  lat" 


m 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


I-  C.  P.  Freer,  Judge  James  H.  Collins  and 
Messrs.  Skinner  &  Hoyne ;  finally  entered  into  a 
contract  with  Judge  Skinner  to  perfect  the  title  to 
320  acres  of  land  held  under  tax-title  within  the 
present  limits  of  Hyde  Park,  which  he  succeeded 
in  doing  by  visiting  the  original  owners,  thereby 
securing  one-half  of  the  property  in  his  own 
name.  He  thus  became  the  founder  of  the  village 
of  Hyde  Park,  meanwhile  adding  to  his  posses- 
sions other  lands,  which  increased  vastly  in  value. 
He  also  established  a  watch  factory  at  Cornell 
(now  a  part  of  Chicago),  which  did  a  large  busi- 
ness until  removed  to  California.  Mr.  Cornell 
was  a  member  of  the  first  Park  Board,  and  there- 
fore has  the  credit  of  assisting  to  organize  Chi- 
cago's extensive  park  system. 

CORWIN,  Franklin,  Congressman,  was  born  at 
Lebanon,  Ohio,  Jan.  12,  1818,  and  admitted  to  the 
bar  at  the  age  of  21.  While  a  resident  of  Ohio  he 
served  in  both  Houses  of  the  Legislature,  and 
settled  in  Illinois  in  1857,  making  his  home  at 
Peru.  He  was  a  member  of  the  lower  house  of 
the  Twenty-fourth,  Twenty-fifth  and  Twenty- 
sixth  General  Assemblies,  being  Speaker  in  186T. 
and  again  in  1869.  In  1872  he  was  elected  to 
Congress  as  a  Republican,  but,  in  1874,  was 
defeated  by  Alexander  Campbell,  who  made  the 
race  as  an  Independent.  Died,  at  Peru,  111..  June 
15.  1879. 

COUCH,  James,  pioneer  hotel-keeper,  was  born 
at  Fort  Edward,  N.  Y.,  August  31,  1800;  removed 
to  Chautauqua  County,  in  the  same  State,  where 
he  remained  until  his  twentieth  year,  receiving  a 
fair  English  education.  After  engaging  succes- 
sively, but  with  indifferent  success,  as  hotel-clerk, 
stage-house  keeper,  lumber-dealer,  and  in  the  dis- 
tilling business,  in  1836,  in  company  with  his 
younger  brother,  Ira,  he  visited  Chicago.  They 
both  decided  to  go  into  business  there,  first  open- 
ing a  small  store,  and  later  entering  upon  their 
hotel  ventures  which  proved  so  eminently  suc- 
cessful, and  gave  the  Tremont  House  of  Chicago 
.so  wide  and  enviable  a  reputation.  Mr.  Couch 
superintended  for  his  brother  Ira  the  erection,  at 
various  times,  of  many  large  business  blocks  in 
the  city.  Upon  the  death  of  his  brother,  in  1857, 
he  was  made  one  of  the  trustees  of  his  estate,  and, 
with  other  trustees,  rebuilt  the  Tremont  House 
after  the  Chicago  fire  of  1871.  In  April,  1892. 
while  boarding  a  street  car  in  the  central  part  of 
the  city  of  Chicago,  he  was  run  over  by  a  truck, 
receiving  injuries  which  resulted  in  his  death 
the  same  day  at  the  Tremont  House,  in  the  92d 
year  of  his  age. — Ira  (Couch),  younger  brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  Ixirn  in  Saratoga  County, 


N.  Y.,  Nov.  22,  1808.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
was  apprenticed  to  a  tailor,  and,  in  1826,  set  up 
in  business  on  his  own  account.  In  1836,  while 
visiting  Chicago  with  his  brother  James,  he 
determined  to  go  into  business  there.  With  a 
stock  of  furnishing  goods  and  tailors'  supplies, 
newly  bought  in  New  York,  a  small  store  was 
opened.  This  business  soon  disposed  of,  Mr. 
Couch,  with  his  brother,  obtained  a  lease  of  the 
old  Tremont  House,  then  a  low  frame  building 
kept  as  a  saloon  boarding  house.  Changed  and 
refurnished,  this  was  opened  as  a  hotel.  It  was 
destroyed  by  fire  in  1839,  as  was  also  the  larger 
rebuilt  structure  in  1849.  A  second  time  rebuilt, 
and  on  a  much  larger  and  grander  scale  at  a  cost 
of  S75,000|  surpassing  anything  the  West  had  ever 
known  before,  the  Tremont  House  this  time  stood 
until  the  Chicago  fire  in  1871,  when  it  was  again 
destroyed.  Mr.  Couch  at  all  times  enjoyed  an 
immense  patronage,  and  was  able  to  accumulate 
(for  that  time)  a  large  fortune.  He  purchased 
and  improved  a  large  number  of  business  blocks, 
then  within  the  business  center  of  the  city.  In 
1853  he  retired  from  active  business,  and,  in  con- 
sequence of  impaired  health,  chose  for  the  rest  of 
his  life  to  seek  recreation  in  travel.  In  the 
winter  of  1857,  while  with  his  family  in 
Havana,  Cuba,  he  was  taken  with  a  fever  which 
soon  ended  his  life.  His  remains  now  rest  in  a 
mausoleum  of  masonry  in  Lincoln  Park,  Chi- 
cago. 

COT  I.TKR  V  II,I,K,  a  town  of  Randolph  County, 
at  the  crossing  of  the  Centralia  &  Chester  and 
the  St.  Louis  &  Paducah  branch  Illinois  Central 
Railways,  49  miles  southeast  of  St.  Louis.  Farm- 
ing and  coal-mining  are  the  leading  industries. 
The  t6wn  has  two  banks,  two  creameries,  and  a 
newspaper.  Population  (1891)),  598;  (1900),  660. 
COUNTIES,  UNORGANIZED.  (See  Unorgan- 
ized Countien.) 

COWHEN.  ;i  village  of  Shelby  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwest- 
ern and  the  Toledo,  St.  Louis  &  Western  Rail- 
ways, 60  miles  southeast  of  Springfield.  Con- 
siderable coal  is  mined  in  the  vicinity;  has  a 
bank  and  a  weekly  paper.  Population  (1880), 
350;  (1890),  702;  (1900),  751. 

COWLES,  Alfred,  newspaper  manager,  was 
born  in  Portage  County,  Ohio,  May  13,  1832,  grew 
up  on  a  farm  and,  after  spending  some  time  at 
Michigan  University,  entered  the  office  of  "The 
Cleveland  Leader"  as  a  clerk;  in  1855  accepted  a 
similar  position  on  "The  Chicago  Tribune,"  which 
had  just  been  bought  by  Joseph  Medill  and 
others,  finally  becoming  a  stockholder  and  busi- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


123 


ness  manager  of  the  paper,  so  remaining  until  his 
death  in  Chicago,  Dec.  20,  1889. 

COX,  Thomas,  pioneer,  Senator  in  the  First 
General  Assembly  of  Illinois  (1818-22)  from  Union 
County,  and  a  conspicuous  figure  in  early  State 
history ;  was  a  zealous  advocate  of  the  policy  of 
making  Illinois  a  slave  State;  became  one  of  the 
original  proprietors  and  founders  of  the  city  of 
Springfield,  and  was  appointed  the  first  Register 
of  the  Land  Office  there,  but  was  removed  under 
charges  of  misconduct ;  after  his  retirement  from 
the  Land  Office,  kept  a  hotel  at  Springfield.  In 
1836  he  removed  to  Iowa  (then  a  part  of  Wiscon- 
sin Territory),  became  a  member  of  the  first 
Territorial  Legislature  there,  was  twice  re-elected 
and  once  Speaker  of  the  House,  being  prominent 
in  1840  as  commander  of  the  "Regulators"  who 
drove  out  a  gang  of  murderers  and  desperadoes 
who  had  got  possession  at  Bellevue.  Iowa.  Died, 
at  Maquoketa,  Iowa.  1843. 

COT,  Irug,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Chenango 
County,  N.  Y.,  July  25,  1832;  educated  in  the 
common  schools  and  at  Central  College,  Cortland 
County,  N.  Y. ,  graduating  in  law  at  Albany  in 
1857.  Then,  having  removed  to  Illinois,  he 
located  in  Kendall  County  and  began  practice;  in 
1868  was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  General 
Assembly  and,  in  1872,  served  as  Presidential 
Elector  on  the  Republican  ticket;  removed  to 
Chicago  in  1871,  later  serving  as  attorney  of  the 
Union  Stock  Yards  and  Transit  Company.  Died, 
in  Chicago,  Sept.  20,  1897. 

CRAFTS,  Clayton  E.,  legislator  and  politician, 
born  at  Auburn,  Geauga  County,  Ohio,  July  8, 
1848;  was  educated  at  Hiram  College  and  gradu- 
ated from  the  Cleveland  Law  School  in  1868, 
coming  to  Chicago  in  1869.  Mr.  Crafts  served  in 
seven  consecutive  sessions  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly (1883-95,  inclusive)  as  Representative  from 
Cook  County,  and  was  elected  by  the  Democratic 
majority  as  Speaker,  in  1891,  and  again  in  '93. 

< 'R All;,  Alfred  H.,  jurist,  was  born  in  Edgar 
County,  111.,  Jan.  15,  1831,  graduated  from  Knox 
College  in  1853,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
the  following  year,  commencing  practice  at 
Knoxville.  He  held  the  offices  of  State's 
Attorney  and  County  Judge,  and  represented 
Knox  County  in  the  Constitutional  Convention 
of  1869-70.  In  1873  he  was  elected  to  the  bench 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  as  successor  to  Justice 
C.  B.  Lawrence,  and  was  re-elected  in  '82  and 
'91 ;  his  present  term  expiring  with  the  century. 
He  is  a  Democrat  in  politics,  but  has  been 
three  times  elected  in  a  Republican  judicial 
district. 


CRAWFORD,  Charles  H.,  lawyer  and  legisla- 
tor, was  born  in  Bennington,  Vt.,  but  reared  in 
Bureau  and  La  Salle  Counties,  111. ;  has  practiced 
law  for  twenty  years  in  Chicago,  and  been  three 
times  elected  to  the  State  Senate— 1884,  '88  and 
'94— and  is  author  of  the  Crawford  Primary  Elec- 
tion Law.  enacted  in  1885. 

CRAWFORD  COUNTY,  a  southeastern  county, 
bordering  on  the  Wabash,  190  miles  nearly  due 
south  of  Chicago— named  for  William  H.  Craw- 
ford, a  Secretary  of  War.  It  has  an  area  of  452 
square  miles;  population  (1900),  19,240.  The 
first  settlers  were  the  French,  but  later  came 
emigrants  from  New  England.  The  soil  is  rich 
and  well  adapted  to  the  production  of  corn  and 
wheat,  which  are  the  principal  crops.  The 
county  was  organized  in  1817,  Darwin  being 
the  first  county-seat.  The  present  county-seat 
is  Robinson,  with  a  population  (1890)  of  1,387: 
centrally  located  and  the  point  of  intersection  of 
two  railroads.  Other  towns  of  importance  are 
Palestine  (population,  734)  and  Hutsonville  (popu- 
lation, 582).  The  latter,  as  well  as  Robinson,  is 
a  grain-shipping  point.  The  Embarras  River 
crosses  the  southwest  portion  cf  the  county,  and 
receives  the  waters  of  Big  and  Honey  Creeks  and 
Bushy  Fork.  The  county  lias  no  mineral 
resources,  but  contains  some  valuable  woodland 
and  many  well  cultivated  farms.  Tobacco, 
potatoes,  sorghum  and  wool  are  among  the  lead, 
ing  products. 

CREAL  SPRINGS,  a  village  of  Williamson 
County,  on  the  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute 
Railroad ;  has  a  bank  and  a  weekly  paper.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  539;  (1900),  940. 

CREBS,  John  M.,  ex-Congressman,  was  born  in 
Middleburg,  Loudoun  County,  Va. .  April  7,  1830. 
When  he  was  but  7  years  old  his  parents  removed 
to  Illinois,  where  he  ever  after  resided.  At  the 
age  of  21  he  began  the  study  of  law,  and,  in  1852. 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  beginning  practice  in 
White  County.  In  1862  he  enlisted  in  the 
Eighty-seventh  Illinois  Volunteers,  receiving  a 
commission  as  Lieutenant-Colonel,  participating 
in  all  the  important  movements  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley,  including  the  capture  of  Vicksburg,  and 
in  the  Arkansas  campaign,  a  part  of  the  time 
commanding  a  brigade.  Returning  home,  lie 
resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession.  In  186« 
he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  State 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  on  the 
Democratic  ticket.  He  was  elected  to  Congress 
in  1868  and  re-elected  in  1870,  and,  in  1880,  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Democratic  State  Convention. 
Died,  June  26,  1890. 


124 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


CRE1GHTOX,  James  A.,  jurist,  was  born  in 
White  County,  111.,  March  7,  1846;  in  childhood 
removed  with  his  parents  to  Wayne  County,  and 
was  educated  in  the  schools  at  Fairfield  and  at 
the  Southern  Illinois  College,  Salem,  graduating 
from  the  latter  in  1868.  After  teaching  for  a 
time  while  studying  law,  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  18TO,  and  opened  an  office  at  Fairfield,  but, 
in  1877,  removed  to  Springfield.  In  1885  he  was 
elected  a  Circuit  Judge  for  the  Springfield  Cir- 
cuit, was  re-elected  in  1891  and  again  in  1897. 

< 'K K K  A K,  John,  manufacturer  and  philanthro- 
pist, was  born  of  Scotch  ancestry  in  New  York 
City,  in  1827 ;  at  18  years  of  age  was  an  employe 
of  an  iron-importing  firm  in  that  city,  subse- 
quently accepting  a  position  with  Morris  K. 
Jessup  &  Co.,  in  the  same  line.  Coming  to 
Chicago  in  1862,  in  partnership  with  J.  McGregor 
Adams,  he  succeeded  to  the  business  of  Jessup  & 
Co.,  in  that  city,  also  becoming  a  partner  in  the 
Adams  &  Westlake  Company,  iron  manufactur- 
ers. He  also  became  interested  and  an  official  in 
various  other  business  organizations,  including 
the  Pullman  Palace  Car  Company,  the  Chicago 
&  Alton  Railroad,  the  Illinois  Trust  and  Savings 
Bank,  and,  for  a  time,  was  President  of  the  Chi- 
cago &  Joliet  Railroad,  besides  being  identified 
with  various  benevolent  institutions  and  associ- 
ations. After  the  fire  of  1871.  he  was  intrusted 
by  the  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce  with 
the  custody  of  funds  sent  for  the  relief  of  suffer- 
ers by  that  calamity.  His  integrity  and  business 
sagacity  were  universally  recognized.  After  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  Chicago,  Oct.  19, 
1889,  it  was  found  that,  after  making  munificent 
bequests  to  some  twenty  religious  and  benevolent 
associations  and  enterprises,  aggregating  nearly 
a  million  dollars,  besides  liberal  legacies  to 
relatives,  he  had  left  the  residue  of  his  estate, 
amounting  to  some  52,000,000,  for  the  purpose  of 
founding  a  public  library  in  the  city  of  Chicago, 
naming  thirteen  of  his  most  intimate  friends  as 
the  first  Board  of  Trustees.  No  more  fitting  and 
lasting  monument  of  so  noble  and  public-spirited 
a  man  could  have  been  devised. 

CRETE,  a  village  of  Will  County,  on  the  Chi- 
cago &  Eastern  Illinois  Railroad,  30  miles  south 
of  Chicago.  Population  (1890),  642;  (1900),  760. 

CROOK,  tieorge,  soldier,  was  born  near  Day- 
ton, Ohio,  Sept.  8,  1828;  graduated  at  the  United 
States  Military  Academy,  West  Point,  in  1852,  and 
was  assigned  as  brevet  Second  Lieutenant  to  the 
Fourth  Infantry,  becoming  full  Second  Lieuten- 
ant in  1853.  In  1861  he  entered  the  volunteer 
service  as  Colonel  of  the  Thirty-sixth  Ohio  Infan- 


try ;  was  promoted  Brigadier-General  in  1862  and 
Major-General  in  1864,  being  mustered  out  of  the 
service,  January,  1866.  During  the  war  he 
participated  in  some  of  the  most  important 
battles  in  West  Virginia  and  Tennessee,  fought  at 
Chickamauga  and  Antietam,  and  commanded 
the  cavalry  in  the  advance  on  Richmond  in  the 
spring  of  1865.  On  being  mustered  out  of  the 
volunteer  service  he  returned  to  the  regular 
army,  was  appointed  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the 
Twenty-third  Infantry,  and,  for  several  years,  was 
engaged  in  campaigns  against  the  hostile  Indians 
in  the  Northwest  and  in  Arizona.  In  1888  he 
was  appointed  Major-General  and,  from  that  time 
to  his  death,  was  in  command  of  the  Military 
Division  of  the  Missouri,  with  headquarters  at 
Chicago,  where  he  died,  March  19,  1890. 

CROSIAR,  Simon,  pioneer,  was  born  near 
Pittsburg,  Pa.,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  last 
century;  removed  to  Ohio  in  1815  and  to  Illinois 
in  1819,  settling  first  at  Cap  au  Gris,  a  French 
village  on  the  Mississippi  just  above  the  mouth 
of  the  Illinois  in  what  is  now  Calhoun  County ; 
later  lived  at  Peoria  (1824),  at  Ottawa  (1826),  at 
Shippingport  near  the  present  city  of  La  Salle 
(1829),  and  at  Old  Utica  (1834) ;  in  the  mean- 
while built  one  or  two  mills  on  Cedar  Creek  in 
La  Salle  County,  kept  a  storage  and  commission 
house,  and,  for  a  time,  acted  as  Captain  of  a 
steamboat  plying  on  the  Illinois.  Died,  in  1846. 

CRYSTAL  LAKE,  a  village  in  McHenry 
County,  at  the  intersection  of  two  divisions  of 
the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Railway,  43  miles 
northwest  of  Chicago.  Population  (1880),  546; 
(1890),  781;  (1900),  930. 

CUBA,  a  town  in  Fulton  County,  distant  38 
miles  west-southwest  of  Peoria,  and  about  8  miles 
north  of  Lewistown.  The  entire  region  (includ- 
ing the  town)  is  underlaid  with  a  good  quality  of 
bituminous  coal,  of  which  the  late  State  Geologist 
Worthen  asserted  that,  in  seven  townships  of 
Fulton  County,  there  are  9,000,000  tons  to  the 
square  mile,  within  150  feet  of  the  surface.  Brick 
and  cigars  are  made  here,  and  the  town  has  two 
banks,  a  newspaper,  three  churches  and  good 
schools.  Population  (1890),  1,114;  (1900),  1,198; 
(1903,  school  census),  1,400. 

CULLEN,  William,  editor  and  Congressman, 
born  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  March  4,  1826;  while 
yet  a  child  was  brought  by  his  parents  to  Pitts- 
burg,  Pa. ,  where  he  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools.  At  the  age  of  20  he  removed  to 
La  Salle  County,  111,  and  began  life  as  a  farmer. 
Later  he  took  up  his  residence  at  Ottawa.  He 
has  served  as  Sheriff  of  La  Salle  County,  and  held 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


125 


other  local  offices,  and  was  for  many  years  a  part 
owner  and  senior  editor  of  "The  Ottawa  Repub- 
lican." From  1881  to  1885,  as  a  Republican,  he 
represented  the  Eighth  Illinois  District  in  Con- 
gress. 

CULLOM,  Richard  Northcraft,  farmer  and 
legislator,  was  born  in  the  State  of  Maryland, 
October  1,  1795,  but  early  removed  to  Wayne 
County,  Ky.,  where  he  was  Carried  to  Miss 
Elizabeth  Coffey,  a  native  of  North  Carolina.  In 
1830  he  removed  to  Illinois,  settling  near  Wash- 
ington, Tazewell  County,  where  he  continued  to 
reside  during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  Although 
a  farmer  by  vocation,  Mr.  Cullom  was  a  man  of 
prominence  and  a  recognized  leader  in  public 
affairs.  In  1836  he  was  elected  as  a  Whig  Repre- 
sentative in  the  Tenth  General  Assembly,  serving 
in  the  same  body  with  Abraham  Lincoln,  of 
whom  he  was  an  intimate  personal  and  political 
friend.  In  1840  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
State  Senate,  serving  in  the  Twelfth  and  Thir- 
teenth General  Assemblies,  and,  in  1853,  was 
again  elected  to  the  House.  Mr.  Cullom's  death 
occurred  in  Tazewell  County,  Dec.  4,  1872,  his 
wife  having  died  Dec.  5,  1868.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Cullom  were  the  parents  of  Hon.  Shelby. M. 
Cullom. 

CDLLOM,  Shelby  Moore,  United  States  Sena- 
tor, was  born  in  Wayne  County,  Ky.,  Nov.  22, 
1829.  His  parents  removed  to  Tazewell  County, 
111.,  in  1830,  where  his  father  became  a  member 
of  the  Legislature  and  attained  prominence  as  a 
public  man.  After  two  years  spent  in  Rock 
River  Seminary  at  Mount  Morris,  varied  by  some 
experience  as  a  teacher,  in  1853  the  subject  of 
this  sketch  went  to  Springfield  to  enter  upon  the 
study  of  law  in  the  office  of  Stuart  &  Edwards. 
Being  admitted  to  the  bar  two  years  afterward, 
he  was  almost  immediately  elected  City  Attor- 
ney, and,  in  1856,  was  a  candidate  on  the  Fill- 
more  ticket  for  Presidential  Elector,  at  the  same 
time  being  elected  to  the  Twentieth  General 
Assembly  for  Sangamon  County,  as  he  was  again, 
as  a  Republican,  in  1860,  being  supported  alike  by 
the  Fillmore  men  and  the  Free-Soilers.  At  the 
session  following  the  latter  election,  he  was 
chosen  Speaker  of  the  House,  which  was  his  first 
important  political  recognition.  In  1862  he  was 
appointed  by  President  Lincoln  a  member  of  the 
War  Claims  Commission  at  Cairo,  serving  in  this 
capacity  with  Governor  Boutwell  of  Massachu- 
setts and  Charles  A.  Dana  of  New  York.  He  was 
also  a  candidate  for  the  State  Senate  the  same 
year,  but  then  sustained  his  only  defeat.  Two 
years  later  (1864)  he  was  a  candidate  for  Con- 


gress, defeating  his  former  preceptor,  Hon.  John 
T.  Stuart,  being  re-elected  in  1866,  and  again  in 
1868,  the  latter  year  over  B.  S.  Edwards.  He 
was  a  delegate  to  the  National  Republican  Con- 
vention of  1872,  and,  as  Chairman  of  the  Illinois 
delegation,  placed  General  Grant  in  nomination 
for  the  Presidency,  holding  the  same  position 
again  in  1884  and  in  1892;  was  elected  to  the  Illi- 
nois House  of  Representatives  in  1872  and  in  1874, 
being  chosen  Speaker  a  second  time  in  1873,  as  he 
was  the  unanimous  choice  of  his  party  for 
Speaker  again  in  1875;  in  1876  was  elected  Gov- 
ernor, was  re-elected  in  1880,  and,  in  1883,  elected 
to  the  United  States  Senate  as  successor  to  Hon. 
David  Davis.  Having  had  two  re-elections  since 
(1889  and  '95),  he  is  now  serving  his  third  term, 
which  will  expire  in  1901.  In  1898.  by  special 
appointment  of  President  McKinley,  Senator 
Cullom  served  upon  a  Commission  to  investigate 
the  condition  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  and 
report  a  plan  of  government  for  this  new  division 
of  the  American  Republic.  Other  important 
measures  with  which  his  name  has  been  promi- 
nently identified  have  been  the  laws  for  the  sup- 
pression of  polygamy  in  Utah  and  for  the  creation 
of  the  Inter-State  Commerce  Commission.  At 
present  he  is  Chairman  of  the  Senate  Committee 
on  Inter-State  Commerce  and  a  member  of  those 
on  Appropriations  and  Foreign  Affairs.  His 
career  has  been  conspicuous  for  his  long  public 
service,  the  large  number  of  important  offices 
which  he  has  held,  the  almost  unbroken  uniform- 
ity of  his  success  when  a  candidate,  and  his  com- 
plete exemption  from  scandals  of  every  sort.  No 
man  in  the  history  of  the  State  has  been  more 
frequently  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate, 
and  only  three — Senators  Douglas,  Trumbull  and 
Logan — for  an  equal  number  of  terms;  though 
only  one  of  these  (Senator  Trumbull)  lived  to 
serve  out  the  full  period  for  which  he  was 
elected. 

CUMBERLAND  COUNTY,  situated  in  the 
southeast  quarter  of  the  State,  directly  south  of 
Coles  County,  from  which  it  was  cut  off  in  1842. 
Its  area  is  350  square  miles,  and  population  (1900), 
16,124.  The  county-seat  was  at  Greenup  until 
1855,  when  it  was  transferred  to  Prairie  City, 
which  was  laid  off  in  1854  and  incorporated  as  a 
town  in  1866.  The  present  county-seat  is  at 
Toledo  (population,  1890,  676).  The  Embarras 
River  crosses  the  county,  as  do  also  three  lines  of 
railroad.  Neoga,  a  mining  town,  has  a  popula- 
tion of  829.  The  county  received  its  name  from 
the  Cumberland  Road,  which,  as  originally  pro- 
jected, passed  through  it. 


126 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


CUMMINS;  (Rev.)  DiTid,  Bishop  of  the  Re- 
formed Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  was 
born  near  Smyrna,  Del.,  Dec.  11,  1822;  gradu- 
ated at  Dickinson  College,  Pa.,  in  1841,  and 
became  a  licentiate  in  the  Methodist  ministry, 
but,  in  1846,  took  orders  in  the  Episcopal 
Church;  afterwards  held  rectorships  in  Balti- 
more, Norfolk,  Richmond  and  the  Trinity 
Episcopal  Church  of  Chicago,  in  1866  being  con- 
secrated Assistant  -Bishop  of  the  Diocese  of 
Kentucky.  As  a  recognized  leader  of  the  Low- 
Church  or  Evangelical  party,  he  early  took  issue 
with  the  ritualistic  tendencies  of  the  High-Church 
party,  and,  having  withdrawn  from  the  Episcopal 
Church  in  1873,  became  the  first  Bishop  of  the 
Reformed  Episcopal  organization.  He  was  zeal- 
ous, eloquent  and  conscientious,  but  overtaxed  his 
strength  in  his  new  field  of  labor,  dying  at  Luth- 
erville,  Mi  I.,  June  36.  1876.  A  memoir  of  Bishop 
Cummins,  by  his  wife,  was  publishedin  1878. 

CUMULATIVE  VOTE.  (See  Minority  Repre- 
sentation. ) 

CURTIS,  Harvey,  clergyman  and  educator,  was 
born  In  Adams,  Jefferson  County,  N.  Y. ,  May  30, 
1806;  graduated  at  Middlebury  College,  Vt.,  in 
1831,  with  the  highest  honors  of  his  class;  after 
three  years  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary, 
was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Congregational 
church  at  Brandon.  Vt.,  in  1836.  In  1841  he 
accepted  an  appointment  as  agent  of  the  Home 
Missionary  Society  for  Ohio  and  Indiana,  between 
1843  and  1858  holding  pastorates  at  Madison, 
1 1 nl..  and  Chicago.  In  the  latter  year  he  was 
chosen  President  of  Knox  College,  at  Galesburg, 
dying  there,  Sept.  18,  1862. 

CURTIS,  William  Elroy,  journalist,  was  born 
at  Akron,  Ohio.  Nov.  5,  1850 ;  graduated  at 
Western  Reserve  College  in  1851,  meanwhile 
learning  the  art  of  typesetting;  later  served  as  it 
reporter  on  "The  Cleveland  Leader"  and,  in  1872, 
took  a  subordinate  position  on  "The  Chicago 
Inter  Ocean,"  finally  rising  to  tliat  of  managing- 
editor.  While  on  "The  Inter  Ocean"  he  accom- 
panied General  Ouster  in  his  campaign  against 
the  Sioux,  spent  several  months  investigating 
the  "Ku-Klux"  and  "White  League"  organiza- 
tions in  the  South,  and,  for  some  years,  was  "The 
Inter  Ocean"  correspondent  in  Washington. 
Having  retired  from  "The  Inter  Ocean."  he 
became  Secretary  of  the  "Pan- American  Con- 
gress" in  Washington,  and  afterwards  made  the 
tour  of  the  United  States  with  the  South  and 
Central  American  representatives  in  that  Con- 
gress. During  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition 
in  Chicago  he  had  general  supervision  of  the 


Latin-American  historical  and  archaeological 
exhibits.  Mr.  Curtis  has  visited  nearly  every 
Central  and  South  American  country  and  has 
written  elaborately  on  these  subjects  for  the 
magazines  and  for  publication  in  book  form ;  has 
also  published  a  "Life  of  Zachariah  Chandler'' 
and  a  "Diplomatic  History  of  the  United  States 
and  Foreign  Powers."  For  some  time  he  was 
managing  editor  of  "The  Chicago  News"  and  is 
now  (1898)  the  Washington  Correspondent  of 
"The  Chicago  Record." 

CUSHMAN,  (Col.)  William  H.  W.,  financier 
and  manufacturer,  was  born  at  Freetown,  Mass., 
May  13,  1813;  educated  at  the  American  Literary, 
Scientific  and  Military  Academy,  Norwich,  Vt. ; 
at  18  began  a  mercantile  career  at  Middlebury, 
and,  in  1824,  removed  to  La  Salle  County,  111., 
where  he  opened  a  country  store,  also  built  a  mill 
at  Vermilionville;  later  was  identified  with  many 
large  financial  enterprises  which  generally 
proved  successful,  thereby  accumulating  a  for- 
tune at  one  time  estimated  at  $3,000,000.  He  was 
elected  as  a  Democrat  to  the  Thirteenth  and 
Fourteenth  General  Assemblies  (1842  and  '44) 
and,  for  several  years,  held  a  commission  as 
Captain  of  the  Ottawa  Cavalry  (militia).  The 
Civil  War  coming  on,  he  assisted  in  organizing 
the  Fifty-third  Illinois  Volunteers,  and  was  com- 
missioned its  Colonel,  but  resigned  Sept.  3,  1862. 
He  organized  and  was  principal  owner  of  the 
Bank  of  Ottawa,  which,  in  1865,  became  the  First 
National  Bank  of  that  city;  was  the  leading 
spirit  in  the  Hydraulic  Company  and  the  Gas 
Company  at  Ottawa,  built  and  operated  the 
Ottawa  Machine  Shops  and  Foundry,  speculated 
largely  in  lands  in  La  Salle  and  Cook  Counties — 
his  operations  in  the  latter  being  especially  large 
about  Riverside,  as  well  as  in  Chicago;  was  a 
principal  stockholder  in  the  bank  of  Cush- 
man  &  Hardin  in  Chicago,  had  large  interests  in 
the  lumber  trade  in  Michigan,  and  was  one  of 
the  builders  of  the  Chicago,  Paducah  &  South- 
western Railroad.  The  Chicago  fire  of  1871, 
however,  brought  financial  disaster  upon  him. 
which  finally  dissipated  his  fortune  and  de- 
stroyed his  mental  and  physical  health.  His 
death  occurred  at  Ottawa,  Oct.  28,  1878. 

HALE,  Michael  <;.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Lan- 
caster, Pa.,  spent  his  childhood  and  youth  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  city,  except  one  year 
in  West  Chester  Academy,  when  he  entered 
Pennsylvania  College  at  Gettysburg,  graduating 
there  in  1835.  He  then  began  the  study  of  law 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1837:  coming  to 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


127 


Illinois  the  following  year,  he  was  retained  in  a 
suit  at  Greenville,  Bond  County,  which  led  to  his 
employment  in  others,  and  finally  to  opening  an 
office  there.  In  1839  he  was  elected  Probate 
Judge  of  Bond  County,  remaining  in  office  four- 
teen years,  meanwhile  being  commissioned  Major 
of  the  State  Militia  in  1844,  and  serving  as  mem- 
ber of  a  Military  Court  at  Alton  in  1847;  was  also 
the  Delegate  from  Bond  County  to  the  State  Con- 
stitutional Convention  of  1847.  In  1853  he  re- 
signed the  office  of  County  Judge  in  Bond  County 
to  accept  that  of  Register  of  the  Land  office  at 
Edwardsville,  where  he  continued  to  reside,  fill- 
ing the  office  of  County  Judge  in  Madison  County 
five  or  six  terms,  besides  occupying  some  subordi- 
nate positions.  Judge  Dale  married  a  daughter 
of  Hon.  William  L.  D.  Ewing.  Died  at  Edwards- 
ville,  April  1,  1895. 

DALLAS  CITY,  a  town  of  Hancock  County,  at 
the  intersection  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe  and  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Rail- 
roads, 16  miles  south  of  Burlington.  It  has  man- 
ufactories of  lumber,  buttons,  carriages  and 
wagons,  and  two  weekly  newspapers.  Popula- 
tion (1880),  829;  (1890),  747;  1900),  970. 

DANENHOWER,  John  Wilson,  Arctic  explorer, 
was  born  in  Chicago,  Sept.  30,  1849— the  son  of 
W.  W.  Danenhower,  a  journalist.  After  passing 
through  the  schools  of  Chicago  and  Washington, 
he  graduated  from  the  United  States  Naval  Acad- 
emy at  Annapolis  in  1870,  was  successively  com- 
missioned as  Ensign,  Master  and  Lieutenant,  and 
served  on  expeditions  in  the  North  Pacific  and  in 
t  In'  Mediterranean.  In  1878  he  joined  the  Arctic 
steamer  Jeannette  at  Havre,  France,  as  second  in 
command  under  Lieut.  George  W.-De  Long;  pro- 
ceeding to  San  Francisco  in  July,  1879,  the 
steamer  entered  the  Arctic  Ocean  by  way  of 
Behring  Straits.  Here,  having  been  caught  in  an 
ice-pack,  the  vessel  was  held  twenty-two  months, 
Lieutenant  Danenhower  meanwhile  being  dis- 
abled most  of  the  time  by  ophthalmia.  The  crew, 
as  last  compelled  to  abandon  the  steamer,  dragged 
their  boats  over  the  ice  for  ninety-five  days  until 
they  were  able  to  launch  them  in  open  water, 
but  were  soon  separated  by  a  gale.  The  boat 
commanded  by  Lieutenant  Danenhower  reached 
the  Lena  Delta,  on  the  north  coast  of  Siberia, 
where  the  crew  were  rescued  by  natives,  landing 
Sept.  17;  1881.  After  an  ineffectual  search  on 
the  delta  for  the  crews  of  the  other  two  boats, 
Lieutenant  Danenhower,  with  his  crew,  made 
the  journey  of  6,000  miles  to  Orenburg,  finally 
arriving  in  the  United  States  in  June,  1882.  He 
has  told  the  story  of  the  expedition  in  "The 


Narrative  of  the  Jeannette,"  published  in  1882. 
Died,  at  Annapolis,  Md.,  April  20,  1887. 

DANYERS,  a  village  of  McLean  County,  on  the 
Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis 
Railway.  The  section  is  agricultural.  The  town 
lias  a  bank  and  a  newspaper.  Population  (1880), 
460;  (1890),  506;  (1900),  607. 

DANVILLE,  the  county-seat  of  Vermilion 
County,  on  Vermilion  River  and  on  five  impor- 
tant lines  of  railroad;  in  rich  coal-mining 
district  and  near  large  deposits  of  shale  and 
soapstone,  which  are  utilized  in  manufacture  of 
sewer-pipe,  paving  and  fire-clay  brick.  The  city 
has  car-shops  and  numerous  factories,  water- 
works, electric  lights,  paved  streets,  several 
banks,  twenty-seven  churches,  five  graded  schools 
and  one  high  school,  and  six  newspapers,  three 
daily.  A  Soldiers'  Home  is  located  three  miles 
east  of  the  city.  Pop.  (1890),  11,491;  (1900),  16,354. 

DANVILLE,  OLNEY,  &  OHIO  RIVER  RAIL- 
ROAD. (See  Chicago  <t  Ohio  River  Railroad.} 

DANVILLE,  URBANA,  BLOOMINtJTON  t 
PEKIN  RAILROAD.  (See  Pearia  &  Eastern 
Railroad.) 

D'ARTAIWUIETTE,  Pierre,  a  French  com 
mandant  of  Illinois  from  1734  to  1736,  having 
been  appointed  by  Bienville,  then  Governor  of 
Louisiana.  He  was  distinguished  for  gallantry 
and  courage.  He  defeated  the  Natchez  Indians, 
but,  in  an  unsuccessful  expedition  against  the 
Chickasaws,  was  wounded,  captured  and  burned 
at  the  stake. 

DAVENPORT,  George,  soldier,  pioneer  and 
trader,  born  in  Lincolnshire,  England,  in  1783. 
came  to  this  country  in  1804.  and  soon  aftei 
enlisted  in  the  United  States  army,  with  the  rank 
of  sergeant.  He  served  gallantly  on  various 
expeditions  in  the  West,  where  he  obtained  a 
knowledge  of  the  Indians  which  was  afterward 
of  great  value  to  him.  During  the  War  of  181i 
his  regiment  was  sent  East,  where  he  partici- 
pated in  the  defense  of  Fort  Erie  and  in  other 
enterprises.  In  1815,  his  term  of  enlistment  hav- 
ing expired  and  the  war  ended,  he  entered  the 
service  of  the  contract  commissar}'.  He  selected 
the  site  for  Fort  Armstrong  and  aided  in  planning 
and  supervising  its  construction.  He  cultivated 
friendly  relations  with  the  surrounding  tribes, 
and,  in  1818,  built  a  double  log  house,  married, 
and  engaged  in  business  as  a  fur -trader,  near  the 
site  of  the  present  city  of  Rock  Island.  He  had 
the  confidence  and  respect  of  the  savages,  was 
successful  and  his  trading  posts  were  soon  scat- 
tered through  Illinois.  Iowa  and  Wisconsin.  In 
1823  he  piloted  the  first  steamboat  through  the 


128 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


upper  Mississippi,  and,  in  1825,  was  appointed  the 
first  postmaster  at  Rock  Island,  being  the  only 
white  civilian  resident  there.  In  1836  he  united 
his  business  with  that  of  the  American  Fur  Com- 
pany, in  whose  service  he  remained.  Although 
he  employed  every  effort  to  induce  President 
Jackson  to  make  a  payment  to  Black  Hawk  and 
his  followers  to  induce  them  to  emigrate  across 
the  Mississippi  voluntarily,  when  that  Chief 
commenced  hostilities,  Mr.  Davenport  tendered 
his  services  to  Governor  Reynolds,  by  whom  he 
was  commissioned  Quartermaster-General  with 
the  rank  of  Colonel.  Immigration  increased 
rapidly  after  the  close  of  the  Black  Hawk  War 
In  1835  a  company,  of  which  he  was  a  member, 
founded  the  town  of  Davenport,  opposite  Rock 
Island,  which  was  named  in  his  honor.  In  1837 
and  '42  he  was  largely  instrumental  in  negoti- 
ating treaties  by  which  the  Indians  ceded  their 
lands  in  Iowa  to  the  United  States.  In  the 
latter  year  he  gave  up  the  business  of  fur-trading, 
having  accumulated  a  fortune  through  hard 
labor  and  scrupulous  integrity,  in  the  face  often 
i  >f  grave  perils.  He  had  large  business  interests  in 
nearly  every  town  in  his  vicinity,  to  all  of  which 
he  gave  more  or  less  personal  attention.  On  the 
night  of  July  4,  1843,  he  was  assassinated  at  his 
home  by  robbers.  Fora  long  time  the  crime  was 
shrouded  in  mystery,  but  its  perpetrators  were 
ultimately  detected  and  brought  to  punishment. 

DAVIS,  David,  jurist  and  United  States 
Senator,  was  born  in  Cecil  County,  Md.,  March 
fl,  1815;  pursued  his  academic  studies  at  Kenyon 
College,  Ohio,  and  studied  law  at  Yale.  He  settled 
at  Bloomington,  111.,  in  1836,  and,  after  practicing 
law  there  until  1844,  was  elected  to  the  lower  house 
of  the  Fourteenth  General  Assembly.  After 
serving  in  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1847, 
he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Eighth  Judicial 
Circuit  under  the  new  Constitution  in  1848,  being 
re-elected  in  1855  and  '61.  He  was  a  warm,  per- 
sonal friend  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  who,  in  1862, 
placed  him  upon  the  tench  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court.  He  resigned  his  high  judicial 
honors  to  become  United  States  Senator  in  1877 
:is  successor  to  Logan's  first  term.  On  Oct.  13, 
1881,  he  was  elected  President  pro  tern,  of  the 
Senate,  serving  in  this  capacity  to  the  end  of  his 
term  in  1885.  He  died  at  his  home  in  Blooming- 
ton,  June  26,  1880. 

DAVIS,  George  R.,  lawyer  and  Congressman, 
was  born  at  Three  Rivers,  Mass.,  January  3,  1840; 
received  a  common  school  education,  and  a 
classical  course  at  Williston  Seminary,  Eusthamp- 
ton,  Mass.  From  1H(W  in  1NP>;>  he  served  in  the 


Union  army,  first  as  Captain  in  the  Eighth 
Massachusetts  Infantry,  and  later  as  Major  in  the 
Third  Rhode  Island  Cavalry.  After  the  war  he 
removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  still  resides.  By 
profession  he  is  a  lawyer.  He  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  organization  of  the  Chicago  militia, 
was  elected  Colonel  of  the  First  Regiment, 
I.  N.  G.,  and  was  for  a  time  the  senior  Colonel  in 
the  State  service.  In  1876  he  was  an  unsuccessful 
Republican  candidate  for  Congress,  but  was 
elected  in  1878,  and  re-elected  in  1880  and  1882. 
From  1886  to  1890  he  was  Treasurer  of  Cook 
County.  He  took  an  active  and  influential  part 
in  securing  the  location  of  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition  at  Chicago,  and  was  Director-General 
of  the  Exposition  from  its  inception  to  its  close, 
by  his  executive  ability  demonstrating  the  wis- 
dom of  his  selection.  Died  Nov.  25,  1899. 

DAVIS,  Hasbrouck,  soldier  and  journalist,  was 
born  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  April  23,  1827,  being 
the  son  of  John  Davis,  United  States  Senator  and 
Governor  of  Massachusetts,  known  in  his  lifetime 
as  "Honest  John  Davis."  The  son  came  to  Chi- 
cago in  1855  and  commenced  the  practice  of 
law ;  in  1861  joined  Colonel  Voss  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Twelfth  Illinois  Cavalry,  being  elected 
Lieutenant-Colonel  and,  on  the  retirement  of 
Colonel  Voss  in  1863,  succeeding  to  the  colonelcy. 
In  March,  1865,  he  was  brevetted  Brigadier-Gen- 
eral, remaining  in  active  service  until  August, 
1865,  when  he  resigned.  After  the  war  lie  was, 
for  a  time,  editor  of  "The  Chicago  Evening  Post," 
was  City  Attorney  of  the  City  of  Chicago  from 
1867  to  '69,  but  later  removed  to  Massachusetts 
Colonel  Davis  was  drowned  at  sea,  Oct.  19,  1870. 
by  the  loss  of  the  steamship  Cambria,  while  on  a 
voyage  to  Europe. 

DAVIS,  James  M.,  early  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Barren  County,  Ky.,  Oct.  9,  1793,  came  to  Illinois 
in  1817,  located  in  Bond  County  and  is  said  to 
have  taught  the  first  school  in  that  county.  He 
became  a  lawyer  and  a  prominent  leader  of  the 
Whig  party,  was  elected  to  the  Thirteenth  Gen- 
eral Assembly  (1842)  from  Bond  County,  and  to 
the  Twenty-first  from  Montgomery  in  1858,  hav- 
ing, in  the  meantime,  become  a  citizen  of 
Hillsboro ;  was  also  a  member  of  the  State  Consti- 
tutional Convention  of  1847.  Mr.  Davis  was  a 
man  of  striking  personal  api>earance,  being  over 
six  feet  in  height,  and  of  strong  individuality. 
After  the  dissolution  of  the  Whig  party  he  identi- 
fied himself  with  the  Democracy  and  was  an 
intensely  bitter  opponent  of  the  war  policy  of 
the  Government.  Died,  at  Hillsboro,  Sept.  17. 
I860. 


HISTOEICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


129 


DAVIS,  John  A.,  soldier,  was  born  in  Craw- 
ford County,  Pa.,  Oct.  25, 1823;  came  to  Stephen- 
son  County,  111.,  in  boyhood  and  served  as 
Representative  in  the  General  Assembly  of  1857 
and  '59;  in  September,  1861,  enlisted  as  a  private, 
was  elected  Captain  and,  on  the  organization  of 
the  Forty-sixth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers,  at 
Camp  Butler,  was  commissioned  its  Colonel.  He 
participated  in  the  capture  of  Fort  Donelson, 
and  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh  was  desperately 
wounded  by  a  shot  through  the  lungs,  but 
recovered  in  time  to  join  his  regiment  before  the 
lattle  of  Corinth,  where,  on  Oct.  4,  1862,  he  fell 
mortally  wounded,  dying  a  few  days  after.  On 
receiving  a  request  from  some  of  his  fellow-citi- 
zens, a  few  days  before  his  death,  to  accept  a 
nomination  for  Congress  in  the  Freeport  District, 
Colonel  Davis  patriotically  replied :  "I  can  serve 
my  country  better  in  following  the  torn  banner 
of  my  regiment  in  the  battlefield." 

DAVIS,  LevI,  lawyer  and  State  Auditor,  was 
born  in  Cecil  County,  Md.,  July  20,  1806;  gradu- 
ated at  Jefferson  College,  Pa.,  in  1828,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  Baltimore  in  1830.  The 
following  year  he  removed  to  Illinois,  settling  at 
Vandalia,  then  the  capital.  In  1835  Governor 
Duncan  appointed  him  Auditor  of  Public 
Accounts,  to  which  office  he  was  elected  by  the 
Legislature  in  1837,  and  again  in  1838.  In 
1846  he  took  up  his  residence  at  Alton.  He 
attained  prominence  at  the  bar  and  was,  for 
several  years,  attorney  for  the  Chicago  &  Alton 
and  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute  Railroad 
Companies,  in  which  he  was  also  a  Director. 
Died,  at  Alton,  March  4,  1897. 

DAVIS,  Nathan  Smith,  M.I)..  I.1..K..  physi- 
cian, educator  and  editor,  was  born  in  Chenango 
Countys  N.  Y.,  Jan.  9,  1817;  took  a  classical  and 
scientific  course  in  Cazenovia  Seminary ;  in  1837 
graduated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  winning  several  prizes  during  his 
course;  the  same  year  began  practice  at  Bing- 
hainton;  spent  two  years  (1847-49)  in  New  York 
City,  when  he  removed  to  Chicago  to  accept  the 
chair  of  Physiology  and  General  Pathology  in 
Rush  Medical  College.  In  1859  he  accepted  a 
similar  position  in  the  Chicago  Medical  College 
(now  the  medical  department  of  Northwestern 
University),  where  he  still  remains.  Dr.  Davis 
has  not  only  been  a  busy  practitioner,  but  a  volu- 
minous writer  on  general  and  special  topics  con- 
nected with  his  profession,  having  been  editor  at 
different  times  of  several  medical  periodicals, 
including  "The  Chicago  Medical  Journal,"  "The 
Medical  Journal  and  Examiner,"  and  "The 


Journal  of  the  American  Medical  Association.'1 
He  lias  also  been  prominent  in  State,  National 
and  International  Medical  Congresses,  and  is  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Northwestern  University, 
the  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Chicago 
Historical  Society,  the  Illinois  State  Microscopi- 
cal Society  and  the  Union  College  of  Law,  besides 
other  scientific  and  benevolent  associations. 

DAVIS,  Oliver  L.,  lawyer,  was  born  in  New 
York  City,  Dec.  20,  1819;  after  being  in  the 
employ  of  the  American  Fur  Company  some 
seven  years,  came  to  Danville,  111.,  in  1841  and 
commenced  studying  law  the  next  year;  was 
elected  to  the  lower  branch  of  the  Seventeenth 
and  Twentieth  General  Assemblies,  first  as  a 
Democrat  and  next  (1856)  as  a  Republican; 
served  on  the  Circuit  Bench  in  1861-66,  and  again 
in  1873-79,  being  assigned  in  1877  to  the  Appellate 
bench.  Died,  Jan.  12,  1892. 

DAWSON,  John,  early  legislator,  was  born  in 
Virginia,  in  1791;  came  to  Illinois  in  1827,  set- 
tling in  Sangamon  County ;  served  five  terms  in 
the  lower  house  of  the  General  Assembly  ( 1830, 
'34,  '36,  '38  and  '46),  during  a  part  of  the  time 
being  the  colleague  of  Abraham  Lincoln.  He 
was  one  of  the  celebrated  "Long  Nine"  who  repre- 
sented Sangamon  County  at  the  time  of  the 
removal  of  the  State  capital  to  Springfield ;  was 
also  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention 
of  1847.  Died,  Nov.  13,  1850. 

DEAF  AND  DUMB,  ILLINOIS  INSTITU- 
TION FOR  EDUCATION  OF,  located  at  Jack- 
sonville, established  by  act  of  the  Legislature, 
Feb.  23,  1839,  and  the  oldest  of  the  State 
charitable  institutions.  Work  was  not  begun 
until  1842,  but  one  building  was  ready  for 
partial  occupancy  in  1846  and  was  completed 
in  1849.  (In  1871  this  building,  then  known 
as  the  south  wing,  was  declared  unsafe,  and 
was  razed  and  rebuilt.)  The  center  building 
was  completed  in  1852  and  the  north  wing  in 
1857.  Other  additions  and  new  buildings  have 
been  added  from  time  to  time,  such  as  new  dining 
halls,  workshops,  barns,  bakery,  refrigerator 
house,  kitchens,  a  gymnasium,  separate  cot- 
tages for  the  sexes,  etc.  At  present  (1895)  the 
institution  is  probably  the  largest,  as  it  is  un- 
questionably one  of  the  best  conducted,  of  its  class 
in  the  world.  The  number  of  pupils  in  1894  was 
716.  Among  its  employes  are  men  and  women  of 
ripe  culture  and  experience,  who  have  been  con- 
nected with  it  for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a 
century. 

DEARBORN,  Lather,  lawyer  and  legislator, 
was  born  at  Plymouth,  N.  H.,  March  24,  1820, 


130 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


and  educated  in  Plymouth  schools  and  at  New- 
Hampton  Academy ;  in  youth  removed  to  Dear- 
born County,  Ind.,  where  lie  taught  school  and 
served  as  deputy  Circuit  Clerk;  then  came  to 
Mason  County,  111.,  and,  in  1844,  to  Elgin.  Here 
he  was  elected  Sheriff  and,  at  the  expiration  of 
his  term,  Circuit  Clerk,  later  engaging  in  the 
banking  business,  which  proving  disastrous  in 
1857,  he  returned  to  Mason  County  and  began  the 
practice  of  law.  He  then  spent  some  years  in 
Minnesota,  finally  returning  to  Illinois  a  second 
time,  resumed  practice  at  Havana,  served  one 
term  in  the  State  Senate  (1876-80);  in  1884 
became  member  of  a  law  firm  in  Chicago,  but 
retired  in  1887  to  accept  the  attorneyship  of  the 
Chicago  &  Alton  Railway,  retaining  this  position 
until  his  death,  which  occurred  suddenly  at 
Springfield,  April  5,  1889.  For  the  last  two  years 
of  his  life  Mr.  Dearborn's  residence  was  at 
Aurora. 

DECATUR,  the  county-seat  of  Macon  County; 
39  miles  east  of  Springfield  and  one  mile  north 
of  the  Sangamon  River — also  an  important  rail- 
way center.  Three  coal  shafts  are  operated  out- 
side the  city.  It  is  a  center  for  the  grain  trade, 
having  five  elevators.  Extensive  car  and  repair 
shops  are  located  there,  and  several  important 
manufacturing  industries  flourish,  among  them 
three  flouring  mills.  Decatur  has  i>aved  streets, 
water-works,  electric  street  railways,  and  excel- 
lent public  schools,  including  one  of  the  best  and 
most  noted  high  schools  in  the  State.  Four 
newspapers  are  published  there,  each  issuing  a 
daily  edition.  Pop.,  (1890),  16,841;  (1900),  20.754. 

DECATUR  EDITORIAL  CONVENTION.  (See 
Anti-Nebraska  Editorial  Convention.) 

DECATUR  &  EASTERN  RAILWAY.  (See 
Indiana,  Decatur  &  Western  Railway.) 

DECATUR,  MATTOON  &  SOUTHERN  RAIL- 
ROAD. (See  Peoria,  Drcatur  <fr  Evanxritte 
Railway. ) 

DECATUR,  SULLIVAN  &  MATTOON  RAIL- 
ROAD. (See  Peoria,  Derutur  &  Erangville 
Railway. ) 

DEEP  SNOW,  THE,  an  event  occurring  in  the 
winter  of  1830-31  and  referred  to  by  old  settlers 
of  Illinois  as  constituting  an  epoch  in  State  his- 
tory. The  late  Dr.  Julian  M.  Sturtevant,  Presi- 
dent of  Illinois  College,  in  an  address  to  the  "Old 
Settlers"  of  Morgan  County,  a  few  years  before 
his  death,  gave  the  following  account  of  it:  "In 
the  interval  between  Christmas,  1830,  and  Janu- 
ary, 1831,  snow  fell  all  over  Central  Illinois  to  a 
depth  of  fully  three  feet  on  a  level.  Then  came 
a  rain  with  weather  so  cold  that  it  froze  as  it 


fell,  forming  a  crust  of  ice  over  this  three  feet  of 
snow,  nearly,  if  not  quite,  strong  enough  to  bear 
a  man,  and  finally  over  this  crust  there  were  :i 
few  inches  of  snow.  The  clouds  passed  away 
and  the  wind  came  down  upon  us  from  the  north- 
west with  extraordinary  ferocity.  For  weeks  — 
certainly  not  less  than  two  weeks — the  mercury 
in  the  thermometer  tube  was  not,  on  any  one 
morning,  higher  than  twelve  degrees  below  zero. 
This  snow-fall  produced  constant  sleighing  for 
nine  weeks."  Other  contemporaneous  accounts 
say  that  this  storm  caused  great  suffering  among 
both  men  and  beasts.  The  scattered  settlers,  un- 
able to  reach  the  mills  or  produce  stores,  were 
driven,  in  some  cases,  to  great  extremity  for 
supplies ;  mills  were  stopped  by  the  freezing  up 
of  streams,  while  deer  and  other  game,  sinking 
through  the  crust  of  snow,  were  easily  captured 
or  perished  for  lack  of  food.  Birds  and  domestic 
fowls  often  suffered  a  like  fate  for  want  of  sus- 
tenance or  from  the  severity  of  the  cold. 

DEERE,  John,  manufacturer,  was  born  at 
Middlebury,  Vt,  Feb.  7,  1804;  learned  the  black- 
smith trade,  which  he  followed  until  1838,  when 
he  came  west,  settling  at  Grand  Detour,  in  Ogle 
County ;  ten  years  later  removed  to  MoUne,  and 
there  founded  the  plow-works  which  bear  his 
name  and  of  which  he  was  President  from  1868 
until  his  death  in  188H.—  Charles  H.  (Deere),  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  Hancock,  Addison 
County  Vt.,  March  28,  1837;  educated  in  the 
common  schools  and  at  Iowa  and  Knox  Acad- 
emies, and  Bell's  Commercial  College,  Chicago; 
became  assistant  and  head  book-keeper,  travel- 
ing and  purchasing  agent  of  the  Deere  Plow 
Company,  and,  on  its  incorporation,  Vice-Presi- 
dent and  General  Manager,  until  his  father's 
death,  when  he  succeeded  to  the  Presidency.  He 
is  also  the  founder  of  the  Deere  &  Mansur  Corn 
Planter  Works,  President  of  the  Moline  Water 
Power  Company,  besides  being  a  Director  in 
various  other  concerns  and  in  the  branch  houses 
of  Deere  &  Co.,  in  Kansas  City,  Des  Moines. 
Council  Bluffs  and  San  Francisco.  Notwith- 
standing his  immense  business  interests.  Mr. 
Deere  has  found  time  for  the  discliarge  of  public 
and  patriotic  duties,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that  he 
was  for  years  a  member  and  Chairman  of  the 
State  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics;  a  Commissioner 
from  Illinois  to  the  Vienna  International  Exposi- 
tion of  1873 ;  one  of  the  State  Commissioners  of 
the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893;  a 
Presidential  Elector  for  the  State-at-large  in  1888, 
and  a  delegate  from  his  District  to  the  National 
Republican  Convention  at  St.  Louis,  in  189C. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


131 


DF.ERIM;,  William,  manufacturer,  was  born 
at  Paris,  Oxford  County,  Maine,  April  26,  1826, 
completed  his  education  at  the  Readfield  high 
school,  in  1843,  engaged  actively  in  manufactur- 
ing, and  during  his  time  has  assisted  in  establish- 
ing several  large,  successful  business  enterprises, 
including  wholesale  and  commission  dry-goods 
houses  in  Portland,  Maine,  Boston  and  New  York. 
His  greatest  work  has  been  the  building  up  of  the 
Deering  Manufacturing  Company,  a  main  feature 
of  which,  for  thirty  years,  has  been  the  manu- 
facture of  Marsh  harvesters  and  other  agricultural 
implements  and  appliances.  This  concern  began 
operation  in  Chicago  about  1870,  at  the  present 
time  (1899)  occupying  eighty  acres  in  the  north 
part  of  the  city  and  employing  some  4,000  hands. 
It  is  said  to  turn  out  a  larger  amount  and  greater 
variety  of  articles  for  the  use  of  the  agriculturist 
than  any  other  establishment  in  the  country, 
receiving  its  raw  material  from  many  foreign 
countries,  including  the  Philippines,  and  distrib- 
uting its  products  all  over  the  globe.  Mr.  Deer- 
ing  continues  to  be  President  of  the  Company 
and  a  principal  factor  in  the  management  of  its 
immense  business.  He  is  liberal,  public-spirited 
and  benevolent,  and  his  business  career  has  been 
notable  for  the  absence  of  controversies  with  his 
employes.  He  has  been,  for  a  number  of  years, 
one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity at  Evanston,  and,  at  the  present  time,  is 
President  of  the  Board. 

DE  K  A  Lit.  a  city  in  De  Kalb  County,  58  miles 
west  of  Chicago.  Of  late  years  it  has  grown 
rapidly,  largely  because  of  the  introduction  of 
new  industrial  enterprises.  It  contains  a  large 
wire  drawing  plant,  barbed  wire  factories,  foun- 
dry, agricultural  implement  works,  machine 
shop,  shoe  factory  and  several  minor  manufac- 
turing establishments.  It  has  banks,  four  news- 
papers, electric  street  railway,  eight  miles  of 
paved  streets,  nine  churches  and  three  graded 
Bchools.  It  is  the  site  of  the  Northern  State  Nor- 
mal School,  located  in  1895.  Population  (1880), 
1,598;  (L890),  2,579;  (1900),  5,904;  (1903,  est.),  8,000. 

DE  KALB  COUNTY,  originally  a  portion  of 
La  Salle  County,  and  later  of  Kane ;  was  organized 
in  1837,  and  named  for  Baron  De  Kalb,  the 
Revolutionary  patriot.  Its  area  is  650  square 
miles  and  population  (in  1900),  31,756.  The  land 
is  elevated  and  well  drained,  lying  between  Fox 
and  Rock  Rivers.  Prior  to  1835  the  land  belonged 
to  the  Pottawatomie  Indians,  who  maintained 
several  villages  and  their  own  tribal  government. 
No  sooner  had  the  aborigines  been  removed  than 
white  settlers  appeared  in  large  numbers,  and, 


in  September,  1835,  a  convocation  was  held  on 
the  banks  of  the  Kishwaukee,  to  adopt  a  tempo- 
rary form  of  government.  The  public  lands  in  the 
county  were  sold  at  auction  in  Chicago  in  1843. 
Sycamore  (originally  called  Orange)  is  the 
county-seat,  and,  in  1890,  had  a  population  of 
2,987.  Brick  buildings  were  first  erected  at 
Sycamore  by  J.  S.  Waterman  and  the  brothers 
Mayo.  In  1854,  H.  A.  Hough  established  the 
first  newspaper,  "The  Republican  Sentinel." 
Other  prosperous  towns  are  De  Kalb  (population. 
2,579),  Cortland,  Malta  and  Somonauk.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  rolling,  upland  prairie,  with 
numerous  groves  and  wooded  tracts  along  the 
principal  streams.  Various  lines  of  railroad  trav- 
erse the  county,  which  embraces  one  of  the 
wealthiest  rural  districts  in  the  State. 

DE  KALB  &  GREAT  WESTERN  RAILROAD. 
(See  Chicago  Great  Western  Railway.) 

DELAVAN,a  thriving  city  in  Tazewell  County, 
on  the  line  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  at 
the  point  of  its  intersection  with  the  Peoria  and 
Pekin  Division  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railway,  34 
miles  west-southwest  of  Bloomington  and  24 
miles  south  of  Peoria.  Grain  is  extensively 
grown  in  the  adjacent  territory,  and  much 
shipped  from  Delavan.  The  place  supports  two 
banks,  tile  and  brick  factory,  creamery,  and  two 
weekly  papers.  It  also  has  five  churches  and  a 
graded  school.  Pop.  (1890),  1,176,  (1900),  1,304. 

DEMENT,  Henry  Dodge,  ex -Secretary  of  State, 
was  born  at  Galena,  111.,  in  1840 — the  son  of 
Colonel  John  Dement,  an  early  and  prominent 
citizen  of  the  State,  who  held  the  office  of  State 
Treasurer  and  was  a  member  of  the  Constitu- 
tional Conventions  of  1847  and  1870.  Colonel 
Dement  having  removed  to  Dixon  about  1845,  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  was  educated  there  and  at 
Mount  Morris.  Having  enlisted  in  the  Thirteenth 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry  in  1861,  he  was  elected 
a  Second  Lieutenant  and  scon  promoted  to  First 
Lieutenant — also  received  from  Governor  Yates  a 
complimentary  commission  as  Captain  for  gal- 
lantry at  Arkansas  Post  and  at  Chickasaw 
Bayou,  where  the  commander  of  his  regiment, 
Col.  J.  B.  Wyman,  was  killed.  Later  he  served 
with  General  Curtis  in  Mississippi  and  in  the 
Fifteenth  Army  Corps  in  the  siege  of  Vicksburg. 
After  leaving  the  army  he  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facturing business  for  some  years  at  Dixon.  Cap- 
tain Dement  entered  the  State  Legislature  by 
election  as  Representative  from  Lee  County  in 
1872,  was  re-elected  in  1874  and,  in  1876.  was  pro- 
moted to  the  Senate,  serving  in  the  Thirtieth  and 
Thirty-first  General  Assemblies.  In  1880  he  was 


132 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


chosen  Secretary  of  State,  and  re-elected  in  1884, 
serving  eight  years.  The  last  public  position  held 
by  Captain  Dement  was  that  of  Warden  of  the 
State  Penitentiary  at  Joliet.  to  which  he  was 
appointed  in  1891.  serving  two  years.  His 
present  home  is  at  Oak  Park,  Cook  County. 

DEMENT,  John,  was  born  in  Sumner  County, 
Tenn.,  in  April,  1804.  When  13  years  old  he 
accompanied  his  parents  to  Illinois,  settling  in 
Franklin  County,  of  which  he  was  elected  Sheriff 
in  1826,  and  which  he  represented  in  the  General 
Assemblies  of  1828  and  '30.  He  served  with 
distinction  during  the  Black  Hawk  War,  having 
previously  had  experience  in  two  Indian  cam- 
paigns. In  1831  he  was  elected  State  Treasurer 
by  the  Legislature,  but,  in  1836,  resigned  this 
office  to  represent  Fayette  County  in  the  General 
Assembly  and  aid  in  the  fight  against  the  removal 
of  the  capital  to  Springfield.  His  efforts  failing 
of  success,  he  removed  to  the  northern  part  of  the 
State,  finally  locating  at  Dixon,  where  he  became 
extensively  engaged  in  manufacturing  In  1837 
President  Van  Buren  appointed  him  Receiver  of 
Public  Moneys,  but  he  was  removed  by  President 
Harrison  in  1841 ;  was  reappointed  by  Polk  in 
1845,  only  to  be  again  removed  by  Taylor  in  184!» 
and  reappointed  by  Pierce  in  1853.  He  held  the 
office  from  that  date  until  it  was  abolished.  He 
was  a  Democratic  Presidential  Elector  in  1844; 
served  in  three  Constitutional  Conventions  (1847, 
'62,  and  '70),  being  Temporary  President  of  the 
two  bodies  last  named.  He  was  the  father  of 
Hon.  Denry  D.  Dement.  Secretary  of  State  of  Illi- 
nois from  1884  to  1888.  He  died  at  his  home  at 
Dixon,  Jan.  16,  1883. 

DENT,  Thomas,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Putnam 
County,  111.,  Nov.  14,  1831;  in  his  youth  was 
employed  in  the  Clerk's  office  of  Putnam  County, 
meanwhile  studying  law;  was  admitted  to  the 
liar  in  1854,  and,  in  1856.  opened  an  office  in  Chi- 
cago; is  still  in  practice  and  has  served  as 
President,  both  of  the  Chicago  Law  Institute  and 
the  State  Bar  Association. 

DBS  PLAINES,  a  village  of  Cook  County,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  and 
the  Wisconsin  Central  Railroads,  17  miles  north- 
west from  Chicago;  is  a  dairying  region.  Popu- 
lation (1880),  818;  (1890),  986;  (1900),  1,666. 

DES  PLAINES  RIVER,  a  branch  of  the  Illinois 
River,  which  rises  in  Racine  County,  Wis.,  and, 
after  passing  through  Kenosha  County,  in  that 
State,  and  Lake  County,  111.,  running  nearly 
parallel  to  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Michigan 
through  Cook  County,  finally  unites  with  the 
Kankakee.  almut  13  miles  southwest  of  Joliet,  by 


its  confluence  with  the  latter  forming  the  Illinois 
River.  Its  length  is  about  150  miles.  The 
Chicago  Drainage  Canal  is  constructed  in  the 
valley  of  the  Des  Plaines  for  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  the  distance  between  Chicago  and  Joliet. 

DEWEY,  (Dr.)  Richard  S..  physician,  alienist, 
was  born  at  Forestville,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  6,  1845;  after 
receiving  his  primary  education  took  a  two  years' 
course  in  the  literary  and  a  three  years'  course  in 
the  medical  department  of  the  Michigan  Univer- 
sity at  Ann  Arbor,  graduating  from  the  latter  in 
1869.  He  then  began  practice  as  House  Physician 
and  Surgeon  in  the  City  Hospital  at  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  remaining  for  a  year,  after  which  he 
visited  Europe  inspecting  hospitals  and  sanitary 
methods,  meanwhile  spending  six  months  in  the 
Prussian  military  service  as  Surgeon  during  the 
Franco- Prussian  War.  After  the  close  of  the 
war  he  took  a  brief  course  in  the  University  of 
Berlin,  when,  returning  to  the  United  States,  he 
was  employed  for  seven  years  as  Assistant  Physi- 
cian in  the  Northern  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at 
Elgin.  In  1879  he  was  appointed  Medical  Super- 
intendent of  the  Eastern  Hospital  for  the  Insane 
at  Kankakee,  remaining  until  the  accession  of 
John  P.  Altgeld  to  the  Governorship  in  1893. 
Dr.  Dewey's  reputation  as  a  specialist  in  the 
treatment  of  the  insane  has  stood  among  the 
highest  of  his  class. 

DE  WITT  COUNTY,  situated  in  the  central 
portion  of  the  State;  has  an  area  of  405  square 
milesand  a  population  (1900)  of  18,972.  The  land 
was  originally  owned  by  the  Kickapoos  and  Potta- 
watomies,  and  not  until  1820  did  the  first  perma- 
nent white  settlers  occupy  this  region.  The  first 
to  come  were  Felix  Jones,  Prettyman  Marvel, 
William  Cottrell,  Samuel  Glenn,  and  the  families 
of  Scott,  Lundy  and  Coaps.  Previously,  how- 
ever, the  first  cabin  had  been  built  on  the  site  of 
the  present  Farmer  City  by  Nathan  Clearwater. 
Zion  Shugest  erected  the  earliest  grist-mill  and 
Burrell  Post  the  first  saw-mill  in  the  county. 
Kentuckians  and  Tennesseeans  were  the  first  im- 
migrants, but  not  until  the  advent  of  settlers  from 
Ohio  did  permanent  improvements  begin  to  be 
made!  In  1835  a  school  house  and  Presbyterian 
church  were  built  at  Waynesville.  The  county 
was  organized  in  1839,  and — with  its  capital 
(Clinton) — was  named  after  one  of  New  York's 
most  distinguished  Governors.  It  lies  within  the 
great  "corn  belt,"  and  is  well  watered  by  Salt 
Creek  and  its  branches.  Most  of  the  surface  is 
rolling  prairie,  interspersed  with  woodland. 
Several  lines  of  railway  (among  them  the  Illinois 
Central)  cross  the  county.  Clinton  had  a  popu- 


HISTORICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Ution  of  2,598  in  1890,  and  Farmer  City,  1,367. 
Both  are  railroad  centers  and  have  considerable 
trade. 

DE  WOLF,  Calvin,  pioneer  and  philanthropist, 
was  born  in  Luzerne  County,  Pa.,  Feb.  IK,  1815; 
taken  early  in  life  to  Vermont,  and,  at  19  years  of 
age,  commenced  teaching  at  Orwell,  in  that 
State;  spent  one  year  at  a  manual  labor  school 
in  Ashtabula  County,  Ohio,  and,  in  1837,  came  to 
Chicago,  and  soon  after  began  teaching  in  Will 
County,  still  later  engaging  in  the  same  vocation 
in  Chicago.  In  1839  he  commenced  the  study  of 
law  with  Messrs.  Spring  &  Goodrich  and,  in  1843, 
was  admitted  to  practice.  In  1834  lie  was 
elected  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  retaining  the 
position  for  a  quarter  of  a  century,  winning  for 
himself  the  reputation  of  a  sagacious  and  incor- 
ruptible public  officer.  Mr.  De  Wolf  was  an 
original  abolitionist  and  his  home  is  said  to  have 
been  one  of  the  stations  on  the  "underground 
railroad"  in  the  days  of  slavery.  Died  Nov.  28,  '99. 

DEXTER,  Wlrt,  lawyer,  born  at  Dexter.  Mich., 
Oct.  25,  1831;  was  educated  in  the  schools  (if  his 
native  State  and  at  Cazenovia  Seminary,  X.  Y. 
He  was  descended  from  a  family  of  lawyers,  his 
grandfather,  Samuel  Dexter,  having  been  Secre- 
tary of  War,  and  afterwards  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  in  the  cabinet  of  the  elder  Adams. 
Coming  to  Chicago  at  the  beginning  of  his  profes- 
sional career,  Mr.  Dexter  gave  considerable 
attention  at  first  to  his  father's  extensive  lumber 
trade.  He  was  a  zealous  and  eloquent  supporter 
of  the  Government  during  the  Civil  War,  and 
was  an  active  member  of  the  Relief  and  Aid 
Society  after  the  tire  of  1871.  His  entire  profes- 
sional life  was  spent  in  Chicago,  for  several  years 
before  his  death  being  in  the  service  of  the  Chi- 
cago, Burlington  &  Quincy  Railroad  Company  as 
its  general  solicitor  and  member  of  the  executive 
committee  of  the  Board  of  Directors.  Died  in 
Chicago,  May  20.  1890. 

DICKEY,  Hugh  Thompson,  jurist,  was  born  in 
New  York  City.  May  30,  1811;  graduated  from 
Columbia  College,  read  law  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar.  He  visited  Chicago  in  1836,  and  four 
years  later  settled  there,  becoming  one  of  its 
most,  influential  citizens.  Upon  the  organization 
of  the  County  Court  of  Cook  .County  in  1845, 
Mr.  Dickey  was  appointed  its  Judge.  In  Septem- 
ber, 1848,  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Seventh 
Judicial  Circuit,  practically  without  partisan 
opposition,  serving  until  the  expiration  of  his 
term  in  1853.  He  was  prominently  identified 
with  several  important  commercial  enterprises, 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Chicago  Library 


Association,  and  one  of  the  first  Trustees  of  the 
Illinois  General  Hospital  of  the  Lakes,  now  Mercy 
Hospital.  In  1885  he  left  Chicago  to  take  up  his 
residence  in  his  native  city.  New  York,  where  he 
died,  June  2,  1892. 

DICKEY,  Theophilus  Lyle,  lawyer  and  jurist, 
was  born  in  Bourbon  County,  Ky.,  Nov.  12,  1812, 
the  grandson  of  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  gradu- 
ated at  the  Miami  (Ohio)  University,  and  re- 
moved to  Illinois  in  1834.  settling  at  Macomb, 
McDonough  County,  where  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1835.  In  1836  he  moved  to  Rushville, 
where  he  resided  three  years,  a  part  of  the  time 
editing  a  Whig  newspaper.  Later  he  became  a 
resident  of  Ottawa,  and.  at  the  opening  of  the 
Mexican  War,  organized  a  company  of  volun- 
teers, of  which  he  was  chosen  Captain.  In  1861 
he  raised  a  regiment  of  cavalry  which  was 
mustered  into  service  as  the  Fourth  Illinois 
Cavalry,  and  of  which  he  was  commissioned 
Colonel,  taking  an  active  part  in  Grant's  cam- 
paigns in  the  West.  In  1865  he  resigned  his 
commission  and  resumed  the  practice  of  his 
profession  at  Ottawa.  In  1866  he  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  Congressman  for  the 
State-at-Iarge  in  opposition  to  John  A,  Logan, 
and.  in  1868,  was  tendered  and  accepted  the  posi- 
tion of  Assistant  Attorney-General  of  the  United 
States,  resigning  after  eighteen  months'  service. 
In  1873  he  removed  to  Chicago,  and.  in  1874,  was 
made  Corporation  Counsel.  In  December,  1875, 
he  was  elected  to  the  Supreme  Court,  vice  W.  K. 
McAllister,  deceased;  was  re-elected  in  1879,  and 
died  at  Atlantic  City,  July  22,  1885. 

DISCIPLES  OF  CHRIST,  THE,  known  also  as 
the  Christian  Church  and  as  "Campbellites." 
having  been  founded  by  Alexander  Campbell. 
Many  members  settled  in  Illinois  in  the  early 
30's,  and,  in  the  central  portion  of  the  State,  the 
denomination  soon  began  to  flourish  greatly 
Any  one  was  admitted  to  membership  who  made 
what  is  termed  a  scriptural  confession  of  faith 
and  was  baptized  by  immersion.  Alexander 
Campbell  was  an  eloquent  preacher  and  a  man  of 
much  native  ability,  as  well  as  a  born  conver- 
sationalist. The  sect  has  steadily  grown  in 
numbers  and  influence  in  the  State.  The  United 
States  Census  of  1890  showed  641  churches  in  the 
State,  with  368  ministers  and  an  aggregate  mem- 
bership of  61,587,  having  550  Sunday  schools,  with 
50,000  pupils  in  attendance.  The  value  of  the 
real  property,  which  included  552  church  edifices 
(with  a  seating  capacity  of  155,000)  and  30  parson 
ages,  was  SI.  167,675.  The  denomination  supports 
Eureka  College,  with  an  attendance  of  between 


134 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


400  and  500  students,  while  its  assets  are  valued 
at  8150,000.  Total  membership  in  the  United 
States,  estimated  at  750,000. 

DIXON,  an  incorporated  city,  the  county-seat 
of  Lee  County.  It  lies  on  both  sides  of  Rock 
River  and  is  the  point  of  intersection  of  the  Illi- 
nois Central  and  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern 
Railroads;  is  98  miles  west  of  Chicago.  Rock 
River  furnishes  abundant  water  power  and  the 
manufacturing  interests  of  the  city  are  very  ex- 
tensive, including  large  plow  works,  wire-cloth 
factory,  wagon  factory;  also  has  electric  light 
and  power  plant,  three  shoe  factories,  planing 
mills,  and  a  condensed  milk  factory.  There  are 
two  National  and  one  State  bank,  eleven 
churches,  a  hospital,  and  three  newspapers.  In 
schools  the  city  particularly  excels,  having  sev- 
eral graded  (grammar)  schools  and  two  colleges. 
The  Chautauqua  Assembly  holds  its  meeting  here 
annually.  Population  (1890),  5,161;  (1900).  7,917. 

DIXON,  John,  pioneer — the  first  white  settler 
in  Lee  County,  111.,  was  born  at  Rye,  West- 
chester  County,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  9,  1784;  at  21  removed 
to  New  York  City,  where  he  was  in  business  some 
fifteen  years.  In  1820  he  set  out  with  his  family 
for  the  West,  traveling  by  land  to  Pittsburg, 
and  thence  by  flat-boat  to  Shawneetown.  Having 
disembarked  his  horses  and  goods  here,  he  pushed 
out  towards  the  northwest,  passing  the  vicinity 
of  Springfield,  and  finally  locating  on  Fancy 
Creek,  some  nine  miles  north  of  the  present  site 
of  that  city.  Here  he  remained  some  five  years, 
in  1 1  Kit  time  serving  as  foreman  of  the  first  Sanga- 
intiii  County  Grand  Jury.  The  new  county  of 
Peoria  having  been  established  in  1825,  he  was 
offered  and  accepted  the  appointment  of  Circuit 
Clerk,  removing  to  Fort  Clark,  as  Peoria  was 
then  called.  Later  he  became  contractor  for 
carrying  the  mail  on  the  newly  established  route 
between  Peoria  and  Galena.  Compelled  to  pro- 
vide means  of  crossing  Rock  River,  he  induced  a 
French  and  Indian  half-breed,  named  Ogee,  to 
take  charge  of  a  ferry  at  a  point  afterwards 
known  as  Ogee's  Ferry.  The  tide  of  travel  to  the 
lead-mine  region  caused  both  the  mail-route  and 
the  ferry  to  prove  profitable,  and,  as  the  half- 
breed  ferryman  could  not  endure  prosperity,  Mr. 
Dixon  was  forced  to  buy  him  out,  removing  his 
family  to  this  point  in  April,  1830.  Here  he 
established  friendly  relations  with  the  Indians, 
and,  during  the  Black  Hawk  War  ,two  years  later, 
was  enabled  to  render  valuable  service  to  the 
State.  His  station  was  for  many  years  one  of 
the  most  important  points  in  Northern  Illinois, 
and  among  the  men  of  national  reputation  who 


were  entertained  at  different  times  at  his  honif 
may  be  named  Gen.  Zachary  Taylor,  Albert  Sid 
ney  Johnston,  Gen.  Winfield  Scott,  Jefferson 
Davis,  Col.  Robert  Anderson,  Abraham  Lincoln. 
Col.  E.  D.  Baker  and  many  more.  He  bought  the 
land  where  Dixon  now  stands  in  1835  and  laid  off 
the  town;  in  1838  was  elected  by  the  Legislature 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Public  Works,  and,  in 
1840,  secured  the  removal  of  the  land  office  from 
Galena  to  Dixon.  Colonel  Dixon  was  a  delegate 
from  Lee  County  to  the  Republican  State  Con- 
vention at  Bloomington,  in  May,  1856,  and. 
although  then  considerably  over  70  years  of  age, 
spoke  from  the  same  stand  with  Abraham  Lin- 
coln, his  presence  producing'  much  enthusiasm. 
His  death  occurred,  July  6,  1876. 

DOANE,  John  Wesley,  merchant  and  banker, 
\vas  born  at  Thompson,  Windham  County,  Conn., 
March  23,  1833;  was  educated  in  the  common 
schools,  and,  at  22  years  of  age,  came  to  Chicago 
and  opened  a  small  grocery  store  which,  by  1870. 
had  become  one  of  the  most  extensive  concerns 
of  its  kind  in  the  Northwest.  It  was  swept  out 
of  existence  by  the  fire  of  1871,  but  was  re-estab- 
lished and,  in  1872,  transferred  to  other  parties, 
although  Mr.  Doane  continued  to  conduct  an 
importing  business  in  many  lines  of  goods  used  in 
the  grocery  trade.  Having  become  interested  in 
the  Merchants'  Loan  &  Trust  Company,  he  was 
elected  its  President  and  has  continued  to  act  in 
that  capacity.  He  is  also  a  stockholder  and  a 
Director  of  the  Pullman  Palace  Car  Company, 
the  Allen  Paper  Car  Wheel  Company  and  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  and  was  a  leading 
promoter  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  of 
1893 — being  one  of  those  who  guaranteed  the 
$5,000,000  to  be  raised  by  the  citizens  of  Chicago 
to  assure  the  success  of  the  enterprise. 

DOLTON  STATION,  a  village  of  Cook  County, 
on  the  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois,  the  Chicago  & 
Western  Indiana,  and  the  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati. 
Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railroads,  16  miles  south  of 
Chicago ;  has  a  carriage  factory,  a  weekly  paper, 
churches  and  a  graded  school.  Population  ( 1880) 
448;  (1890),  1,110;  (1900),  1,229. 

DOXGOLA,  a  village  in  Union  County,  on  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  27  miles  north  of  Cairo. 
Population  (1880),  599;  (1890),  733;  (1900),  681. 

DOOLITTLE,  James  Rood,  United  States 
Senator,  was  born  in  Hampton,  Washington 
County,  N.  Y.,  Jan  3,  1815;  educated  at  Middle- 
bury  and  Geneva  (now  Hobart)  Colleges,  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1837  and  practiced  at  Rochester  and 
Warsaw,  N.  Y. ;  was  elected  District  Attorney  of 
Wyoming  County,  N.  Y..  in  1845.  and.  in  1851. 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


135 


removed  to  Wisconsin;  two  years  later  was 
elected  Circuit  Judge,  but  resigned  in  1856,  and 
the  following  year  was  elected  as  a  Democratic- 
Repoblican  to  the  United  States  Senate,  being 
re-elected  as  a  Republican  in  18G3.  Retiring 
from  public  life  in  1869,  he  afterwards  resided 
chiefly  at  Racine,  Wis. ,  though  practicing  in  the 
courts  of  Chicago.  He  was  President  of  the 
National  Union  Convention  at  Philadelphia  in 
1866,  and  of  the  National  Democratic  Convention 
of  1873  in  Baltimore,  which  endorsed  Horace 
Greeley  for  President.  Died,  at  Edgewood,  R.  I. , 
July  27,  1897. 

DORE,  John  Clark,  first  Superintendent  of 
Chicago  City  Schools,  was  born  at  Ossipee,  N.  H. , 
March  22,  1822;  began  teaching  at  17  years  of  age 
and  graduated  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1847; 
then  taught  several  years  and,  in  1854,  was 
offered  and  accepted  the  position  of  Superintend- 
ent of  City  Schools  of  Chicago,  but  resigned  two 
years  later.  Afterwards  engaging  in  business, 
he  served  as  Vice-President  and  President  of 
the  Board  of  Trade,  President  of  the  Com- 
mercial Insurance  Company  and  of  the  State 
Savings  Institution ;  was  a  member  of  the  State 
Senate,  1808-72,  and  has  been  identified  with 
various  benevolent  organizations  of  the  city  of 
Chicago.  Died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Dec.,  14.  1900. 

DOUGHERTY,  John,  lawyer  and  Lieutenant- 
Governor,  was  born  at  Marietta,  Ohio,  May  6, 
1806;  brought  by  his  parents,  in  1808,  to  Cape 
Girardeau,  Mo.,  where  they  remained  until  after 
the  disastrous  earthquakes  in  that  region  in 
1811-12,  when,  his  father  having  died,  his  mother 
removed  to  Jonesboro,  111.  Here  he  finally  read 
law  with  Col.  A.  P.  Field,  afterwards  Secretary 
of  State,  being  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1831  and 
early  attaining  prominence  as  a  successful 
criminal  lawyer.  He  soon  became  a  recognized 
political  leader,  was  elected  as  a  member  of  the 
House  to  the  Eighth  General  Assembly  (1832) 
and  re-elected  in  1834,  '36  and  '40,  and  again  in 
1856,  and  to  the  Senate  in  1842,  serving  in  the 
latter  body  until  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution 
of  1848.  Originally  a  Democrat,  he  was,  in  l&r>8, 
the  Administration  (Buchanan)  candidate  for 
State  Treasurer,  as  op]>osed  to  the  Douglas  wing 
of  the  party,  but,  in  1861,  became  a  strong  sup- 
jxirter  of  Abraham  Lincoln.  He  served  as  Presi- 
dential Elector  on  the  Republican  ticket  in  1864 
and  in  1872  (the  former  year  for  the  State-  at- 
large),  in  1868  was  elected  Lieutenant-Governor 
anil,  in  1877,  to  a  seat  on  the  criminal  bench, 
serving  until  June.  1879.  Died,  at  Jonesboro, 
Sept.  7,  1879. 


DOUGLAS,  John  M.,  lawyer  and  Railway 
President,  was  born  at  Plattsburg,  Clinton 
County,  N.  Y.,  August  22,  1819;  read  law  three 
years  in  his  native  city,  then  came  west  and 
settled  at  Galena,  111. ,  where  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1841  and  began  practice.  In  1856  he 
removed  to  Chicago,  and,  the  following  year, 
became  one  of  the  solicitors  of  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad,  with  which  he  had  been  associated  as 
an  attorney  at  Galena.  Between  1861  and  1876 
he  was  a  Director  of  the  Company  over  twelve 
years ;  from  1865  to  1871  its  President,  and  again 
for  eighteen  montlis  in  1875-76,  when  he  retired 
permanently.  Mr.  Douglas'  contemporaries  speak 
of  him  as  a  lawyer  of  great  ability,  as  well 
as  a  capable  executive  officer.  Died,  in  Chicago, 
March  25,  1891. 

DOUGLAS,  Stephen  Arnold,  statesman,  was 
bora  at  Brandon,  Vt.,  April  23,  1813.  In  conse- 
quence of  the  deatli  of  his  father  in  infancy, 
his  early  educational  advantages  were  limited. 
When  fifteen  he  applied  himself  to  the  cabinet- 
maker's trade,  and,  in  1830,  accompanied  his 
mother  and  step-father  to  Ontario  County,  N.  Y. 
In  1832  he  began  the  study  of  law,  but  started  for 
the  West  in  1833.  He  taught  school  at  Win- 
chester, 111.,  reading  law  at  night  and  practicing 
before  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  on  Saturdays.  He 
was  soon  admitted  to  the  bar  and  took  a  deep 
interest  in  politics.  In  1835  he  was  elected  Prose- 
cuting Attorney  for  Morgan  County,  but  a  few 
months  later  resigned  this  office  to  enter  the 
lower  house  of  the  Legislature,  to  which  he  was 
elected  in  1836.  In  1838  he  was  a  candidate  for 
Congress,  but  was  defeated  by  John  T.  Stuart,  his 
Whig  opponent;  was  appointed  Secretary  of 
State  in  December,  1840,  and,  in  February,  1841, 
elected  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court.  He  was 
elected  to  Congress  in  1842,  '44  and  '46,  and,  in 
the  latter  year,  was  chosen  United  States  Sena- 
tor, taking  his  seat  March  4,  1847,  and  being 
re-elected  in  1853  and  '59.  His  last  canvass  was 
rendered  memorable  through  his  joint  debate,  in 
1858,  before  the  people  of  the  State  with  Abraham 
Lincoln,  whom  he  defeated  before  the  Legisla- 
ture. He  was  a  candidate  for  the  presidential 
nomination  before  the  Democratic  National 
Conventions  of  1S52  and  '56.  In  1860,  after  having 
failed  of  a  nomination  for  the  Presidency  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  through  the  operation  of  the 
"two  thirds  rule,"  he  received  the  nomination 
from  the  adjourned  convention  held  at  Baltimore 
six  weeks  later — though  not  until  the  delegates 
from  nearly  all  the  Southern  States  had  with- 
drawn, the  seceding  delegates  afterwards  nomi- 


136 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


nating  John  C.  Breckenridge.  Although  defeated 
for  the  Presidency  by  Lincoln,  his  old-time 
antagonist,  Douglas  yielded  a  cordial  support  to 
the  incoming  administration  in  its  attitude 
toward  the  seceded  States,  occupying  a  place  of 
honor  beside  Mr.  Lincoln  on  the  portico  of  the 
capitol  during  the  inauguration  ceremonies.  As 
politician,  orator  and  statesman,  Douglas  had 
few  superiors.  Quick  in  perception,  facile  in 
expedients,  ready  in  resources,  earnest  iind 
fearless  in  utterance,  he  was  a  born  "leader  of 
men."  His  shortness  of  stature,  considered  in 
relation  to  his  extraordinary  mental  acumen, 
gained  for  him  the  sobriquet  of  the  "Little 
Giant."  He  died  in  Chicago,  June  3,  1861. 

DOUGLAS  COUNTY,  lying  a  little  east  of  the 
center  of  the  State,  embracing  an  area  of  410 
square  miles  and  having  a  population  (1900)  of 
19,097.  The  earliest  land  entry  was  made  by 
Harrison  Gill,  of  Kentucky,  whose  patent  was 
signed  by  Andrew  Jackson.  Another  early 
settler  was  John  A.  Richman,  a  West  Virginian, 
who  erected  one  of  the  first  frame  houses  in 
the  county  in  1829.  The  Embarras  and  Kas- 
kaskia  Rivers  flow  through  the  county,  which  is 
also  crossed  by  the  Wabash  and  Illinois  Central 
Railways.  Douglas  County  was  organized  in 
1857  (being  set  off  from  Coles)  and  named  in 
honor  of  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  then  United  States 
Senator  from  Illinois.  After  a  sharp  struggle  Tus- 
cola  was  made  the  county-seat.  It  has  been 
visited  by  several  disastrous  conflagrations,  but 
is  a  thriving  town,  credited,  in  1890,  with  a 
population  of  1,897.  Other  important  towns  are 
Arcola  (population,  1,733),  and  Camargo,  which 
was  originally  known  as  New  Salem. 

DOWNERS  GROVE,  village,  Du  Page  County, 
on  < '  II  .V  ','  K.  K..  21  miles  south-southwest  from 
Chicago,  incorporated  1873 .  has  water- works,  elec- 
tric lights,  telephone  system,  good  schools,  bank 
and  a  newspaper.  Pop.  (1890;,  960;  (1900),  2,103. 

DOWNING,  Finis  Eninp,  ex-Congressman  and 
lawyer,  was  born  at  Virginia,  111.,  August  24, 
1X46;  reared  on  a  farm  and  educated  in  the  public 
and  private  schools  of  his  native  town ;  from  1865 
was  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  until  1880, 
when  he  was  elected  Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court 
of  Cass  County,  serving  three  successive  terms; 
read  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Decem- 
ber, IKHT.  In  August,  1891,  he  became  interested 
in  "The  Virginia  Enquirer"  (a  Democratic 
paper),  which  he  has  since  conducted;  was 
elected  Secretary  of  the  State  Senate  in  1893, 
and.  in  1894,  was  returned  as  elected  to  the  Fifty- 
fourth  Congress  from  the  Sixteenth  District  by  u 


plurality  of  forty  votes  over  Gen.  John  I.  Rinaker. 
the  Republican  nominee.  A  contest  and  recount 
of  the  ballots  resulted,  however,  in  awarding  the 
seat  to  General  Rinaker.  In  1896  Mr.  Downing 
was  the  nominee  of  his  party  for  Secretary  of 
State,  but  was  defeated  with  the  rest  of  his  ticket. 

DRAKE,  Francis  Marlon,  soldier  and  Governor, 
was  born  at  Rushville,  Schuyler  County,  111., 
Dec.  :!0,  1830;  early  taken  to  Drakesville,  Iowa, 
which  his  father  founded;  entered  mercantile 
life  at  1C  years  of  age;  crossed  the  plains  to  Cali- 
fornia in  1852,  liad  experience  in  Indian  warfare 
and,  in  1859,  established  himself  in  business  at 
Unionville,  Iowa;  served  through  the  Civil  War, 
becoming  Lieutenant-Colonel  and  retiring  in 
1865  with  the  rank  of  Brigadier-Gener.il  by 
brevet.  He  re-entered  mercantile  life  after  the 
war,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  18C6,  subsequently 
engaged  in  railroad  building  and,  in  1881,  contrib- 
buted  the  bulk  of  the  funds  for  founding  Drake 
University;  was  elected  Governor  of  Iowa  in 
1895,  serving  until  January,  1898. 

DRAPER,  Andrew  Sloan.  I.L.I).,  lawyer  and 
educator,  was  born  in  Otsego  County,  N.  Y., 
June  21,  1848 — being  a  descendant,  in  the  eighth 
generation,  from  the  "Puritan,"  James  Draper, 
who  settled  in  Boston  in  1647.  In  1855  Mr. 
Draper's  parents  settled  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  where 
he  attended  school,  winning  a  scholarship  in  the 
Albany  Academy  in  1863,  and  graduating  from 
that  institution  in  1866.  During  the  next  four 
years  he  was  employed  in  teaching,  part  of  the 
time  as  an  instructor  at  his  alma  mater;  but,  in 
1871,  graduated  from  the  Union  College  Law 
Department,  when  he  began  practice.  The  rank 
he  attained  in  the  profession  was  indicated  by 
his  appointment  by  President  Arthur,  in  1884, 
one  of  the  Judges  of  the  Alabama  Claims  Com- 
mission, upon  which  he  served  until  the  conclu- 
sion of  its  labors  in  1886.  He  liad  previously 
served  in  the  New  York  State  Senate  (1880)  and. 
in  1884,  was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  National 
Convention,  also  serving  as  Chairman  of  the 
Republican  State  Central  Committee  the  same 
year.  After  liis  return  from  Europe  in  1886,  he 
served  as  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instmc 
tion  of  New  York  until  1892,  and,  in  1889,  and 
again  in  1890.  was  President  of  the  National 
Association  of  School  Superintendents.  Soon 
after  retiring  from  the  State  Superintendency  in 
New  York,  lie  was  chosen  Superintendent  of 
Public  Schools  for  the  city  of  Cleveland.  Ohio, 
remaining  in  that  position  until  1894,  when  In- 
was  elected  President  of  the  University  of  Illinois 
at  Champaign,  where  he  now  is.  •  His  adminis- 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


137 


tration  has  been  characterized  by  enterprise  and 
sagacity,  and  has  tended  to  promote  the  popular- 
ity and  prosperity  of  the  institution. 

DRESSER,  Charles,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Pomfret,  Conn.,  Feb.  24,  1800;  graduated  from 
Brown  University  in  1823,  went  to  Virginia, 
where  he  studied  theology  and  was  ordained  a 
minister  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  In 
1838  he  removed  to  Springfield,  and  became  rector 
of  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  Church  there,  retiring  in 
1858.  On  Nov.  4,  1842,  Mr.  Dresser  performed  the 
ceremony  uniting  Abraham  Lincoln  and  Mary 
Todd  in  marriage.  He  died,  March  25,  1865. 

DRUMMOND,  Thomas,  jurist,  was  born  at 
Bristol  Mills,  Lincoln  County,  Maine,  Oct.  16, 
1809.  After  graduating  from  Bowdoin  College,  in 
1830,  he  studied  law  at  Philadelphia,  where  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1*53.  He  settled  at 
Galena.  111.,  in  1835,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
General  Assembly  in  1840-41.  In  1850  he  was 
appointed  United  States  District  Judge  for  the 
District  of  Illinois  as  successor  to  Judge  Nathaniel 
Pope,  and  four  years  later  removed  to  Chicago. 
Upon  the  division  of  the  State  into  two  judicial 
districts,  in  1853,  he  was  assigned  to  the  North- 
ern. In  1869  he  was  elevated  to  the  bench  of  the 
United  States  Circuit  Court,  and  presided  over 
the  Seventh  Circuit,  which  at  that  time  included 
the  States  of  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Wisconsin.  In 
1884 — at  the  age  of  75 — he  resigned,  living  in 
retirement  until  his  death,  wliich  occurred  at 
VVheaton,  111.,  May  15,  1890. 

DUBOIS,  Jesse  Kllgore,  State  Auditor,  was 
born,  Jan.  14,  1811,  in  Lawrence  County,  111., 
near  Vincennes,  Ind.,  where  his  father,  Capt. 
Toussaint  Dubois,  had  settled  about  1780.  The 
latter  was  a  native  of  Canada,  of  French  descent, 
and,  after  settling  in  the  Northwest  Territory, 
liad  been  a  personal  friend  of  General  Harrison, 
under  whom  he  served  in  the  Indian  wars, 
including  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe.  The  son 
received  a  partial  collegiate  education  at  Bloom- 
ington,  Ind.,  but,  at  24  years  of  age  (1834),  was 
elected  to  the  General  Assembly,  serving  in  the 
same  House  with  Abraham  Lincoln,  and  being 
re-elected  in  1836,  '38,  and  '42.  In  1841  he  was 
appointed  by  President  Harrison  Register  of  the 
Land  Office  at  Palestine,  111.,  but  soon  resigned, 
giving  his  attention  to  mercantile  pursuits  until 
1849,  when  he  was  appointed  Receiver  of  Public 
Moneys  at  Palestine,  but  was  removed  by  Pierce 
in  1853.  He  was  a  Delegate  to  the  first  Repub- 
lican State  Convention,  at  Bloomington,  in  1856, 
and,  on  the  recommendation  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  was 
nominated  for  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts, 


renominated  in  1860,  and  elected  both  times.  In 
1864  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  nomination  of 
his  party  for  Governor,  but  was  defeated  by 
General  Oglesby,  serving,  however,  on  the 
National  Executive  Committee  of  that  year,  and 
as  a  delegate  to  the  National  Convention  of  1868. 
Died,  at  his  home  near  Springfield,  Nov.  22.  1876. 
—Fred  T.  (Dubois),  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  in  Crawford  County,  111.,  May  29,  1851; 
received  a  common-school  and  classical  educa- 
tion, graduating  from  Yale  College  in  1872 ;  was 
Secretary  of  the  Illinois  Railway  and  Warehouse 
Commission  in  1875-76 ;  went  to  Idaho  Territory 
and  engaged  in  business  in  1880,  was  appointed 
United  States  Marshal  there  in  1882,  serving  until 
1886;  elected  as  a  Republican  Delegate  to  the 
Fiftieth  and  Fifty-first  Congresses,  and,  on  the 
admission  of  Idaho  as  a  State  (1890),  became 
one  of  the  first  United  States  Senators,  his  term 
extending  to  1897.  He  was  Chairman  of  the 
Idaho  delegation  in  the  National  Republican 
Convention  at  Minneapolis  in  1892,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  National  Republican  Convention 
at  St.  Louis  in  1896,  but  seceded  from  that  body 
with  Senator  Teller  of  Colorado,  and  has  since 
cooperated  with  the  Populists  and  Free  Silver 
Democrats. 

DUCAT,  Arthur  Charles,  soldier  and  civil 
engineer,  was  born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  Feb.  24. 
1830,  received  a  liberal  education  and  became  a 
civil  engineer.  He  settled  in  Chicago  in  1851, 
and  six  years  later  was  made  Secretary  and  Chief 
Surveyor  of  the  Board  of  Underwriters  of  that 
city.  While  acting  in  this  capacity,  he  virtually 
revised  the  schedule  system  of  rating  fire-risks. 
In  1861  he  raised  a  company  of  300  engineers, 
sappers  and  miners,  but  neither  the  State  nor 
Federal  authorities  would  accept  it.  Thereupon 
he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Twelfth  Illinois 
Volunteers,  but  his  ability  earned  him  rapid 
promotion.  He  rose  through  the  grades  of  Cap- 
tain, Major  and  Lieutenant-Colonel,  to  that  of 
Colonel,  and  was  brevetted  Brigadier-General  in 
February,  1864.  Compelled  by  sickness  to  leave  the 
army.  General  Ducat  returned  to  Chicago, 
re-entering  the  insurance  field  and  finally,  after 
holding  various  responsible  positions,  engaging 
in  general  business  in  that  line.  In  1875  he  was 
entrusted  with  the  task  of  reorganizing  the  State 
militia,  which  he  performed  with  signal  success. 
Died,  at  Downer's  Grove,  111.,  Jan.  29.  1896. 

DUELS  AND  ANTI-DUELING  LAWS.  Al- 
though a  majority  of  the  population  of  Illinois, 
in  Territorial  days,  came  from  Southern  States 
where  the  duel  was  widely  regarded  as  the  proper 


138 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


mode  for  settling  "difficulties"  of  a  personal 
character,  it  is  a  curious  fact  that  so  few  "affairs 
of  honor"  (so-called)  should  have  occurred  on 
Illinois  soil.  The  first  "affair"  of  this  sort  of 
which  either  history  or  tradition  has  handed 
down  any  account,  is  said  to  have  occurred 
between  an  English  and  a  French  officer  at  the 
time  of  the  surrender  of  Fort  Cl^artres  to  the 
British  in  1765,  and  in  connection  with  that 
event.  The  officers  are  said  to  have  fought  with 
small  swords  one  Sunday  morning  near  the  Fort, 
when  one  of  them  was  killed,  but  the  name  of 
neither  the  victor  nor  the  vanquished  has  come 
down  to  the  present  time.  Gov.  John  Reynolds, 
who  is  the  authority  for  the  story  in  his  "Pioneer 
History  of  Illinois,"  claimed  to  have  received  it 
in  his  boyhood  from  an  aged  Frenchman  who 
represented  that  he  liad  seen  the  combat. 

An  affair  of  less  doubtful  authenticity  lias  come 
down  to  us  in  the  history  of  the  Territorial 
period,  and,  although  it  was  at  first  bloodless,  it 
finally  ended  in  a  tragedy.  This  was  the  Jones- 
Bond  affair,  which  originated  at  Kaskaskia  in 
1808.  Rice  Jones  was  the  son  of  John  Rice  Jones, 
the  first  English-speaking  lawyer  in  the  "Illinois 
Country."  The  younger  Jones  is  described  as  an 
exceptionally  brilliant  young  nian  who,  having 
studied  law,  located  at  Kaskaskia  in  180(3.  Two 
years  later  he  became  a  candidate  for  Represent- 
ative from  Randolph  County  in  the  Legislature 
of  Indiana  Territory,  of  which  Illinois  was  a  part. 
In  the  course  of  the  canvass  which  resulted  in 
Jones'  election,  he  became  involved  in  a  quarrel 
with  Shadrach  Bond,  who  was  then  a  member  of 
the  Territorial  Council  from  the  same  county, 
and  afterwards  became  Delegate  in  Congress 
from  Illinois  and  the  first  Governor  of  the  State. 
Bond  challenged  Jones  and  the  meeting  took 
place  on  an  Island  in  the  Mississippi  between 
Kaskaskia  and  St.  Genevieve.  Bond's  second 
was  a  Dr.  James  Dunlap  of  Kaskaskia.  who 
apiiears  also  to  have  l>een  a  bitter  enemy  of  Jones. 
The  discliarge  of  a  pistol  in  the  hand  of  Jones 
after  the  combatants  had  taken  their  places 
preliminary  to  the  order  to  "fire,"  raised  the 
question  whether  it  was  accidental  or  to  be 
regarded  as  Jones'  fire.  Dunlap  maintained  the 
latter,  but  Bond  accepted  the  explanation  of  his 
adversary  that  the  discharge  was  accidental,  and 
the  generosity  which  he  displayed  led  to  expla- 
nations that  averted  a  final  exchange  of  shots. 
The  feud  thus  started  between  Jones  and  Dunlap 
grew  until  it  involved  a  large  part  of  the  com- 
munity. On  Dec.  7,  1808,  Dunlap  shot  down 
Jones  in  cold  blood  and  without  warning  in 


the  streets  of  Kaskaskia,  killing  him  instantly. 
The  murderer  fled  to  Texas  and  was  never  heard 
of  about  Kaskaskia  afterwards.  This  incident 
furnishes  the  basis  of  the  most  graphic  chapter 
in  Mrs.  Catherwood's  story  of  "Old  Kaskaskia." 
Prompted  by  this  tragical  affair,  no  doubt,  the 
Governor  and  Territorial  Judges,  in  1810,  framed  a 
stringent  law  for  the  suppression  of  dueling,  in 
which,  in  case  of  a  fatal  result,  all  parties  con- 
nected with  the  affair,  as  principals  or  seconds, 
were  held  to  be  guilty  of  murder. 

Governor  Reynolds  furnishes  the  record  of  a 
duel  between  Thomas  Rector,  the  member  of  a 
noted  family  of  that  name  at  Kaskaskia,  and  one 
Joshua  Barton,  supposed  to  have  occurred  some- 
time during  the  War  of  1812,  though  no  exact 
dates  are  given.  This  affair  took  place  on  the 
favorite  dueling  ground  known  as  "Bloody 
Island,"  opposite  St.  Louis,  so  often  resorted  to 
at  a  later  day,  by  devotees  of  "the  code"  in  Mis- 
souri. Reynolds  says  that  "Barton  fell  in  the 
conflict." 

The  next  affair  of  which  history  makes  men- 
tion grew  out  of  a  drunken  carousel  at  Belleville, 
in  February,  1819,  which  ended  in  a  duel  between 
two  men  named  Alonzo  Stuart  and  William 
Bennett,  and  the  killing  of  Stuart  by  Bennett. 
The  managers  of  the  affair  for  the  principals  are 
said  to  liave  agreed  that  the  guns  should  be  loaded 
with  blank  cartridges,  and  Stuart  was  let  into  the 
secret  but  Bennett  was  not.  When  the  order  to 
fire  came,  Bennett's  gun  proved  to  liave  been 
loaded  with  ball.  Stuart  fell  mortally  wounded, 
expiring  almost  immediately.  One  report  says 
that  the  duel  was  intended  as  a  sham,  and  was  so 
understood  by  Bennett,  who  was  horrified  by  the 
result.  He  and  his  two  seconds  were  arrested  for 
murder,  but  Bennett  broke  jail  and  fled  to 
Arkansas.  The  seconds  were  tried,  Daniel  P. 
Cook  conducting  the  prosecution  and  Thomas  H. 
Benton  defending,  the  trial  resulting  in  their 
acquittal.  Two  years  later,  Bennett  was  appre- 
hended by  some  sort  of  artifice,  put  on  his  trial, 
convicted  and  executed — Judge  John  Reynolds 
(afterwards  Governor)  presiding  and  pronouncing 
sentence. 

In  a  footnote  to  "The  Edwards  Papers," 
edited  by  the  late  E.  B.  Washburne,  and  printed 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Chicago  Historical 
Society,  a  few  years  ago,  Mr.  Washburne  relates 
an  incident  occurring  in  Galena  about  1838,  while 
"The  Northwestern  Gazette  and  Galena  Adver- 
tiser" was  under  the  charge  of  Sylvester  M. 
Bartlett,  who  was  afterwards  one  of  the  founders 
of  "The  Quincy  Whig."  The  story,  as  told  by 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA    OF   ILLINOIS. 


139 


Mr.  Washburne,  is  as  follows:  "David  G.  Bates 
(a  Galena  business  man  and  captain  of  a  packet 
plying  between  St.  Louis  and  Galena)  wrote  a 
short  communication  for  the  paper  reflecting  on 
the  character  of  John  Turney,  a  prominent  law- 
yer  who  had  been  a  member  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  in  1828-30,  from  the  District 
composed  of  Pike,  Adams,  Fulton,  Schuyler, 
Peoria  and  Jo  Daviess  Counties.  Turney  de- 
manded the  name  of  the  author  and  Bartlett  gave 
up  the  name  of  Bates.  Turney  refused  to  take 
any  notice  of  Bates  and  then  challenged  Bartlett 
to  a  duel,  which  was  promptly  accepted  by  Bart- 
lett. The  second  of  Turney  was  the  Hon.  Joseph 
P.  Hoge,  afterward  a  member  of  Congress  from 
the  Galena  District.  Bartlett's  second  was 
William  A.  Warren,  now  of  Bellevue,  Iowa." 
(Warren  was  a  prominent  Union  officer  during 
the  Civil  War.)  "The  parties  went  out  to  the 
ground  selected  for  the  duel,  in  what  was  then 
Wisconsin  Territory,  seven  miles  north  of  Galena, 
and,  after  one  ineffectual  fire,  the  matter  was 
compromised.  Subsequently,  Bartlett  removed 
to  Quincy,  and  was  for  a  long  time  connected 
with  the  publication  of  'The  Quincy  Whig.'" 

During  the  session  of  the  Twelfth  General 
Assembly  (1841),  A.  R.  Dodge,  a  Democratic 
Representative  from  Peoria  County,  feeling  him- 
self aggrieved  by  some  reflections  indulged  by  Gen. 
John  J.  Hardin  (then  a  Whig  Representative 
from  Morgan  County)  upon  the  Democratic  party 
in  connection  with  the  partisan  reorganization 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  threatened  to  "call  out" 
Hurdin.  The  affair  was  referred  to  W.  L.  D. 
Ewing  and  W.  A.  Richardson  for  Dodge,  and 
J.  J.  Brown  and  E.  B.  Webb  for  Hardin,  with 
the  result  that  it  was  amicably  adjusted  "honor- 
ably to  both  parties." 

It  was  during  the  same  session  tliat  John  A. 
McClernand,  then  a  young  and  fiery  member 
from  Gallatin  County  —  who  had,  two  years 
l>efore,  been  appointed  Secretary  of  State  by 
Governor  Carlin,  but  had  been  debarred  from 
taking  the  office  by  an  adverse  decision  of  the 
Supreme  Court  —  indulged  in  a  violent  attack 
upon  the  Whig  members  of  the  Court  based  upon 
allegations  afterwards  shown  to  liave  been  fur- 
nished by  Theophilus  W.  Smith,  a  Democratic 
member  of  the  same  court.  Smith  having  joined 
his  associates  in  a  card  denying  the  truth  of  the 
charges,  McClernand  responded  with  the  publi- 
cation of  the  cards  of  persons  tracing  the  allega- 
tions directly  to  Smith  himself.  This  brought  a 
note  from  Smith  which  McClernand  construed  into 
a  challenge  and  answered  with  a  prompt  accept- 


ance. Attorney-General  Lamborn,  having  got 
wind  of  the  affair,  lodged  a  complaint  with  a 
Springfield  Justice  of  the  Peace,  wliich  resulted 
in  placing  the  pugnacious  jurist  under  bonds  to 
keep  the  peace,  when  he  took  his  departure  for 
Chicago,  and  the  "affair"  ended. 

An  incident  of  greater  historical  interest  than 
all  the  others  yet  mentioned,  was  the  affair  in 
which  James  Shields  and  Abraham  Lincoln — the 
former  the  State  Auditor  and  the  hitter  at  that 
time  a  young  attorney  at  Springfield — were  con- 
cerned. A  communication  in  doggerel  verse  liad 
appeared  in  "The  Springfield  Journal"  ridiculing 
the  Auditor.  Shields  made  demand  upon  the 
editor  (Mr.  Simeon  Francis)  for  the  name  of  the 
author,  and.  in  accordance  with  previous  under- 
standing, the  name  of  Lincoln  was  given.  (Evi- 
dence, later  coming  to  light,  showed  that  the  real 
authors  were  Miss  Mary  Todd — who,  a  few  months 
later,  became  Mrs.  Lincoln — and  Miss  Julia  Jayne, 
afterwards  the  wife  of  Senator  Trumbull.) 
Shields,  tlirough  John  D.  Whiteside.  a  former 
State  Treasurer,  demanded  a  retraction  of  the 
offensive  matter— the  demand  being  presented  to 
Lincoln  at  Tremont,  in  Tazewell  County,  where 
Lincoln  was  attending  court.  Without  attempt- 
ing to  follow  the  affair  through  all  its  complicated 
details — Shields  having  assumed  that  Lincoln  was 
the  author  without  further  investigation,  and 
Lincoln  refusing  to  make  any  explanation  unless 
the  first  demand  was  withdrawn — Lincoln  named 
Dr.  E.  H.  Merriman  as  his  second  and  accepted 
Shield's  challenge,  naming  cavalry  broadswords 
as  the  weapons  and  the  Missouri  shore,  within 
three  miles  of  the  city  of  Alton,  as  the  place. 
The  principals,  with  their  "friends,"  met  at  the 
appointed  time  and  place  (Sept.  22,  1842.  opposite 
the  city  of  Alton);  but,  in  the  meantime,  mutual 
friends,  liaving  been  apprised  of  what  was  going 
on,  also  appeared  on  the  ground  and  brought 
about  explanations  which  averted  an  actual  con- 
flict. Those  especially  instrumental  in  bringing 
about  this  result  were  Gen.  John  J.  Hardin  of 
Jacksonville,  and  Dr.  R.  W.  English  of  Greene 
County,  while  John  D.  Whiteside,  W.  L.  D. 
Ewing  anil  Dr.  T.  M.  Hope  acted  as  represent- 
atives of  Shields,  and  Dr.  E.  H.  Merriman, 
Dr.  A.  T.  Bledsoe  and  William  Butler  for  Lincoln. 

Out  of  this  affair,  within  the  next  few  days, 
followed  challenges  from  Shields  to  Butler  and 
Whiteside  to  Merriman ;  but,  although  these  were 
accepted,  yet  owing  to  some  objection  on  the  part 
of  the  challenging  party  to  the  conditions  named 
by  the  party  challenged,  thereby  resulting  in  de- 
lay, no  meeting  actually  took  place. 


* 


140 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Another  affair  which  bore  important  results 
without  ending  in  a  tragedy,  occurred  during  the 
session  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1847. 
The  parties  to  it  were  O.  C.  Pratt  and  Thompson 
Campbell  —  both  Delegates  from  Jo  Daviess 
County,  and  both  Democrats.  Some  sparring 
between  them  over  the  question  of  suffrage  for 
naturalized  foreigners  resulted  in  an  invitation 
from  Pratt  to  Campbell  to  meet  him  at  the 
Planters'  House  in  St.  Louis,  with  an  intimation 
that  this  was  for  the  purpose  of  arranging  the 
preliminaries  of  a  duel.  Both  parties  were  on 
hand  before  the  appointed  time,  but  their  arrest 
by  the  St.  Louis  authorities  and  putting  them 
under  heavy  bonds  to  keep  the  peace,  gave  them 
an  excuse  for  returning  to  their  convention 
duties  without  coming  to  actual  hostilities — if 
they  had  such  intention.  This  was  promptly 
followed  by  the  adoption  in  Convention  of  the 
provision  of  the  Constitution  of  1848,  disqualify- 
ing any  person  engaged  in  a  dueling  affair,  either 
as  principal  or  second,  from  holding  any  office  of 
honor  or  profit  in  the  State. 

The  last  and  principal  affair  of  this  kind  of 
historic  significance,  in  which  a  citizen  of  Illinois 
was  engaged,  though  not  on  Illinois  soil,  was  that 
in  which  Congressman  William  H.  Bissell,  after- 
wards Governor  of  Illinois,  and  Jefferson  Davis 
were  concerned  in  February,  1850.  During  the 
debate  on  the  "Compromise  Measures"  of  that 
year,  Congressman  Seddon  of  Virginia  went  out 
of  his  way  to  indulge  in  implied  reflections  upon 
the  courage  of  Northern  soldiers  as  displayed  on 
the  battle-field  of  Buena  Vista,  and  to  claim  for 
the  Mississippi  regiment  commanded  by  Davis 
the  credit  of  saving  the  day.  Replying  to  these 
claims  Colonel  Bissell  took  occasion  to  correct  the 
Virginia  Congressman's  statements,  and  especi- 
ally to  vindicate  the  good  name  of  the  Illinois  and 
Kentucky  troops.  In  doing  so  he  declared  that, 
at  the  critical  moment  alluded  to  by  Seddon, 
when  the  Indiana  regiment  gave  -way,  Davis's 
regiment  was  not  within  a  mile  and  a  half  of  the 
scene  of  action.  This  was  construed  by  Davis  as 
a  reflection  upon  his  troops,  and  led  to  a  challenge 
which  was  promptly  accepted  by  Bissell,  who 
named  the  soldier's  weapon  (the  common  army 
musket),  loaded  with  ball  ivnd  buckshot,  with 
forty  paces  as  the  distance,  with  liberty  to 
advance  up  to  ten — otherwise  leaving  the  pre- 
liminaries to  be  settled  by  his  friends.  The  evi- 
dence manifested  by  Bissell  that  he  was  not  to  be 
intimidated,  but  was  prepared  to  face  death 
itself  to  vindicate  his  own  honor  and  that  of  his 
comrades  in  the  field,  was  a  surprise  to  the  South- 


ern leaders,  and  they  soon  found  a  way  for  Davis 
to  withdraw  his  challenge  on  condition  that 
Bissell  should  add  to  his  letter  of  acceptance  a 
clause  awarding  credit  to  the  Mississippi  regi- 
ment for  what  they  actually  did,  but  without  dis- 
avowing or  retracting  a  single  word  he  had 
uttered  in  his  speech.  In  the  meantime,  it  is  said 
that  President  Taylor,  who  was  the  father-in-law 
of  Davis,  having  been  apprised  of  what  was  on 
foot,  had  taken  precautions  to  prevent  a  meeting 
by  instituting  legal  proceedings  the  night  before 
it  was  to  take  place,  though  this  was  rendered 
unnecessary  by  the  act  of  Davis  himself.  Thus, 
Colonel  Bissell's  position  was  virtually  (though 
indirectly)  justified  by  his  enemies.  It  is  true, 
he  was  violently  assailed  by  his  political  opponents 
for  alleged  violation  of  the  inhibition  in  the  State 
Constitution  against  dueling,  especially  when  he 
came  to  take  the  oatli  of  office  as  Governor  of 
Illinois,  seven  years  later;  but  his  course  in  "turn- 
ing the  tables"  against  his  fire-eating  opponents 
aroused  the  enthusiasm  of  the  North,  while  his 
friends  maintained  that  the  act  having  been 
performed  beyond  the  jurisdiction  of  the  State, 
he  was  technically  not  guilty  of  any  violation  of 
the  laws. 

While  the  provision  in  the  Constitution  of  184H. 
against  dueling,  was  not  re-incorporated  in  that 
of  1870,  the  laws  on  the  subject  are  very  strin- 
gent. Besides  imposing  a  penalty  of  not  less  than 
one  nor  more  than  five  years'  imprisonment,  or  a 
fine  not  exceeding  $3,000,  upon  any  one  who,  as 
principal  or  second,  participates  in  a  duel  with  a 
deadly  weapon,  whether  such  duel  proves  fatal 
or  not,  or  who  seniLs,  carries  or  accepts  a  chal- 
lenge: the  law  also  provides  that  any  one  con- 
victed of  such  offense  shall  he  disqualified  for 
holding  "any  office  of  profit,  trust  or  emolument, 
either  civil  or  military,  under  the  Constitution  or 
laws  of  this  State."  Any  person  leaving  the 
State  to  send  or  receive  a  challenge  is  subject  to 
the  same  penalties  as  if  the  offense  had  lieen 
committed  within  the  State;  and  any  person  who 
may  inflict  upon  his  antagonist  a  fatal  wound,  as  ' 
the  result  of  an  engagement  made  in  this  State  to 
fight  a  duel  beyond  its  jurisdiction — when  the 
person  so  wounded  dies  within  this  State — is  held 
to  be  guilty  of  murder  and  subject  to  punishment 
for  the  same.  The  publishing  of  any  person  as  a 
coward,  or  the  applying  to  him  of  opprobrious  or 
abusive  language,  for  refusing  to  accept  a  clial- 
lenge,  is  declared  to  be  a  crime  punishable  by 
fine  or  imprisonment. 

DUFF,   Andrew   D.,  lawyer  and  Judge,   was 
Iwrn  of    a  family  of  pioneer  settlers  in    Bond 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


141 


County,  111.,  Jan.  24,  1820;  was  educated  in  the 
country  schools,  and,  from  1842  to  1847,  spent  his 
time  in  teaching  and  as  a  fanner.  The  latter 
year  he  removed  to  Benton,  Franklin  County, 
where  he  began  reading  law,  but  suspended  his 
studies  to  enlist  in  the  Mexican  War,  serving  as  a 
private;  in  1849  was  elected  County  Judge  of 
Franklin  County,  and,  in  the  following  year,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  In  1861  he  was  elected 
Judge  for  the  Twenty-sixth  Circuit  and  re- 
elected  in  1867,  serving  until  1873.  He  also 
served  as  a  Delegate  in  the  State  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1862  from  the  district  composed  of 
Franklin  and  Jackson  Counties,  and,  being  a 
zealous  Democrat,  was  one  of  the  leaders  in 
calling  the  mass  meeting  held  at  Peoria,  in 
August,  1864,  to  protest  against  the  jwlicy  of  the 
Government  in  the  prosecution  of  the  war. 
About  the  close  of  his  last  term  upon  the  bench 
(1873),  he  removed  to  Carbondale,  where  he  con- 
tinued to  reside.  In  his  later  years  he  be- 
came an  Independent  in  politics,  acting  for 
:.  time  in  cooperation  with  the  friends  of 
temperance.  In  1885  he  was  appointed  by  joint 
resolution  of  the  Legislature  on  a  commission  to 
revise  the  revenue  code  of  the  State.  Died,  at 
Tucson,  Ariz.,  June  25,  1889. 

DUNCAX,  Joseph,  Congressman  and  Gov- 
ernor, was  born  at  Paris,  Ky.,  Feb.  22,  1794; 
emigrated  to  Illinois  in  1818,  having  previously 
served  with  distinction  in  the  War  of  1812,  and 
been  presented  with  a  sword,  by  vote  of  Congress, 
for  gallant  conduct  in  the  defense  of  Fort  Stephen- 
son.  He  was  commissioned  Major-General  of 
Illinois  militia  in  1823  and  elected  State  Senator 
from  Jackson  County  in  1824.  He  served  in  the 
lower  house  of  Congress  from  1827  to  1834,  when 
he  resigned  his  seat  to  occupy  'the  gubernatorial 
chair,  to  which  he  was  elected  the  latter  year.  He 
was  the  author  of  the  first  free-school  law, 
adopted  in  1825.  His  executive  policy  was  con- 
servative and  consistent,  and  his  administration 
successful.  He  erected  the  first  frame  building 
at  Jacksonville,  in  1834,  and  was  a  liberal  friend 
of  Illinois  College  at  that  place.  In  his  personal 
character  he  was  kindly,  genial  and  unassuming, 
although  fearless  in  the  expression  of  his  convic- 
tions. He  was  the  Whig  candidate  for  Governor 
in  1842,  when  he  met  with  his  first  political 
defeat.  Died,  at  Jacksonville,  Jan.  15,  1844, 
mourned  by  men  of  all  parties. 

DUNCAN,  Thomas,  soldier,  was  born  in  Kas- 
kaskia.  III.,  April  14,  1809;  served  as  a  private  in 
the  Illinois  mounted  volunteers  during  the  Black 
Hawk  War  of  1832 ;  also  as  First  Lieutenant  of 


cavalry  in  the  regular  army  in  the  Mexican  War 
(1846),  and  as  Major  and  Lieutenant-Colonel 
during  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  still  later  doing 
duty  upon  the  frontier  keeping  the  Indians  in 
check.  He  was  retired  from  active  service  in 
1873,  and  died  in  Washington,  Jan.  7,  1887. 

DUNDEE,  a  town  on  Fox  River,  in  Kane 
County.  5  miles  (by  rail)  north  of  Elgin  and  47 
miles  west-northwest  of  Chicago.  It  has  two 
distinct  corporations — East  and  West  Dundee — 
but  is  progressive  and  united  in  action.  Dairy 
farming  is  the  principal  industry  of  the  adjacent 
region,  and  the  town  has  two  large  milk-con- 
densing  plants,  a  cheese  factory,  etc.  It  lias  good 
water  power  and  there  are  flour  and  saw-mills, 
besides  brick  and  tile-works,  an.extensive  nursery, 
two  banks,  six  churches,  a  handsome  high  school 
building,  a  public  library  and  one  weekly  paper. 
Population  (1890),  2,023;  (1900),  2,765. 

DUNHAM,  John  High,  banker  and  Board  of 
Trade  operator,  was  born  in  Seneca  County, 
N.  Y.,  1817;  came  to  Chicago  in  1844,  engaged  in 
the  wholesale  grocery  trade,  and,  a  few  years 
later,  took  a  prominent  part  in  solving  the  ques- 
tion of  a  water  supply  for  the  city ;  was  elected  to 
the  Twentieth  General  Assembly  (1856)  and  the 
next  year  assisted  in  organizing  the  Merchants' 
Loan  &  Trust  Company,  of  which  he  became  the 
first  President,  retiring  five  years  later  and  re- 
engaging in  the  mercantile  business.  While 
Hon.  Hugh  McCullough  was  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  he  was  appointed  National  Bank 
Examiner  for  Illinois,  serving  until  1866.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society, 
the  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  an  early  member 
of  the  Board  of  Trade.  Died,  April  28,  18113, 
leaving  a  large  estate. 

DUNHAM,  Ransom  W..  merchant  and  Con- 
gressman, was  born  at  Savoy,  Mass.,  March  21. 
1838;  after  graduating  from  the  High  School  at 
Springfield.  Mass.,  in  1855.  was  connected  with 
the  Massachusetts  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany until  August,  1860.  In  1857  he  removed 
from  Springfield  to  Chicago,  and  at  the  termina- 
tion of  his  connection  with  the  Insurance  Com- 
pany, embarked  in  the  grain  and  provision 
commission  business  in  that  city,  and,  in*"1882, 
was  President  of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade. 
From  1883  to  1889  he  represented  the  First  Illinois 
District  in  Congress,  after  the  expiration  of  his 
last  term  devoting  his  attention  to  his  large 
private  business.  His  death  took  place  suddenly 
at  Springfield,  Mass..  August  19,  1896. 

DUNLAP,  (icoruc  Lincoln,  civil  engineer  and 
Railway  Superintendent,  was  born  at  Brunswick, 


142 


HISTORICAL   ENCYCLOPEDIA   OF   ILLINOIS. 


Maine,  in  1828;  studied  mathematics  and  engineer- 
ing at  Gorham  Academy,  and,  after  several 
years'  experience  on  the  Boston  &  Maine  and  the 
New  York  &  Erie  Railways,  came  west  in  1855 
and  accepted  a  position  as  assistant  engineer  on 
what  is  now  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Rail- 
road, finally  becoming  its  General  Superintend- 
ent, and,  in  fourteen  years  of  his  connection  with 
that  road,  vastly  extending  its  lines.  Between